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GLONASS System As a Tool for Space Weather Monitoring

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GLONASS System as a tool for space weather monitoring V.V. Alpatov, S.N. Karutin, А.Yu. Repin Institute of Applied Geophysics, Roshydromet TSNIIMASH, Roscosmos BAKU-2018 PLAN OF PRESENTATION General information about GLONASS Goals Organization and Management Technical information about GLONASS Space Weather Effects On Space Systems On Ground based Systems Possible Opportunities of GLONASS for Monitoring Space Weather Effects Russian Monitoring System for Monitoring Space Weather Effects with Use Opportunities of GLONASS 2 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT GLONASS NATIONAL SATELLITE NAVIGATION POLICY AND ORGANIZATION Presidential Decree of May 17, 2007 No. 638 On Use of GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) for the Benefit of Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation Federal Program on GLONASS Sustainment, Development and Use for 2012-2020 – planning and budgeting instrument for GLONASS development and use Budget planning for the forthcoming decade – up to 2030 GLONASS Program governance: Roscosmos State Space Corporation Government Contracting Authority – Program Coordinator Government Contracting Authorities Program Scientific and Coordination Board GLONASS Program Goals: Improving GLONASS performance – its accuracy and integrity Ensuring positioning, navigation and timing solutions in restricted visibility of satellites, interference and jamming conditions Enhancing current application efficiency and broadening application domains 3 CHARACTERISTICS IMPROVEMENT PLAN Accuracy Improvement by means of: . Ground Segment modernization . introduction of new onboard atomic frequency standards with enhanced performance . introduction of advanced satellite control and command, orbit and clock determination technologies based on intersatellite crosslinks in RF and optical bands . transition to PZ-90.11 Geodetic System aligned to the ITRF with mm error level . synchronization of GLONASS Time Scale with UTC(SU) at less than 2 ns 4 GLONASS USER INFORMATION SUPPORT WWW.GLONASS-IAC.RU 5 GLONASS STATUS (as of 08.10.2018) GEO satellites MEO satellites 730 702 In total 3 КА 1 +01 9 -06 17 751 +04 In total 26 Operational 2 КА 743 8 736 16 735 24 Operational 24 Maintenance 1 КА +06 -01 +02 747 717 Maintenance 1 2 -04 10 -07 18 754 -03 Flight testing 1 745 +05 7 716 15 732 23 +00 +03 I II 753 III 744 +00 720 Glonass-K 3 +05 11 19 +03 Glonass-M 733 -04 6 752 14 731 22 -07 -03 701 20 -05 4 742 12 723 20 +06 -01 719 +02 734 5 721 13 755 21 -02 5 +04 756 +01 GROUND CONTROL COMPLEX AUGMENTATIONS of System Control Center ROSCOSMOS One-way Reference Stations 26 stations in Russia Uplink Stations 11 stations abroad Laser Ranging Stations FUNDAMENTAL FACILITIES 3 Telescopes (32 m) 2 Telescopes (7 m) 3 Correlators REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL 1 Cold-atom Optical AUGMENTATION STATION NETWORKS Frequency Reference Over 4181 stations 50 Astronomic and Geodetic Network Stations The constellation provides global continuous navigation 6 TECHNICAL INFORMATION ABOUT GLONASS GLONASS AUGMENTATIONS . All types of augmentations to support . network densification all types of high accuracy services . space segment modernization developed and continue to expand . coverage extension BROADCASTING FACILITIES GNSS CONSTELLATION GEO L1/L5 SBAS L1/L3 GLONASS INTERNET NTRIP GLOBAL MONITORING DATA PROCESSING FACILITY NETWORK . Master Center . Back-Up Center 7 Technical information about GLONASS Orbits and Circulation Periods of GNSS Instant availability of GLOANSS Model of spacecraft GLONASS-К https://ru.wikipedia.org TECHNICAL INFORMATION ABOUT GLONASS TECHNICAL INFORMATION ABOUT GLONASS FREQUENCY PLANS GLONASS, GPS AND GALILEO Frequency plan regulates the frequency bands GLONASS-system with frequency division Each satellite emits signals at its lettered frequencies. Liter is the number of frequency channels. In GLONASS – 14 frequency channels (liters) The Central frequency of the signal in L1: MHz The Central frequency of the signal in L2: MHz K – liter which can be -7….+6 Relation of the lettered frequencies in L1 and L2 always is SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS There is a lot of effects of Space Weather: - on ground infrastructure (electrical lines, pipes, et.al.) - on satellites Main factors of action: • Galactic cosmic rays (GCR); • Solar cosmic rays (SCR); • Ionizing electromagnetic radiation (IER); • Radiation belts of the Earth (RBE); • Geomagnetic storms (GMS); • Geomagnetic substorms(GMsS) SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS ON SPACECRAFTS The total number of faults in spaceborne systems of the satellites and violation of sharing by control and destination information during high geophysical activity increases in 2-2.5 time. This fact dramatically reduces the time to the target application of the satellites. More than 50 % (and on some systems up to 90%) of reduces the time of the target applications occur because of external influences of near Earth space on on-board equipment of satellites. The faultiness probability During these periods motion prediction errors of the Kp - index satellites increase NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON SIGNALS OF GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS) Negative effects depend on phenomena on the Sun but independently GNSS signals