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This article is about the Confederate general. For other uses, see Nathan Bedford Forrest (disambiguation).

Nathan Bedford Forrest (July 13, 1821 – , 1877) was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during the . He is remembered as a self-educated, brutal, and innovative leader dur- ing the war and as a leading Southern advocate in the post- war years. He was a pledged delegate from to the Democratic national convention of 4 July 1868. He served as the first of the , but later distanced himself from the organization.[3] A cavalry and military commander in the war, Forrest is one of the war’s most unusual figures. Although less edu- cated than many of his fellow officers, before the war For- rest had already amassed a fortune as a planter, real estate investor, and slave trader. He was one of the few officers in either army to enlist as a and be promoted to general officer and corps commander during the war. Al- though Forrest lacked formal military education, he had a gift for leadership, strategy and tactics. He created and established new doctrines for mobile forces, earning the nickname The Wizard of the Saddle.[4] Forrest was accused of war crimes at the for allowing forces under his command to mas- sacre hundreds of black and white prisoners. Union General William T. Sherman investigated the allegations and did not charge Forrest with any improprieties. In their postwar writings, Confederate President Jefferson Davis and General Robert E. Lee both expressed their Memphis City Directory entry for Forrest’s slave-trading busi- belief that the Confederate high command had failed to ness, 1855–1856 fully use Forrest’s talents.[5] Jonathan Forrest in Hernando, . His uncle was killed there in 1845 during an argument with the Mat- 1 Early life lock brothers. In retaliation, Forrest shot and killed two of them with his two-shot pistol and wounded two others Nathan Bedford Forrest was born to a poor Scotch-Irish with a knife which had been thrown to him. One of the American family in Bedford County, Tennessee. He and wounded Matlock men survived and served under Forrest his twin sister, Fanny, were the two eldest of blacksmith during the Civil War.[7] William Forrest’s 12 children with wife Miriam Beck. Forrest became a businessman, planter, and slaveholder. The Forrest family had migrated to Tennessee from He owned several plantations in the Delta region , via , during the second half of of . He was also a slave trader, at a time the 18th century, while the Beck family had moved from [6] when demand was booming in the Deep South; he had South Carolina to Tennessee around the same time. Af- his trading business based on Adams Street in Memphis. ter the deaths of his father and Fanny to scarlet fever, For- In 1858, Forrest (a Democrat), was elected a Memphis rest at age 17 became head of the family. city alderman.[8] Forrest supported his mother and put In 1841, Forrest went into business with his uncle his younger brothers through college. By the time the

1 2 3 MILITARY CAREER

American Civil War started in 1861, he had become to recruit and train a battalion of Confederate mounted a millionaire and one of the richest men in the South, rangers. In October 1861, Forrest was given command having amassed a “personal fortune that he claimed was of a , the 3rd Tennessee Cavalry. Though For- worth $1.5 million”.[9] rest had no prior formal military training or experience, Before the Civil War, he had exhibited leadership qualities and soon proved he had a gift for successful tactics. Forrest was well known as a Memphis Public debate surrounded Tennessee’s decision to join speculator and Mississippi gambler. He was the Confederacy. Both the CSA and the Union armies for some time captain of a boat which ran recruited soldiers from the state. More than 100,000 between Memphis, Tennessee and Vicksburg, men from Tennessee served with the Confederacy (more Mississippi. As his fortune increased he en- per capita than any other state), and 50,000 served with gaged in plantation speculation, and became the Union.[14] Forrest posted ads to join his regiment the nominal owner of two plantations not far for “men with good horse and good gun” adding “if you from Goodrich’s Landing, above Vicksburg, wanna have some fun and to kill some Yankees”.[15] where he worked some hundred or more slaves At six feet, two inches (1.88 m) tall and 210 pounds (95 ... He was known to his acquaintances as kg; 15 stone), Forrest was physically imposing and intim- a man of obscure origin and low associa- idating, especially compared to the average height of men tions, a shrewd speculator, negro trader, and at the time. He used his skills as a hard rider and fierce duelist, but a man of great energy and brute swordsman to great effect. (He was known to sharpen courage.[10] both the top and bottom edges of his heavy saber.) Historians have evaluated contemporary records to con- 2 Marriage and family clude that Forrest may have killed more than 30 enemy soldiers[16] with saber, pistol, and shotgun. Not all of For- rest’s feats of individual combat involved enemy troops. In 1845, Nathan married Mary Ann Montgomery (1826– Lt. A. Wills Gould, an officer in Forrest’s com- 1893), the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. They mand, was being transferred, presumably because can- had two children together: William Montgomery Bed- nons under his command were spiked by the enemy dur- ford Forrest (1846–1908), who enlisted at the age of 15 ing the Battle of Day’s Gap.[17] On June 14, 1863, Gould and served alongside his father in the war, and a daugh- confronted Forrest about his transfer, which escalated ter Fanny (1849–1854), who died in childhood. His into a violent exchange. Gould shot Forrest in the hip; descendants continued the military tradition. A grand- Forrest mortally stabbed his assailant. son, Nathan Bedford Forrest II (1872–1931), became Commander-in-Chief of the Sons of Confederate Veter- Forrest’s command included his Escort Company (his ans and a Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan. A great- “Special Forces”), for which he selected the best soldiers grandson, Nathan Bedford Forrest III (1905–1943), grad- available. This unit, which varied in size from 40 to 90 uated from West Point and rose to the rank of brigadier men, was the elite of the cavalry. general in the U.S. Army Air Corps; he was killed during a bombing raid over Germany in 1943. 3.1 Cavalry command

3 Military career Forrest received praise for his skill and courage during an early victory in the Battle of Sacramento in Kentucky, where he routed a Union force by personally leading a After the Civil War broke out, Forrest returned to Ten- cavalry charge that was later commended by his com- nessee from his Mississippi ventures, enlisted in the [18] (CSA), and trained at Fort mander, Brigadier General . Forrest dis- Wright in Randolph, Tennessee.[11] On July 14, 1861, he tinguished himself further at the joined Captain Josiah White’s Company “E”, Tennessee in February 1862. After his cavalry captured a Union Mounted Rifles as a private, along with his youngest , he broke out of a Union Army brother and 15-year-old son. Upon seeing how badly headed by Major General Ulysses S. Grant. Forrest ral- equipped the CSA was, Forrest offered to buy horses and lied nearly 4,000 troops and led them across the river. equipment with his own money for a regiment of Ten- A few days after Fort Donelson, with the fall of Nashville nessee volunteer soldiers.[12][13] to Union forces imminent, Forrest took command of the His superior officers and the state Governor Isham G. city. Local industries had several millions of dollars Harris were surprised that someone of Forrest’s wealth worth of heavy ordnance machinery. Forrest arranged for transport of the machinery and several important govern- and prominence had enlisted as a soldier, especially since [19] major planters were exempted from service. They com- ment officials to safe locations. missioned him as a lieutenant and authorized him A month later, Forrest was back in action at the Battle 3.1 Cavalry command 3

