Kawaleria W Ataku

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Kawaleria W Ataku KAWALERIA W ATAKU Na frontach wojny secesyjnej po Gettysburgu Zbigniew K. Penkalski © 2017 SPIS TREŚCI WSTĘP.................................................................................................. 3 ROZDZIAŁ I UCIECZKA GENERAŁA LEE Z POD GETTYSBURGA ........ 13 Bitwa o Hagerstown.......................................................................... 27 Walki o przeprawę w Williamsport............................................. 30 Generał Lee wraca do Wirginii....................................................... 33 ROZDZIAŁ II JESIEŃ ROKU 1863 Bristoe i Mine Run............................................................................... 48 Rajdy kawalerii Konfederacji na froncie zachodnim............ 60 ROZDZIAŁ III ZABIĆ PREZYDENTA JEFFERSONA DAVISA....................... 64 Reorganizacja kawalerii federalnej............................................ 81 Krwawa bitwa w gęstwinach Wilderness......................................... 87 Śmierć generała "Jeb" Stewarta....................................................... 109 Zwycięstwo pod Haw's Shop............................................................... 118 Trevillian Station - Dzień Pierwszy................................................. 123 2 Drugi dzień bitwy o Trevillian Station - ranek 11 czerwca................. 126 Drugi dzień bitwy - -popołudnie................................................................ 133 Bitwa pod Samaria Church......................................................................... 148 ROZDZIAŁ IV ATAK NA WASZYNGTON I DOLINĘ SHENANDOAH "Black Dave" Hunter pustoszy dolinę........................................................... 156 Rajd Kautza - Wilsona........................................................................................ 157 Inwazja Południa na Maryland i Pennsylwanię...................................... 160 Bitwa pod Monocacy........................................................................................... 160 Stolica Unii zagrożona - Jubal Early u bram!............................................... 163 Potyczka w pobliżu farmy Rutheforda......................................................... 167 Druga bitwa pod Kernstown............................................................................ 168 Generał Sheridan obejmuje dowodzenię.................................................... 170 Trzecia bitwa pod Winchester......................................................................... 174 Bitwa pod Fisher Hill..........................................................................................., 178 Klęska kawalerii Konfederacji w bitwie pod Toms Brook....................... 184 Bitwa pod Cedar Creek.......................................................................................... 190 3 ROZDZIAŁ V UPADEK ATLANTY............................................................... 194 Zajęcie Roswell 5 -6 lipiec......................................................... 196 Rajd Rousseau 10 - 22 lipiec.................................................... 197 Zniszczyć mosty - rajd Garrarda 21 - 24 lipiec.................. 211 Rajd McCooka - 27 lipiec do 3 sierpień............................... 215 Nieudany rajd Stonemana - 27 lipiec do 4 sierpnia......... 228 Rajd Kilpatricka 17 - 20 sierpnia............................................ 236 Rajd Wheelera 1- 3 wrzesień.................................................... 244 Rajd bydlęcy Hamptona 11-17 września 1864................... 245 Rajd gen. Rossera 26-28 listopad............................................. 248 Kilpatrick w marszu Shermana do morza............................ 249 Zdobycie Savannah...................................................................... 252 ROZDZIAŁ VI OSTATNI ROK BRATOBÓJCZEJ WOJNY............................. 256 Cel Columbia - stolica Karoliny Północnej............................ 258 Rajd Stonemana w południowo-zachodniej Wirginii i Karolinie Płn. 20 marca do 26 kwietnia.................................................................... 260 Rajd Wilsona na Selmę 22 marca do 4 kwietnia..................... 266 4 ROZDZIAŁ VII POŁUDNIE KAPITULUJE ....................................................... 274 Bitwa pod Averasborough 16 marca....................................... 277 Generał Johnston kapituluje..................................................... 283 Skarb Konfederacji....................................................................... 285 Śmierć generała Kilpatricka..................................................... 286 Bibliografia......................................................................... 289 5 WSTĘP Według najnowszych badań koń to towarzysz człowieka już od 5,5 tysiąca lat. Międzynarodowy zespół naukowców opublikował niedawno swoje badania w czasopiśmie „Science”. Z badań przeprowadzonych w Kazachstanie wynika, że miejscowa kultura Botai używała koni cały tysiąc lat wcześniej niż dotąd sądzono. Przesunięcie daty udomowienia konia to ważne odkrycie. Koń umożliwił, bowiem ludzkości duży skok cywilizacyjny - nagle pojawiły się możliwości transportu towarów, komunikacji, ułatwione zostało polowanie, konie zaczęto wykorzystywać w rolnictwie. Zwierzęta te dostarczały mięsa oraz mleka, które po sfermentowaniu zamieniało się w zawierający alkohol napój (kumys). Społeczeństwa zaczęły się rozwijać intensywniej. Według naukowców odkrycie tak wczesnych śladów udomowienia koni może świadczyć o tym, że ten proces odbywał się z dala od wielkich centrów cywilizacji takich jak bliski wschód i Chiny. Przy tym konie udomowiono dość późno. 