deteriorate due to the effects of the ionosphere For practice, it is important to consider two kinds of effects on GNSS signals: a) rapid and extensive changes of the ionospheric delay Changes in ionospheric delays cause error of range definition, which should be taken into account in the design of systems that use GNSS signals Example of positioning error during rapid and extensive changes of the ionospheric meters delay Local time, hours b) ionospheric scintillation (fast amplitude and phase fluctuations). Strong ionospheric scintillation may cause temporary loss of one or more satellite signals Number of sats Local time, hours Example of loss of signal Example of signal slips during Example of signal slips probability during one hour geomagnetic one night in time of geomagnetic during one night in time of storm (red arrows) storm geomagnetic storm NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON SIGNALS OF GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS) Impact of discrete aurora on L1/L2 GNSS position NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON SIGNALS OF GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS)- CONNECTED WITH IONOSPHERIC PARAMETERS CHANGE TEC fluctuation for GPS 17 satellite 24.11.2009 16 x 10 VTEC TrendvTEC G17 24112009, 18:00-21:00(UT), hF2=250 15 Disturbed period 10 El/m2 5 0 18:00 18:20 18:40 19:00 19:20 19:40 20:00 20:20 20:40 21:00 16 x 10 dVTEC G17 24112009, 18:00-21:00(UT), hF2=250 2 0 El/m2 -2 18:00 18:20 18:40 19:00 19:20 19:40 20:00 20:20 20:40 21:00 Quiet 15 x 10 difTEC G17 24112009, 18:00-21:00(UT) , hF2=250 2 period 0 El/m2 -2 18:00 18:20 18:40 19:00 19:20 19:40 20:00 20:20 20:40 21:00 Time observation,(UT) NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON SIGNALS OF GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS) CONNECTED WITH IONOSPHERIC PARAMETERS CHANGE S4 index during quite (16) , storm (17 ) and post storm 18 March) days over APATITY NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON SIGNALS OF GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS) CONNECTED WITH IONOSPHERIC PARAMETERS CHANGE RoTI during quite (16) , storm (17 ) and post storm (18 March) days over APATITY POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES OF GLONASS FOR MONITORING SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS Many negative effects of space weather are manifested in the ionosphere. As it was mentioned above ionosphere very strong influences on GNSS signals. So, it is possible to use this fact for monitoring the effects in the ionosphere and therefore, the effects of space weather. Let us look how signals of GNSS are connected with ionosphere: where ρ1,2 is the geometric distance from the station to the satellite ; Δtrec is the station clock synchronization error; Δtsat is the satellite clock synchronization error; c is the speed of light velocity; Tr is the troposphere path delay for station; I1,2 are ionosphere delays on the two P frequencies ; N are phase ambiguities; w1,2 are the phase windup ; δ1,2 are the hardware delays ; εP and εφ are the error terms in code and phase, containing noise and multipath POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES OF GLONASS FOR MONITORING SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS The Slant Total Electron Content (STEC), is defined as the sum of Ne along the ray path: 2 where ds0 represents a cylinder of 1m cross-sectional formed around the ray path in which is assumed that all the electron content is concentrated. The STEC is expressed in Total Electron Content Units (TECU): To estimate the STEC between a satellite and a receiver, the delay between the phase and/or code measurements on the two frequencies is estimated using the geometry free combination P4 and Φ4: where P1 or 2 and Φ1 or 2 are the code and phase observables are the two frequencies, Δbsat and Δbrec are the satellite and receiver differential inter-frequency hardware delay generally called Differential Code Biases (DCB), B4 is the phase ambiguity parameter, and I the ionospheric refraction linked to the Slant Total Electron Content (STEC) given in the previous equation. POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES OF GLONASS FOR MONITORING SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS Thus, we can create the following chain: Measuring code and Calculation Knowledge of phase GNSS STEC the ionosphere signals Knowledge of the ionosphere It is a challenge In a local point Monitoring the ionospheric effects connected with space weather effects VTEC map during the Halloween storm (from 23:30 to 23:45 on 30 October 2003) extracted from the Near-Real Time products of ROB. POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE OF THE IONOSPHERE IN A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE Our opinion: Radiotomography One position inversion of the GNSS signals Radiotomography: GNSS are ideal radiotomography scheme: 3D-reconstruction 2D-reconstruction http://www.gps.oma.be/io nosphere_tutorial.php RUSSIAN MONITORING SYSTEM FOR MONITORING SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS WITH USE OPPORTUNITIES OF GLONASS MULTI-FUNCTIONAL RADIO TOMOGRAPHY NETWORK It consists of 153 hardware-software systems which have multi-systems multi-frequency GNSS receivers a) Map of low-orbital radiotomography (LORT) segment Segment b) has 140 receivers of GNSS GLONAS, GPS, Segment a) has 13 receivers of GNSS GALILEO, SBAS, QZSS «Cosmos», “Transit” et.al.
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