of Shiloh (April 6 to 7, 1862). He commanded a Con- federate rear guard after the Union victory. In the battle of Fallen Timbers, he drove through the Union skirmish line. Not realizing that the rest of his men had halted their charge when reaching the full Union brigade, For- rest charged the brigade single-handedly, and soon found himself surrounded. He emptied his Colt Army revolvers into the swirling mass of Union soldiers and pulled out his saber, hacking and slashing. A Union infantryman fired a musket ball into Forrest’s spine with a point-blank mus- ket shot, nearly knocking him out of the saddle. Forrest grabbed an unsuspecting Union soldier, hauled him onto his horse to use as a shield, dumped the man once he had broken clear and was out of range, then galloped back to his incredulous troopers.[20] A surgeon removed the mus- ket ball a week later, without anesthesia, which was un- available. Forrest would likely have been given a generous dose of alcohol to muffle the pain of the surgery.[21] By early summer, Forrest commanded a new brigade of “green” cavalry . In July, he led them into under orders to launch a cavalry raid. On July 13, 1862, he led them into the First Battle of Murfreesboro, which Forrest is said to have won.[22] According to a report by a Union commander: Confederate Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest Promoted in July 1862 to brigadier general, Forrest was given command of a Confederate cavalry brigade.[24] In December 1862, Forrest’s veteran troopers were reas- signed by Gen. to another officer, against his protest. Forrest had to recruit a new brigade, com- Colonel . Streight had orders to cut the posed of about 2,000 inexperienced recruits, most of Confederate railroad south of Chattanooga, Tennessee, whom lacked weapons. Again, Bragg ordered a raid, this to cut off Bragg’s supply line and force him to retreat one into west Tennessee to disrupt the communications into Georgia. Forrest chased Streight’s men for 16 days, of the Union forces under Grant, which were threaten- harassing them all the way. Streight’s goal changed to ing the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Forrest protested escape the pursuit. On May 3, Forrest caught up with that to send such untrained men behind enemy lines was Streight’s unit east of Cedar Bluff, . Forrest had suicidal, but Bragg insisted, and Forrest obeyed his or- fewer men than the Union side, but he repeatedly paraded ders. On the ensuing raid, he showed his brilliance, lead- some of them around a hilltop to appear a larger force, ing thousands of Union soldiers in west Tennessee on a and convinced Streight to surrender his 1,500 exhausted "wild goose chase" to try to locate his fast-moving forces. troops.[26] Never staying in one place long enough to be attacked, Forrest led his troops in raids as far north as the banks Forrest served with the main army at the Battle of Chicka- of the in southwest Kentucky. He returned to mauga (September 18 to 20, 1863). He pursued the re- his base in Mississippi with more men than he had started treating Union army and took hundreds of prisoners.[27] with. By then, all were fully armed with captured Union Like several others under Bragg’s command, he urged weapons. As a result, General Grant was forced to re- an immediate follow-up attack to recapture Chattanooga, vise and delay the strategy of his . which had fallen a few weeks before. Bragg failed to do “He [Forrest] was the only Confederate cavalryman of so, upon which Forrest was quoted as saying, “What does whom Grant stood in much dread,” a friend of Ulysses he fight battles for?" [28] The story that Forrest confronted was quoted as saying.[25] and threatened the life of Bragg in the fall of 1863, fol- lowing the battle of Chickamauga, and that Bragg trans- The Union Army occupied Tennessee in 1862 and for ferred Forrest to command in Mississippi as a direct re- the duration of the war, taking control of strategic cities sult, is now considered to be apocryphal and the invention and railroads. Forrest continued to lead his men in small- of Dr. J. B. Cowan.[29][30] On December 4, 1863, Forrest scale operations until April 1863. The Confederate army was promoted to the rank of major general.[31] dispatched him with a small force into the backcountry of northern Alabama and west Georgia to defend against On March 25, 1864, Forrest was at Paducah, Kentucky an attack of 3,000 Union cavalrymen commanded by where he unsuccessfully demanded surrender of U.S. Col. Stephen G. Hicks: 4 3 MILITARY CAREER

3.2 Fort Pillow Ulysses S. Grant, in his Personal Memoirs, says of the battle: Main article: Battle of Fort Pillow These troops fought bravely, but were over- powered. I will leave Forrest in his dispatches On , 1864, General Forrest led his forces in the to tell what he did with them. 'The river was attack and capture of Fort Pillow, in Henning, Tennessee, dyed,' he says, 'with the blood of the slaugh- on the . Many African American Union tered for two hundred yards. The approximate soldiers were killed in the battle. A controversy arose loss was upward of five hundred killed, but few May 3, 1864, about whether Forrest conducted or con- of the officers escaping. My loss was about doned a massacre of and white Ten- twenty killed. It is hoped that these facts will nessee Unionists and Confederate deserters who had sur- demonstrate to the Northern people that negro rendered there. President asked his soldiers cannot cope with Southerners.' Subse- cabinet for opinions as to how the Union should respond [33] quently Forrest made a report in which he left to the massacre. out the part which shocks humanity to read.[38] According to reports filed by Union Captain Goodman, Union forces never surrendered; he said it was agreed that At the time of the massacre General Grant was no longer upon the surrender of the fort, both white and “negroes” in Tennessee but had transferred to the east to command would be treated as prisoners of war. General Forrest all Union troops.[39] General William Tecumseh Sher- sent additional communiques to Major Lionel F. Booth man, Commander of the Military Division of the Mis- demanding total surrender, but Major Booth had been sissippi, which included Tennessee, wrote: fatally shot in the battle and the command of Fort Pillow had already been assumed by Major William F. Bradford. The massacre at Fort Pillow occurred April The delayed reply to Forrest’s demands bore the name of 12, 1864, and has been the subject of con- [40] Major Booth, asking for more time to decide about sur- gressional inquiry. No doubt Forrest’s men rendering the fort and the gunboat Olive Branch. General acted like a set of barbarians, shooting down Forrest replied that the gunboat was not expected to be the helpless negro garrison after the fort was surrendered, but the fort alone. Hours later during the in their possession; but I am told that Forrest truce, after many communiques, the Union sent their an- personally disclaims any active participation in swer, “a brief but positive refusal to capitulate”.[34] the assault, and that he stopped the firing as soon as he could. I also take it for granted Forrest’s men insisted that the Union soldiers, although that Forrest did not lead the assault in person, fleeing, kept their weapons and frequently turned to shoot, [35] and consequently that he was to the rear, out forcing the Confederates to keep firing in self defense. of sight if not of hearing at the time, and I Confederates said the Union flag was still flying over was told by hundreds of our men, who were the fort, which indicated that the force had not formally at various times prisoners in Forrest’s posses- surrendered. A contemporary newspaper account from sion, that he was usually very kind to them. He Jackson, Tennessee, stated that “General Forrest begged had a desperate set of fellows under him, and them to surrender”, but “not the first sign of surrender at that very time there is no doubt the feeling was ever given.” Similar accounts were reported in many [36] of the Southern people was fearfully savage on Southern newspapers at the time. this very point of our making soldiers out of These statements, however, were contradicted by Union their late slaves, and Forrest may have shared survivors, as well as the letter of a Confederate soldier the feeling.[41] who graphically recounted a massacre. Achilles Clark, a soldier with the 20th Tennessee cavalry, wrote to his Historians have differed on interpretation of events. sister immediately after the battle: Richard Fuchs, author of An Unerring Fire, concludes, “The affair at Fort Pillow was simply an orgy of death, a mass to satisfy the basest of conduct – inten- The slaughter was awful. Words cannot de- tional murder – for the vilest of reasons – racism and per- scribe the scene. The poor, deluded, negroes sonal enmity.”[42] Andrew Ward downplays the contro- would run up to our men, fall upon their knees, versy, “Whether the massacre was premeditated or spon- and with uplifted hands scream for mercy, but taneous does not address the more fundamental question they were ordered to their feet and then shot of whether a massacre took place... it certainly did, in down. I, with several others, tried to stop the every dictionary sense of the word.”[43] John Cimprich butchery, and at one time had partially suc- states, ceeded, but General Forrest ordered them shot down like dogs and the carnage continued. Fi- The new paradigm in social attitudes and nally our men became sick of blood and the the fuller use of available evidence has fa- firing ceased.[37] vored a massacre interpretation... Debate 3.5 Forrest’s farewell address to his troops, , 1865 5

over the memory of this incident formed a part of sectional and racial conflicts for many years after the war, but the reinterpretation of the event during the last thirty years offers some hope that society can move beyond past intolerance.[44]

The site is now a State Historic Park.