15 tysięcy lat temu człowiek miał już u nogi psa, a później udomawiał owce, kozy i świnie. Koń był na końcu. Samo udomowienie konia nie było rewolucją. Było nią odkrycie jazdy wierzchem. To właśnie wtedy stepy euroazjatyckie, które dotąd były naturalną barierą dla ludzi nieprzebytą stały się szlakiem wędrówek. Zdaniem niektórych naukowców to te wędrówki są odpowiedzialne za ekspansję języków indoeuropejskich. W pozostałościach kultury Botai odkryto, że zęby tamtejszych koni noszą ślady, jakie zostawiają uprzęże konne do jazdy wierzchem. Z kolei kości nóg koni z Botai dowodzą, że tamtejsze konie były wykorzystywane do różnych celów. Kawaleria, jako formacja zbrojna, powstała niemal równolegle w starożytnej Grecji, wśród barbarzyńskich plemion germańskich i galijskich oraz wschodnich ludów koczowniczych. Pliniusz Starszy napisał dzieło Oszczep jako broń kawalerii, a miał on osobiste doświadczenie, jako oficer kawalerii rzymskiej na obszarze Germanii. W dziełach Juliusza Cezara znajdujemy wiele opisów taktyki kawalerii w konkretnych bitwach, których ten doskonały wódz stoczył wiele. 6 Wcześniej jednak był rydwan, wóz bojowy, którego szczyt popularności wypadał w czasach panowania faraona Ramzesa. "Matka wszelkich bitew" czyli, bitwa pod Kadesz (1274 p.n.e.) toczyła się początkowo przy pomocy rydwanów i tu Hetyci okazali się lepsi od Egipcjan. Ich rydwany ciągnięte przez dwa konie i zbudowane z drewna były masywniejsze od ratanowych rydwanów Ramzesa. Poza tym Hetyci walczyli z rydwanów, a szlachta egipska po dojechaniu na pole bitwy walczyła jak piechota. Egipska armia w sile 20 tysięcy ludzi została zaskoczona przez hetyckiego króla Muwatallisa, który przechytrzył ich manewrem dwóch tysięcy rydwanów i 35 tysięcy piechurów, z których 2,5 tysiąca stanowili przewożeni na rydwanach harcownicy. Ramzesa uratowały nadciągające posiłki i chciwość Hetytów, którzy zajęci plądrowaniem obozu dali się pobić. 1. Rydwany w bitwie pod Kadesz W 400 r. p.n.e kontynentalny rydwan był już bronią przestarzałą i stał atrakcją wyścigów w Circus Maximus. Był naturalnie w użyciu do końca ery, ale nie decydował o zwycięstwie nad opancerzonym i lepiej uzbrojonym przeciwnikiem. Około 700 r. p.n.e pojawiła się w Asyrii kawaleria uzbrojona w oszczepy, krótkie miecze i kolczugi. Co ciekawe ci pierwsi strzelcy konni działali w parach. Jeden strzelał, a drugi nieuzbrojony, przytrzymywał mu konia. W 595 p.n.e Cyrus Wielki wyposażył swoją jazdę w zbroje i włócznie służące zarówno do rzucania, jak i do szarży. Jednak Persowie nadal stosowali rydwany, chociaż były to już swego rodzaju czołgi - zaprzężone w cztery konie i uzbrojone w ostrza na osiach kół. Nie stanowiły one zagrożenia dla najeżonej długimi włóczniami falangi, ani dla ciężkozbrojnych hoplitów. 7 Aleksander Wielki podbił wiele ziem stosując formację falangi, o którą rozbijał się każdy przeciwnik, a potem dzieło kończyła szybkim atakiem kawaleria. Z doświadczeń wodzów rzymskich dowiadujemy się, że Sarmaci używali w walce konnej długich włóczni, a Scytowie stosowali w walce szyk klina. Cesarz Hadrian jest uważany za ojca ciężkozbrojnej kawalerii, którą stanowili włócznicy w zbrojach oraz strzelcy z lżejszymi zbrojami. Obie te formacje działały, jako integralna całość. Uzbrojenie i sposób walki zostały w całości przyswojone przez Franków i Burgundów u progu średniowiecza. I tak postępowała ewolucja kawalerii, zmieniała się jej taktyka i uzbrojenie. W Polsce w latach 1410-1500 jazda oprócz mieczy używała głównie kusz. Dominowało pospolite ruszenie, ale w tym okresie korzystano już z hufców zaciężnych. W drugim okresie od roku 1500 do 1598 powstała husaria oraz kawaleria typu kozackiego. Najwspanialszym okresem jazdy polskiej był okres od 1598 roku do śmierci Sobieskiego, gdyż wtedy nasze wojska odnosiły największe zwycięstwa. Potem, aż do zaborów mamy smutny okres upadku jazdy polskiej. Wróćmy jednak do wieku XIX, gdyż to opracowanie będzie omawiało działania kawalerii w czasie amerykańskiej wojny secesyjnej
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  • Nathan Bedford Forrest
    Nathan Bedford Forrest This article is about the Confederate general. For other uses, see Nathan Bedford Forrest (disambiguation). Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821 – October 29, 1877) was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. He is remembered as a self-educated, brutal, and innovative cavalry leader dur- ing the war and as a leading Southern advocate in the post- war years. He was a pledged delegate from Tennessee to the New York Democratic national convention of 4 July 1868. He served as the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, but later distanced himself from the organization.[3] A cavalry and military commander in the war, Forrest is one of the war’s most unusual figures. Although less edu- cated than many of his fellow officers, before the war For- rest had already amassed a fortune as a planter, real estate investor, and slave trader. He was one of the few officers in either army to enlist as a private and be promoted to general officer and corps commander during the war. Al- though Forrest lacked formal military education, he had a gift for leadership, strategy and tactics. He created and established new doctrines for mobile forces, earning the nickname The Wizard of the Saddle.[4] Forrest was accused of war crimes at the Battle of Fort Pillow for allowing forces under his command to mas- sacre hundreds of black Union Army and white Southern Unionist prisoners. Union Major General William T. Sherman investigated the allegations and did not charge Forrest with any improprieties.
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