3.3 Brice’s Crossroads Forrest’s raid into Memphis Forrest’s greatest victory came on , 1864, when his 3,500-man force clashed with 8,500 men commanded der of the Confederate in the Second by Union Brig. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis at the Battle of Battle of Franklin. Forrest argued bitterly with Hood (his Brice’s Crossroads. Here, his mobility of force and su- superior officer) demanding permission to cross the river perior tactics led to victory. He swept the Union forces and cut off the escape route of Union Maj. Gen. John M. from a large expanse of southwest Tennessee and north- Schofield's army. He made the belated attempt, but was ern Mississippi. Forrest set up a position for an attack defeated. to repulse a pursuing force commanded by Sturgis, who had been sent to impede Forrest from destroying Union After his bloody defeat at Franklin, Hood continued to supplies and fortifications. When Sturgis’s Federal army Nashville. Hood ordered Forrest to conduct an inde- came upon the crossroad, they collided with Forrest’s pendent raid against the Murfreesboro garrison. Af- cavalry.[45] Sturgis ordered his to advance to the ter success in achieving the objectives specified by Gen. front line to counteract the cavalry. The infantry, tired Hood, Forrest engaged Union forces near Murfreesboro and weary and suffering under the heat, were quickly bro- on December 5, 1864. In what would be known as the ken and sent into mass retreat. Forrest sent a full charge Third Battle of Murfreesboro, a portion of Forrest’s com- after the retreating army and captured 16 artillery pieces, mand broke and ran. After Hood’s Army of Tennessee 176 wagons, and 1,500 stands of small arms. In all, the was all but destroyed at the , Forrest maneuver cost Forrest 96 men killed and 396 wounded. distinguished himself by commanding the Confederate The day was worse for Union troops, which suffered 223 rear guard in a series of actions that allowed what was killed, 394 wounded, and 1,623 men missing. The losses left of the army to escape. For this, he earned promo- were a deep blow to the black regiment under Sturgis’s tion to the rank of lieutenant general. A portion of his command. In the hasty retreat, they stripped off com- command, now dismounted, was surprised and captured memorative badges that read “Remember Fort Pillow”, to in their camp at Verona, Mississippi, on December 25, avoid goading the Confederate force pursuing them.[46] 1864, during a raid of the by a brigade of Brig. Gen. 's cavalry di- vision. 3.4 Conclusion of the war In 1865, Forrest attempted, without success, to defend the state of Alabama against Wilson’s raid. His opponent, One month later, while serving under General Stephen Brig. Gen. James H. Wilson, defeated Forrest in battle. D. Lee, Forrest experienced tactical defeat at the Battle When he received news of Lee’s surrender, Forrest also of Tupelo in 1864. Concerned about Union supply lines, chose to surrender. On May 9, 1865, at Gainesville, For- Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman sent a force under the rest read his farewell address. command of Maj. Gen. Andrew J. Smith to deal with Forrest. The Union forces drove the Confederates from the field and Forrest was wounded in the foot, but his 3.5 Forrest’s farewell address to his troops, forces were not wholly destroyed. He continued to op- May 9, 1865 pose Union efforts in the West for the remainder of the war. The following text is excerpted from Forrest’s farewell ad- Forrest led other raids that summer and fall, including a dress to his troops: famous one into Union-held downtown Memphis in Au- gust 1864 (the ), and another Civil war, such as you have just passed on a Union supply depot at Johnsonville, Tennessee, on through naturally engenders feelings of ani- October 3, 1864 (the ), causing mil- mosity, hatred, and revenge. It is our duty lions of dollars in damage. In December, during the dis- to divest ourselves of all such feelings; and as astrous Franklin-Nashville campaign, he fought alongside far as it is in our power to do so, to culti- General , the newest (and last) comman- vate friendly feelings towards those with whom 6 4 WAR RECORD AND PROMOTIONS

3.6 Forrest’s military doctrines

Forrest grasped the doctrines of "mobile warfare"[48] that became prevalent in the 20th century. Paramount in his strategy was fast movement, even if it meant pushing his horses at a killing pace, which he did more than once. Noted Civil War scholar writes:

Forrest ... used his horsemen as a mod- ern general would use motorized infantry. He liked horses because he liked fast movement, and his mounted men could get from here to there much faster than any infantry could; but when they reached the field they usually tied Cannon in front of the Nature Center and Veteran’s Memorial their horses to trees and fought on foot, and in Covington, Tennessee: The marker in the background cites they were as good as the very best infantry.[49] Nathan Bedford Forrest’s last speech. (2007) Forrest is often erroneously quoted as saying his strategy was to “git thar fustest with the mostest.” Now often re- [50] we have so long contended, and heretofore so cast as “Getting there firstest with the mostest”, this widely, but honestly, differed. Neighborhood misquote first appeared in print in a New York Tribune feuds, personal animosities, and private differ- article written to provide colorful comments in reaction ences should be blotted out; and, when you re- to European interest in Civil War generals. The apho- turn home, a manly, straightforward course of rism was addressed and corrected by a New York Times conduct will secure the respect of your ene- story in 1918 to be: “Ma'am, I got there first with the [51] mies. Whatever your responsibilities may be to most men.” Though a novel and succinct condensation Government, to society, or to individuals meet of the military principles of mass and maneuver, Bruce them like men. Catton writes: The attempt made to establish a separate and independent Confederation has failed; but the Do not, under any circumstances whatever, consciousness of having done your duty faith- quote Forrest as saying 'fustest' and 'mostest'. fully, and to the end, will, in some measure, He did not say it that way, and nobody who repay for the hardships you have undergone. knows anything about him imagines that he In bidding you farewell, rest assured that you did.[52] carry with you my best wishes for your future welfare and happiness. Without, in any way, Forrest became well known for his early use of referring to the merits of the Cause in which "maneuver" tactics as applied to a mobile horse cavalry we have been engaged, your courage and de- deployment. He sought to constantly harass the enemy in termination, as exhibited on many hard-fought fast-moving raids, and to disrupt supply trains and enemy fields, has elicited the respect and admiration communications by destroying railroad track and cutting of friend and foe. And I now cheerfully and telegraph lines, as he wheeled around the Union Army’s gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the flank. officers and men of my command whose zeal, fidelity and unflinching bravery have been the great source of my past success in arms. 4 War record and promotions I have never, on the field of battle, sent you where I was unwilling to go myself; nor would I now advise you to a course which I felt myself • Enlisted as Private July 1861. (White’s Company unwilling to pursue. You have been good sol- “E”, Tennessee Mounted Rifles) diers, you can be good citizens. Obey the laws, • Commissioned as Lieutenant Colonel, October preserve your honor, and the Government to 1861 (3rd Tennessee Cavalry) which you have surrendered can afford to be, and will be, magnanimous. • Promoted to Colonel, February 1862, Battle of Fort Donelson — N.B. Forrest, Lieut.-General Headquarters, Forrest’s Cavalry Corps • Wounded, , April 1862 Gainesville, Alabama May 9, 1865[47] • Promoted to Brigadier General, July 21, 1862 7

5 Postwar years

5.1 Business ventures

With abolished after the war, Forrest suffered a major financial setback as a former slave trader. He became interested in the area around Crowley’s Ridge during the war and settled in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1866 Forrest and C. C. McCreanor contracted to fin- ish the Memphis & Little Rock Railroad. He built a commissary in a town forming along the rail route which most residents were calling “Forrest’s Town,” incorpo- rated as Forrest City, in 1870. He later found employment at the Selma-based Marion & Memphis Railroad and eventually became the company president. He was not as successful in railroad promot- ing as in war, and under his direction, the company went bankrupt. Nearly ruined as the result of the failure of the Marion & Memphis, Forrest spent his final days running a prison work farm on President’s Island in the Mississippi River. There were financial failures across the country in the Panic of 1873. Forrest’s health was in steady decline. He and his wife lived in a log cabin they had salvaged Nathan Bedford Forrest Park in Memphis, Tennessee from his plantation.

• First Battle of Murfreesboro, July 1862 5.2 Offers services to Gen. Sherman • Raids in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Mississippi, Fall 1862 – Spring 1863 During the Virginius Affair of 1873, some of Forrest’s old Southern friends were filibusterers aboard the vessel, so • Battle of Day’s Gap, April–May 1863 he wrote a letter to then General-in-Chief of the Army and offered his • Assigned to command Forrest’s Cavalry Corps, May services in case of war with Spain. Sherman, who in the 1863 Civil War had recognized what a deadly foe Forrest was, • Battle of Chickamauga, September 1863 replied after the crisis settled down by thanking Forrest for the offer and stating that had war broken out he would • Promoted Major General, December 4, 1863 have considered it an honor to have served side-by-side with him.[53] • Battle of Paducah, March 1864 • Battle of Fort Pillow, April 1864 5.3 Ku Klux Klan membership • Battle of Brice’s Crossroads, June 1864 For more details on this topic, see Ku Klux Klan. • , July 14–15, 1864 • Raids in Tennessee, August–October 1864 • Battle of Spring Hill, November 29, 1864 5.3.1 Klan membership

• Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864 Forrest was an early member of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). • Third Battle of Murfreesboro, December 5–7, 1864 Historian and Forrest biographer Brian Steel Wills writes, “While there is no doubt that Forrest joined the Klan, • Battle of Nashville, December 15–16, 1864 there is some question as to whether he actually was the Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.”[54] The KKK • Promoted to Lieutenant General, February 28, (the Klan) was formed by veterans of the Confederate [24] 1865 Army in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866 and soon expanded • , April 2, 1865 throughout the state and beyond. Forrest became in- volved sometime in late 1866 or early 1867. A common • Final Address to his troops, May 9, 1865 report is that Forrest arrived in Nashville in April 1867 8 5 POSTWAR YEARS while the Klan was meeting at the Maxwell House Ho- such penalties.”[59] tel, probably at the encouragement of a state Klan leader, former Confederate general George Gordon. The organi- The committee also noted, “The natural tendency of all zation had grown to the point where an experienced com- such organizations is to violence and crime; hence it was mander was needed, and Forrest fit the bill. In Room 10 that General Forrest and other men of influence in the [55] of the Maxwell, Forrest was sworn in as a member. state, by the exercise of their moral power, induced them According to Wills, in the August 1867 state elections the to disband.”[60] Klan was relatively restrained in its actions. White Amer- icans who made up the KKK hoped to persuade black 5.3.3 Speaks to black Southerners voters that a return to their state of repression and slav- ery, as it existed before the war, was in their best interest. In July 1875, Forrest demonstrated that his personal sen- Forrest assisted in maintaining order. After these efforts timents on the issue of race now differed from that of failed that Klan violence and intimidation escalated and the Klan, when he was invited to give a speech before became widespread.[56] Author Andrew Ward, however, an organization of black Southerners advocating racial writes, “In the spring of 1867, Forrest and his dragoons reconciliation, called the Independent Order of Pole- launched a campaign of midnight parades; 'ghost' mas- Bearers Association. At this, his last public appear- querades; and 'whipping' and even 'killing Negro voters ance, he made what described as a and white Republicans, to scare blacks off voting and run- “friendly speech”[10] during which, when offered a bou- ning for office.'"[57] quet of flowers by a black woman, he accepted them as In an 1868 interview by a newspaper, Forrest a token of reconciliation between the races and espoused claimed that the Klan had 40,000 members in Tennessee a radical agenda (for the time) of equality and harmony and 550,000 total members throughout the Southern between black and white Americans.[61] His speech was states. He said he sympathized with them, but denied as follows: any formal connection. He claimed he could muster thou- sands of men himself. He described the Klan as “a pro- “Ladies and Gentlemen I accept the flowers as tective political military organization... The members a memento of reconciliation between the white are sworn to recognize the government of the United and colored races of the southern states. I ac- States... Its objects originally were protection against cept it more particularly as it comes from a col- Loyal Leagues and the Grand Army of the Republic...” ored lady, for if there is any one on God’s earth Forrest dissolved the first incarnation of the Ku Klux Klan who loves the ladies I believe it is myself. ( in 1869, although many local groups continued their ac- Immense applause and laughter.) This day is tivities for several years.[58] a day that is proud to me, having occupied the position that I did for the past twelve years, and 5.3.2 Congressional testimony been misunderstood by your race. This is the first opportunity I have had during that time to Forrest testified before the Congressional investigation on say that I am your friend. I am here a represen- Klan activities on June 27, 1871. Forrest denied member- tative of the southern people, one more slan- ship, but his individual role in the KKK was beyond the dered and maligned than any man in the nation. scope of the investigating committee which wrote: I will say to you and to the colored race that “When it is considered that the origin, designs, men who bore arms and followed the flag of mysteries, and ritual of the order are made se- the Confederacy are, with very few exceptions, crets; that the assumption of its regalia or the your friends. I have an opportunity of saying revelation of any of its secrets, even by an ex- what I have always felt – that I am your friend, pelled member, or of its purposes by a mem- for my interests are your interests, and your in- ber, will be visited by 'the extreme penalty of terests are my interests. We were born on the the law,' the difficulty of procuring testimony same soil, breathe the same air, and live in the upon this point may be appreciated, and the de- same land. Why, then, can we not live as broth- nials of the purposes, of membership in, and ers? I will say that when the war broke out I even the existence of the order, should all be felt it my duty to stand by my people. When considered in the light of these provisions. This the time came I did the best I could, and I don't contrast might be pursued further, but our de- believe I flickered. I came here with the jeers sign is not to connect General Forrest with this of some white people, who think that I am do- order, (the reader may form his own conclu- ing wrong. I believe that I can exert some in- sion upon this question,) but to trace its de- fluence, and do much to assist the people in velopment, and from its acts and consequences strengthening fraternal relations, and shall do gather the designs which are locked up under all in my power to bring about peace. It has 5.4 Death 9

always been my motto to elevate every man- 5.4 Death to depress none. (Applause.) I want to elevate you to take positions in law offices, in stores, on Forrest died in Memphis in October 1877, at the home farms, and wherever you are capable of going. of his brother Jesse, reportedly from acute complica- tions of diabetes.[66] His eulogy was delivered by his re- I have not said anything about politics today. cent spiritual mentor and former Confederate chaplain, I don't propose to say anything about politics. George Tucker Stainback, who declared in his eulogy: You have a right to elect whom you please; vote Lieutenant-General Nathan Bedford Forrest, though dead, for the man you think best, and I think, when yet speaketh. His acts have photographed themselves upon that is done, that you and I are freemen. Do as the hearts of thousands, and will speak there forever.[67] you consider right and honest in electing men Forrest was buried at Elmwood Cemetery.[66] In 1904 the for office. I did not come here to make you a remains of Forrest and his wife Mary were disinterred long speech, although invited to do so by you. from Elmwood and moved to a Memphis city park origi- I am not much of a speaker, and my business nally named Forrest Park in his honor, that has since been prevented me from preparing myself. I came renamed Health Sciences Park.[68] to meet you as friends, and welcome you to the white people. I want you to come nearer to us. On July 7, 2015, the Memphis City Council unanimously When I can serve you I will do so. We have but approved to move the remains of Nathan Bedford Forrest one flag, one country; let us stand together. We and his wife from Health Sciences Park. However, there may differ in color, but not in sentiment. Use are laws that protect him and his statue, the Tennessee your best judgement in selecting men for office Heritage Protection Act of 2013 and the U.S. Public Law and vote as you think right. 85-425: Sec. 410 approved May 23, 1958.[69]

Many things have been said about me which are wrong, and which white and black persons 6 Posthumous legacy here, who stood by me through the war, can contradict. I have been in the heat of battle when colored men, asked me to protect them. I have placed myself between them and the bul- lets of my men, and told them they should be kept unharmed. Go to work, be industrious, live honestly and act truly, and when you are oppressed I'll come to your relief. I thank you, ladies and gentlemen, for this opportunity you have afforded me to be with you, and to assure you that I am with you in heart and in hand.” (Prolonged applause.):

In response to that Pole-Bearers speech, the Cavalry Sur- vivors Association of Augusta, the first Confederate or- ganization formed after the war, called a meeting in which Captain F. Edgeworth Eve gave a speech express- ing unmitigated disapproval, of Forrest’s remarks pro- Bronze bust of Forrest at Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park moting inter-ethnic harmony, by ridiculing his faculties and judgement and berating the woman who gifted For- Many memorials were erected to Forrest in Tennessee, rest flowers as "a mulatto wench". The association voted but only in Mississippi is there a county named after him. unanimously to amend its constitution to expressly forbid Obelisks in his memory were placed at his birthplace in publicly advocating for or hinting at any association of Chapel Hill and at Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park white women and girls as being in the same classes as "fe- near Camden. A statue of General Forrest was erected in [62][63] Memphis’s Forrest Park (renamed Health Sciences Park males of the negro race". The Macon Weekly Tele- [70] graph newspaper also condemned Forrest for his speech, on February 5, 2013). A bust sculpted by Jane Baxen- describing the event as "the recent disgusting exhibition of dale is on display at the building himself at the negro [sic.] jamboree," and quoting part of in Nashville. The World War II Army base a Charlotte, North Carolina Observer article which read in Tullahoma, Tennessee was named after him. It is now "We have infinitely more respect for Longstreet, who frat- the site of the Arnold Engineering Development Center. ernizes with negro men on public occasions, with the pay As of 2007, Tennessee had 32 dedicated historical mark- for the treason to his race in his pocket, than with Forrest ers linked to Nathan Bedford Forrest, more than are ded- and Pillow, who equalize with the negro women, with only icated to the three former Presidents associated with the 'futures’ in payment."[64][65] state: , James K. Polk, and Andrew John- 10 6 POSTHUMOUS LEGACY son (none of whom were born in Tennessee).[71] Finally, gin the process to rename the school.[74] The school was the Tennessee legislature established July 13 as “Nathan named for Forrest in 1959 at the urging of the Daughters Bedford Forrest Day.”[72] of the Confederacy because they were upset about the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision. At the time the school was all white, but now more than half the stu- dent body is black.[75] After several public forums and discussions, Westside High School was unanimously ap- proved in January 2014 as the school’s new name. In August 2000, a road on named for Forrest decades earlier was renamed for former post commander Richard T. Cassidy.[76][77][78]

Nathan Bedford Forrest memorial and grave in Memphis, Ten- nessee (2008)

In 2005, Shelby County Commissioner Walter Bailey Nathan Bedford Forrest monument in , started an effort to move the statue over Forrest’s grave Rome, Georgia. and rename Forrest Park. Former Memphis Mayor Willie Herenton, who is black, blocked the move. Others have A monument to Forrest in the Confederate Circle sec- tried to get a bust of Forrest removed from the Tennessee tion of Old Live Oak Cemetery in Selma, Alabama, reads House of Representatives chamber.[79] Leaders in other “Defender of Selma, Wizard of the Saddle, Untutored localities have tried to remove or eliminate Forrest mon- Genius, The first with the most. This monument stands uments, with mixed success. as testament of our perpetual devotion and respect for The ROTC building at Middle Tennessee State University Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest. CSA 1821– was named Forrest Hall in his honor. In 2006, the frieze 1877, one of the south’s finest heroes. In honor of Gen. depicting General Forrest on horseback that had adorned Forrest’s unwavering defense of Selma, the great state of the side of this building was removed amid protests, but Alabama, and the Confederacy, this memorial is dedi- a major push to change its name failed. Also, the uni- cated. DEO VINDICE.” As armory for the Confederacy, versity’s Blue Raiders’ athletic mascot was changed to a Selma provided most of the South’s ammunition. The pegasus from a cavalier, in order to avoid its mistaken bust of Forrest was stolen from the cemetery monument association with General Forrest. in March 2012 and efforts are currently underway to re- store the monument.[73] Forrest’s great-grandson, Nathan Bedford Forrest III, pursued a military career, first in cavalry, then in aviation, A monument to Forrest in the Myrtle Hill Cemetery in and attained the rank of brigadier general in the United Rome, Georgia, was erected by the United Daughters of States Army Air Forces during World War II. On June 13, the Confederacy in 1909 to honor his bravery for saving 1943, Forrest III was killed in action while participating Rome from Union Army Colonel Abel Streight and his in a bombing raid over Germany, the first U.S. General cavalry. to be killed in action in World War II. His family was High schools named for Forrest were built in Chapel awarded his Distinguished Service Cross (second only to Hill, Tennessee, and Jacksonville, Florida. In 2008 the the Medal of Honor) for staying with the controls of his Duval County School Board voted 5–2 against a push to B-17 bomber while his crew bailed out. The aircraft ex- change the name of Nathan Bedford Forrest High School ploded before Forrest could bail out. By the time German in Jacksonville.[74] In 2013, the Board voted 7-0 to be- air-sea rescue could arrive, only one of the crew was still 6.2 The Fort Pillow Massacre 11

alive in the water. Albertans references Forrest: “I’s the firstest with the mostest when I fought for Bedford Forrest.” 6.1 In popular culture 6.2 The Fort Pillow Massacre ’s 1943 short story “My Grandmother Millard and General Bedford Forrest and The Battle There are conflicting reports about what occurred at Fort of Harrykin Creek” features Forrest as a character. Pillow. Only 90 out of approximately 262 US Colored Faulkner’s 1938 novel "The Unvanquished" is set against Troops survived the battle. Casualties were also high the backdrop of Forrest’s engagements with Union gen- among white defenders of the fort, with 205 out of about eral Smith (presumably Andrew J. Smith). 500 surviving. Forrest’s Confederate forces were accused of subjecting captured soldiers to brutality, with allega- “Bedford Forrest: Boy on Horseback” by Aileen Wells tions that some were burned to death. Forrest’s men were Parks in 1952 is part of the Childhood of Famous Amer- alleged to have set fire to Union barracks with wounded icans series. This book is generally hagiographic. Union soldiers inside; however, the report of Union Lieu- The 1987 novel Fightin' With Forrest tells the story of two tenant Daniel Van Horn said that act was due to orders young men who ride with Forrest during the War.[80] carried out by Union Lieutenant John D. Hill. Van Horn In the 1990 PBS documentary The Civil War by Ken also reported that, “There never was a surrender of the Burns, historian states in Episode 7 that the fort, both officers and men declaring they never would [82] Civil War produced two “authentic geniuses": Abraham surrender or ask for quarter.” Lincoln and Nathan Bedford Forrest; when expressing Following the cessation of hostilities, Forrest transferred this opinion to one of General Forrest’s granddaughters, the 14 most seriously wounded United States Colored she replied after a pause, “You know, we never thought Troops (USCT) to the U.S. Steamer Silver Cloud.[83] He much of Mr. Lincoln in my family.”[81] Foote also used sent 39 USCT taken as prisoners to higher command. Forrest as a major character in his novel Shiloh. On October 30, 1877, The New York Times reported that In Harry Turtledove's 1992 /science fic- “General Bedford Forrest, the great Confederate cavalry tion novel The Guns of the South, Forrest runs for presi- officer, died at 7:30 o'clock this evening at the residence dent of the Confederacy in 1867, losing to Robert E. Lee. of his brother, Colonel Jesse Forrest.” When the book’s “Rivington men” turn traitor against the But The Times also reported that it would not be for mil- Confederacy, Forrest commands the force sent against itary victories that Forrest would pass into history: them. President Lee later felt that Forrest was used by the villains, and Forrest also admits he would have “voted against himself” in the election now realizing the true na- “It is in connection with one of the most atro- ture of his backing. Turtledove’s subsequent Timeline- cious and cold-blooded massacres that ever dis- 191 series features Forrest’s fictional grandson, Nathan graced civilized warfare that his name will for Bedford Forrest III, leading the Confederate armed forces ever be inseparably associated. “Fort Pillow during World War II. Forrest” was the title which the deed conferred upon him, and by this he will be remembered In the 1994 film , the titular character says by the present generation, and by it he will pass that he was named after his ancestor General Nathan into history. The massacre occurred on the Bedford Forrest, who "...started up this club called the 12th of April, 1864. Fort Pillow is 65 miles Ku Klux Klan.” above Memphis, and its capture was effected The children’s science fiction series Animorphs has flash- during Forrest’s celebrated raid through Ten- back scenes of an ancestor of one of the main characters nessee, a State which was at the time practically fighting a battle against Forrest’s brigade. in possession of the Union forces. ...” In the 2004 mockumentary C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America a slave narrator cites Nathan Bedford “Late in March (Forrest) passed into that State, Forrest as the leader of a Confederate army that massa- and the route of his advance was marked cred hundreds of freed slaves in the North shortly after by outrages and brutalities of the most cold- the Civil War, possibly an alternate reference to the Fort blooded character. He captured most of the Pillow Massacre. small garrisons on his line of march, in each case summoning the defenders to surrender un- The 2006 song The Decline and Fall of Country and West- der a threat that if he had to storm the works ern Civilization by Lambchop begins with the lines: “I he would give no quarter. On the 12th of April hate Nathan Bedford Forrest / He’s the featured artist in he appeared before Fort Pillow. This fort was the Devil’s chorus.” garrisoned by 500 troops, about half of them The song “Horse Soldier, Horse Soldier” from the 2007 colored. Forrest’s force numbered about 5,000 album of the same name by Corb Lund and the Hurtin' or 6,000. His first attack was a complete sur- 12 7 SEE ALSO

prise, and the commanding officer was killed and prevent their distribution.[86] Barbour refused to de- early in the engagement. Still the defenders nounce the honor, noting instead that the state legislature fought so gallantly that at 2 o'clock the en- would not be likely to approve the plate anyway.[87] emy had gained no material advantage. Forrest In 2000, a monument to Forrest in Selma, Alabama, was then sent in a flag of truce, demanding uncon- unveiled.[88] On March 10, 2012, it was vandalized and ditional surrender. After a short consultation, the bronze bust of the general vanished. In August, a his- Major Bradford, on whom the command had torical society called Friends of Forrest moved forward devolved, sent word refusing to surrender. In- with plans for a new, larger monument, which was to stantly the bugles sounded the assault. The en- be 12 feet high, illuminated by L.E.D. lights, surrounded emy were now within 100 yards of the fort, and by a wrought-iron fence and protected by 24-hour secu- at the sound they rushed on the works, shout- rity cameras. The plans triggered outrage and a group ing. The garrison was seized with a panic: the of around 20 protesters attempted to block construction men threw down their arms and sought safety of the new monument by lying in the path of a concrete in flight toward the river, in the neighboring truck. Local lawyer and radio host Rose Sanders said, ravine, behind logs, bushes, trees, and in fact “Glorifying Nathan B. Forrest here is like glorifying a everywhere where there was a chance for con- Nazi in Germany. For Selma, of all places, to have a cealment. It was in vain. The captured fort and big monument to a Klansman is totally unacceptable.”[89] its vicinity became a human shambles.” An online petition at Change.org asking the City Council to ban the monument collected more than 285,000 signa- “Forrest reported his own loss at 20 killed and tures by mid-September. 60 wounded; and states that he buried 228 Fed- In 2015, as a result of the June 17 church shooting in erals on the evening of the assault. Yet in the Charleston, South Carolina, some Tennessee lawmak- face of this he claimed that the Fort Pillow cap- ers advocated removing a bust of Forrest located in the ture was “a bloody victory, only made a mas- State’s Capitol building. On July 7, the Memphis City sacre by dastardly Yankee reporters.” The news Council voted unanimously to dig up the remains of Con- of the massacre aroused the whole country to federate General Nathan Bedford Forrest and his wife. a paroxysm of horror and fury.”... The council also voted to remove a statue placed in For- rest’s honor. The move came after Mayor A.C. Wharton These claims were directly disputed in letters, written called for the bodies to be relocated to their original burial by Confederate soldiers to their own families, which site in nearby Elmwood Cemetery.[90] described wanton brutality on the part of Confederate On August 12, 2015, Thomas Robb, national director of troops.[37] the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan and pastor of the Chris- The New York newspaper obituary further stated: tian Revival Center in Harrison, Arkansas, announced that he is requesting the transfer of the remains of Forrest “Since the war, Forrest has lived at Memphis, and his wife, as well as the monument in Health Sciences and his principal occupation seems to have Park, to his church. He also stated that the Christian Re- been to try and explain away the Fort Pillow vival Center would take the burden of all cost involved affair. He wrote several letters about it, which in the removal and transfer and would be willing to pay were published, and always had something to reasonable compensation. The formal request was made [91] say about it in any public speech he delivered. through the law office of Jason M. Robb. He seemed as if he were trying always to rub away the blood stains which marked him.”[10] 7 See also 6.3 Continuing controversies • List of American Civil War generals On February 10, 2011 Fox News Channel reported that there is a proposal in Mississippi to issue specialty license • Cavalry in the American Civil War plates, honoring Forrest, to mark the 150th anniversary of the "War Between the States".[84] Forrest’s legacy still • Forrest City, Arkansas draws heated public debate, as he has been called “one of the most controversial – and popular – icons of the • war.”[85] The Sons of Confederate Veterans helped spon- Forrest County, Mississippi sor a set of Mississippi license plates commemorating the Civil War, for which the 2014 version featuring Forrest • drew controversy in 2011. The Mississippi NAACP pe- titioned Governor to denounce the plates • Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park 13

8 Notes [21] Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative, Volume One, p. 350

[1] The Language of the Civil War, John D. Wright, Green- [22] • Boatner, Mark Mayo, III. The Civil War Dictionary, wood Publishing Group, (2001), p. 210 & p. 326 New York: McKay, 1959; revised 1988, p. 289

[2] Slowly by Slowly, Patrick S. Beard, Xulon Press, 30 Jul [23] “Official Records, Series I, Vol XVI Part I, p. 805, Lieu- 2009, p. 33 tenant Co Parkhurst’s Report (9th Michigan Infantry) on General Forrest’s attack at Murfreesboro, Tenn, July 13, [3] Foner (1988) p. 342. Hurst (1993) pp. 285, 287–288. 1862”. Library.Cornell.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-09. . M. Lewis and J. Serbu, “Commemorating the KKK”, Sociological Quarterly, January 1999. [24] Eicher, p. 240.

[4] Morton, John Watson (1909). The Artillery of Nathan [25] Foote, II, p. 65. Bedford Forrest’s Cavalry: “the Wizard of the Saddle,”. Publishing house of the M. E. Church, South, Smith & [26] Robert Willett, The Lightning Mule Brigade: The 1863 Lamar, agents. p. 1. Raid of Abel Streight into Alabama, Emmis Books, 1999

[5] Foote, p. 1053 [27] Foote, II, p. 759.

[6] John Allan Wyath, That Devil Forrest, pp. 2–4 [28] Foote, II, p. 760.

[7] Gitlin, Marty (2009). The Ku Klux Klan: A Guide to an [29] Failure in the Saddle: Nathan Bedford Forrest, Joseph American Subculture. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. Wheeler, and the Confederate Cavalry in the Chicka- mauga Campaign, Appendix Four, by David A. Powell, [8] “Domestic slave trade site”. Inmotionaame.org. Retrieved ISBN 978-1-932714-87-6 2012-10-09. [30] Presentation to Civil War Round Table, Dr. [9] Winik, Jay (2002). April 1865: The Month That Saved Lawrence Lee Hewitt, November 2013 America. Harper Perennial. p. 176. [31] Eicher, p. 809 [10] “Death of General Forrest”. On This Day. The New York Times. 30 October 1877. [32] United States. War Dept, Henry Martyn Lazelle, Leslie J. Perry (1891). The War of the Rebellion: v. 1–53 [serial [11] From an address by General J.R. Charlmers in 1879. no. 1–111] Formal reports, both ... Washington: Govern- “Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest And His ment Printing Office. p. 547. Campaigns”. Southern Historical Society Papers, Vol. VII. Richmond, Virginia, October 1879, No. 10. Southern His- [33] Lincoln, Abraham. “Abraham Lincoln to Cabinet, Tues- torical Society Papers. Retrieved 2009-01-22. day, May 03, 1864 (Fort Pillow massacre),” Abraham Lincoln Papers at the . May 3, [12] “Nathan Bedford Forrest Biography at Civil War Home”. 1864. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/malhome. CivilWarHome.com. Retrieved 2012-10-09. html (accessed July 11, 2015).

[13] “Tennesseans in the Civil War”. Tngenweb.org. August [34] Jordon, General Thomas; Pryor, J. P. (1868). The Cam- 17, 2004. Retrieved 2012-10-09. paigns Of General Nathan Bedford Forrest And Of For- rest’s Cavalry. pp. 430–435. [14] Cheryl Hiers, “New Statue of Nathan Bedford Forrest Raises Old Controversy in Nashville”, Blueshoe Nashville [35] Bailey, p. 25. Travel Guide, 1998. [36] Cimprich and Mainfort, pp. 293–306. [15] ’ Civil War, Episode 7: “Most Hallowed [37] Clark, Achilles V. Ground” [38] Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant, Volume II, Chapter [16] John C. Fredriksen (December 5, 2001). America’s Mil- XLVII. itary Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. ISBN 1576076032. Retrieved Au- [39] William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman gust 19, 2012. (Library of America, 1990), 463.

[17] “The Forrest – Gould Affair, Columbia, Tennessee ~~ [40] https://archive.org/details/fortpillowmassac00unit June 13, 1863”. Tennessee-SCV.org. Retrieved 2012- 10-09. [41] William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman (Library of America, 1990), 470. [18] Davison, E. W. and D. Foxx (2007). Nathan Bedford For- rest: In Search of the Enigma. Pelican Publishing. pp. [42] Richard Fuchs, An Unerring Fire: The Massacre At Fort 36–41. ISBN 1589804155. Pillow (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2002), 14.

[19] Wills, p. 66. [43] Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (New York: Penguin, 2005), [20] Wills, p. 70. 227. 14 8 NOTES

[44] John Cimprich, Fort Pillow: A Civil War Massacre and [65] Hall, Andy (December 11, 2011). “Nathan Bedford For- Public Memory (Louisiana State University Press, 2005), rest Joins the Klan”. Dead Confederates: A Civil War Era 123–124. Blog. Retrieved July 13, 2015.

[45] Col. Howard Lee Landers, Battle of Brices Cross Roads, [66] Foote, III, p. 1052 Mississippi. June 10, 1864 Washington, DC: Historical Section, Army War College, 1928. [67] Paul Ashdown; Edward Caudill (1 January 2006). The Myth of Nathan Bedford Forrest. Rowman & Littlefield. [46] Wills, Brian Steel (1993). A Battle from the Start: The life pp. 64–. ISBN 978-0-7425-4301-0. of Nathan Bedford Forrest. Harper Perennial. p. 215. [68] The park was renamed Health Sciences Park on February [47] Foote, p. 1002 5, 2013. Sainz, Adrian. “Memphis renames 3 parks that [48] Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David honored Confederacy”. Retrieved 6 February 2013. J., eds. (September 16, 2002). Encyclopedia of the Amer- ican Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. [69] “Council Votes To Move Nathan Bedford Forrest’s Re- W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 722. ISBN 978-0- mains”. LocalMemphis. Retrieved 2015-07-13. 393-04758-5. Retrieved January 4, 2011. [70] Sainz, Adrian. “Memphis renames 3 parks that honored [49] Catton, p. 160. Confederacy”. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

[50] Dillon, Francis H. “for example”. George Mason Univer- [71] Loewen, James W. (2007). Lies Across America: What sity. Retrieved 2012-10-09. Our Historic Sites Get Wrong. Simon and Schuster. p. 237.

[51] Times, New York (1918), Forrest, retrieved 2012-10-10 [72] “Tennessee Code Annotated 15-2-101”. LexisNexis. Re- trieved 2012-10-09. [52] Catton, pp. 160–61.

[53] Davidson, Eddy W. Nathan Bedford Forrest: In Search of [73] Dale Cox (2012-08-23). “Nathan Bedford Forrest Mon- the Enigma, pg. 474. ument – Selma, Alabama”. Exploresouthernhistory.com. Retrieved 2012-10-09. [54] Wills p. 336 [74] “Florida School Board Votes To Remove Name Of Civil [55] Hurst pp. 284–285. Wills, p. 336. Wills quotes two KKK War General Tied To Ku Klux”. Business Insider. Nov 9, members who identified Forrest as a Klan leader. James 2013. Retrieved Nov 10, 2013. R. Crowe stated, “After the order grew to large numbers we found it necessary to have someone of large experi- [75] “Florida High School Keeps KKK Founder’s Name”. Fox ence to command. We chose General Forrest.” Another News. November 10, 2008. member wrote, “N. B. Forest of Confederate fame was at our head, and was known as the Grand Wizard. I heard [76] “Confederate general’s name removed from Army’s road”. him make a speech in one of our Dens.” Deseret News. 1 August 2000.

[56] Wills p. 338 [77] Long, Trish (June 5, 2010). “Soldier turned down film job to fight, die in Korea”. El Paso Times. Forrest Road was [57] Ward p. 386 renamed Cassidy Road in honor of Lt. Gen. Richard T. [58] Gardell, Mattias (2003). Gods of the Blood: the Pagan Cassidy, who commanded Fort Bliss from 1968 to 1971 Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-8223-3071-4. [78] “Gate Schedule”. El Paso Herald-Post (El Paso, Texas). February 22, 1975. p. 8. the gate station established on [59] Report of the Joint Select Committee Appointed to Inquire Forrest road is another step in the implementation of a Into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary phased traffic control and security program announced last State. 1872. p. 12. month at Fort Bliss. The Forrest road site was selected for the first of the several gate stations [60] Report of the Joint Select Committee Appointed to Inquire Into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary [79] Scott Barker, “Nathan Forrest: Still confounding, contro- State. 1872. p. 463. versial,” Knoxville News Sentinel, February 19, 2006.

[61] Memphis Appeal, July 5, 1875 [80] Yeagar, Charles Gordon (1987). Fightin' With Forrest. [62] “Ex-Confederates: Meeting of Cavalry Survivor’s Asso- Dixie Pub. Co. ISBN 0-9619244-0-3. ciation” (PDF). Chronicle. Augusta, Georgia. July 31, [81] Carter, William C. (1989), Conversations with Shelby 1875. Retrieved July 13, 2015. Foote, Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, [63] Hall, Andy (August 20, 2013). “Confederate Veterans on ISBN 0-87805-385-9 Forrest: 'Unworthy of a Southern gentleman'". Dead Con- federates: A Civil War Era Blog. Retrieved July 13, 2015. [82] “Official Records, Series I, Vol. 32, Part 1, pp. 569– 570: Report of Lieutenant Daniel Van Horn, Sixth U. S. [64] “Macon Weekly Telegraph”. Macon Weekly Telegraph. Colored Heavy Artillery, of the capture of Fort Pillow”. Georgia. July 20, 1875. Retrieved July 13, 2015. Ebooks.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-09. 15

[83] Stewart, Charles W. (1914). Official Records of the Union • Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series Revolution 1863–1877. (1988) ISBN 0-06-015851- I Volume 26. Washington, DC: Government Printing Of- 4. fice. p. 234. I hereby acknowledge to have received from Major-General Forrest 2 first and 1 second lieutenants, 43 • Foote, Shelby, The Civil War: A Narrative – II: Fred- white privates, and 14 negroes. ericksburg to Meridian, , 1963, ISBN 0-394-74621-X [84] “Proposed Mississippi License Plate Would Honor Early KKK Leader”. Fox News. February 10, 2011. • Foote, Shelby, The Civil War: A Narrative – III: Red [85] “KKK leader on specialty license plates? Plan in Missis- River to Appomattox, Random House, 1974, ISBN sippi raises hackles”. Christian Science Monitor. February 0-394-74622-8 11, 2011. • Hurst, Jack. Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography, [86] “Group Wants KKK Founder Gen. Nathan Bedford For- 1993. rest on License Plate”. ABC News. February 10, 2011. • Lytle, Andrew Nelson (1992) [1931]. Bedford For- [87] “Haley Barbour Won't Denounce Proposal Honoring Con- rest and His Critter Company. Nashville, Tennessee: federate General, Early KKK Leader”. CBS News. Febru- J.S. Sanders and Company. ISBN 1-879941-09-0. ary 16, 2011. • Sherman, William T., “Memoirs of General W.T. [88] http://www.exploresouthernhistory.com/selmaforrest. Sherman.” Library of America, 1990. ISBN html 9780940450653. [89] “Bust of Civil War General Stirs Anger in Alabama”. New • York Times. August 24, 2012. Ward, Andrew. River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War. Viking Pen- [90] “Mayor Wharton: Remove Nathan Bedford Forrest statue guin: 2005. and body from park”. • Wills, Brian Steel (1992). A Battle from the Start: [91] https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2015/08/12/ The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest. New York, kkk-group-says-it-will-pay-move-remains-confederate-general New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-092445-4.

9 References 10 Further reading • Bailey, Ronald H., and the Editors of Time-Life • Bearss, Edwin C. Forrest at Brice’s Cross Roads and Books, Battles for : Sherman Moves East, in in 1864. Dayton OH: Press of Time-Life Books, 1985, ISBN 0-8094-4773-8. Morningside Bookshop, 1979. • Boatner, Mark M. (1988) [1959]. The Civil War • Bearss, Ed. Unpublished remarks to Gettysburg Dictionary. New York, New York: McKay. ISBN College Civil War Institute, July 1, 2005. 0-8129-1726-X. • Bradshaw, Wayne. The Civil War Diary of William • Catton. Bruce (1971). The Civil War. American R. Dyer: A Member of Forrest’s Escort, BookSurge Heritage Press, New York. Library of Congress Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4392-3772-7. Number: 77-119671. • Carney, Court, “The Contested Image of Nathan • Cimprich, John, and Mainfort, Robert C., Jr., eds. Bedford Forrest”, Journal of Southern History. Vol- “Fort Pillow Revisited: New Evidence About An ume: 67. Issue: 3., 2001, pp. 601+. Old Controversy”, Civil War History 4 (Winter, 1982). • Davison, Eddy W. and Daniel Foxx. Nathan Bed- ford Forrest: In Search of the Enigma. Pelican Pub- • Clark, Achilles V., “A Letter of Account”, ed. by lishing Company, 2007. p. 528. Dan E. Pomeroy, Civil War Times Illustrated, 24(4): 24–25, June 1985. • Harcourt, Edward John. “Who Were the Pale Faces? New Perspectives on the Tennessee Ku • Dupuy, Trevor N., Johnson, Curt, and Bongard, Klux”, Civil War History. Volume: 51. Issue: 1, David L., Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biogra- 2005, pp: 23+. phy, Castle Books, 1992, 1st Ed., ISBN 0-7858- 0437-4. • Henry, Robert Selph. First with the Most, 1944. • Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War • Horn, Stanley F., Invisible Empire: The Story of the High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871, Montclair, NJ: Patterson ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. Smith Publishing Corporation, 1939. 16 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Hurst, Jack. Nathan Bedford Forrest: A Biography. (1993) • Kastler, Shane. Nathan Bedford Forrest’s Redemp- tion (2010), Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58980-834-8.

• Lytle, Andrew Nelson. Bedford Forrest and His Critter Company, 1931, Reprint by Ivan R. Dee, 2002, ISBN 978-1-879941-09-0. • Tap, Bruce. "'These Devils are Not Fit to Live on God’s Earth': War Crimes and the Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1864–1865,” Civil War His- tory, XLII (June 1996), 116–32. on Ft Pillow.

• Williams, Edward F. Fustest with the mostest; the military career of Tennessee’s greatest Confederate, Lieutenant General Nathan Bedford Forrest Mem- phis, Distributed by Southern Books, 1969.

• Wills, Brian Steel. A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest, 1992, ISBN 0-06- 016832-3. • Wyeth, John Allan. That Devil Forrest, 1899 (origi- nal) republished in 1989 by Louisiana State Univer- sity Press.

11 External links

• Forrest Biography (early years and wartime service) at civilwarhome.com

• Animated History of The Campaigns of Nathan Bedford Forrest at civilwaranimated.com

• General Nathan Bedford Forrest Historical Society • Interview with Nathan Bedford Forrest ca. 1868 in Wikisource

• Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Forrest, Nathan Bedford". The New Student’s Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co. 17

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

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• File:Acw_bs_7a.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Acw_bs_7a.png License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Own work (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: Grayghost01 at English Wikipedia • File:Ambox_important.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs) • File:Battle_flag_of_the_US_Confederacy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Battle_flag_of_the_ 18 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Confederate_States_of_America.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: Flag of Mississippi.svg .svg. Original artist: Phroziac cut this out of Image:Flag of Mississippi.svg, which is public domain work by Zscout370. • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: 248Garland • File:Covington_Veterans_Memorial.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Covington_Veterans_ Memorial.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:DoxTxob using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was DoxTxob at en.wikipedia • File:Flag_of_Tennessee.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: according to [1], [2] Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- • File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(March_4,_1865).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/4/4e/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281865%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Forrest_&_Maples_listing.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Forrest_%26_Maples_listing.png License: Public domain Contributors: Project Gutenberg, Book of American Adventures, by Julian Street, 1917 Original artist: Forrest & Maples • File:Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Forrest_Memphis_Raid.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The New York Public Library, Digital Gallery [1] Original artist: Ellsbury, George H. • File:MHC_Nathan_Forrest_Monument.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/MHC_Nathan_Forrest_ Monument.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: • Transferred from en.wikipedia by SreeBot Original artist: Culby (talk)Cculber007

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