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KING BA YINNAUNG AS IDSTORICAL HERO in THAI PERSPECTIVE Sunait Chutintharanond

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KING BA YINNAUNG AS IDSTORICAL HERO in THAI PERSPECTIVE Sunait Chutintharanond KING BAYINNAUNG AS IDSTORICAL HERO IN THAI PERSPECTIVE .. 1 Sunait Chutintharanond In the Burmese historical and literary "Bayinnaung", meaning 'The King's context, King Bayinnaung has long been brother' .6 recognized as an exceptionally great king, who, after the fall of the Pagan King Bayinnaung has also been recognized Kingdom in the 13th century, successfully in Thai society as a cakravartin king or a reconstructed the second Burmese Legendary Universal Monarch. Ayudhya Kingdom.2 The greatness of King chronicles revised after the fall of Ayudhya Bayinnaung is interestingly portrayed in in 1767, for example, describe the wars local Burmese historical writings, such as waged by King Bayinnaung against The Ketummadi Toungoo Chronicle3 and Ayudhya on various occasions (1563 and in nationally known chronicles such as 1569 A.D.) as wars led by an undefeatable the U Kala Chronicle and The Hmannan king who could gain victory in ten or The Glass Palace Chronicle. Stories directions or Phra Chao Chana Sib Thit. concerning the glory of the king are also They recounted also how he aspired to be found in various types of Burmese poetic the Lord of the White Elephants.7 Even works, for instance Maw-gun composed, though this king was depicted by Thai as a rule, to commemorate some memorable scholars as an imperialistic expansionist ~vent. 4 Naung-yo-ti-pyo Maw-gun, for and an enemy of the Thai nation8 during example, was written to commemorate the the nation building period in Thailand great victory of Bayinnaung over the Pyi particularly in Prince Darnrong Rajanubhab's (Prome) army in 1542 A.D. This battle famous historical writing "Our Wars with was then known as the Naung-yo Battle.5 the Burmese" (Thai rop Phama), King It is evident that after the battle, Bayinnaung was later unde rstood by Tabinshweti, the King of Toungoo at the Thai people in general as a strong that time, gave him the honorific title of warrior and a great lover. This fanciful and memorable image was invented by a famous novelist named Mr. Chot Phraephan, or 1 Lecturer, Department of History 6 Khin Maung Nyunt, "King Bayint Naung's Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University Place 'Kamboza Thadi"' in The New Light of 2 Myan-Ma-Swe-Zon-Kyan, vol. 8 (Rangoon, Myanmar, Sunday, 12 September 1993. 1963), p. 307. 7 Phraratchapongsawadan Krung Sri 3 Saya .Sein Lwin Lae, Mintaya Shwee Hti Ayudhya chabap Phanchantanumat (Choem) hnin Buyin Naung (Rangoon: Modern kup Chakkraphatdipong (Chat) Bangkok: Publishing House, 1968), p. 345. Krung Wittaya, 1964), pp. 64-79. 4 "Bayinnaung in Burmese Literature". 8 Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, Phongsawadan 5 Saya Sein Lwin Lae, pp. 221 -27. ruang Thai rop Phama, lem 1 (1928), p. 42. Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 12:33:39PM via free access MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities Vol. 1 No. 2 1998 Yakhob (his pen name) in his interesting northern states and then proceeded and rousing novel, entitled A Man Who to Ayudhya. Then the King of Gained Victory in Ten Directions (Phu Ayudhya asked for relations of Chana Sib Thit). The image of King friendship to be established, and Bayinnaung created by Y akhob has since the two kings thereupon swore an become the most famous and influential in oath of fidelity at Wat Phra Meru. Thai society. The King of Pegu then asked that the king's son and four white With regard to the heroic image of King elephants be sent to Pegu.9 Bayinnaung as a U niversal Monarch in Thai perception and Thai historical writings, Unlike the Luang Prasert version, Ayudhya it is interesting that such an image was chronicles revised after the last fall of invented after the destruction of Ayudhya the capital in 1767, describe and glorify by the Burmese in 17 67. Prior to that the triumph of King Bayinnaung in the historical incident, neither King Bayinnaung 1563 war at length. Phraratchapong nor other leading kings of Myanmar had sawadan Krung Sri Ayudhya Chabab received any special attention from Thai Phanchantanumat (Choem), a chronicle of chronicle compilers. The Luang Prasert Ayudhya revised in 1795 in the reign of Chronicle of Ayudhya, compiled and written King Rama I, the founder of the Chakri at the order of King Narai in 1680, for Dynasty and the latest Thai capital, example, does not specifically glorify Bangkok, describes King Bayinnaung one of the most famous victories of King as the King of Hongsawady who ruled Bayinnaung over an Ayudhya King, Maha over Ramanadesa or the Mon kingdom C hakraphat, in the War of the White and possessed great hpon--Merit and Elephants in 1563. In contrast with the Power--that extended in ten directions.10 Thai chronicles compiled and revised Furthermore, Thai chronicle compilers after the defeat of Ayudhya in 1767, which depicted the War ofthe White E lephants vividly depict and extensively commemorate as a righteous campaign of an undefeatable the victory of King Bayinnaung in the 1563 king, who wished to obtain the white war, the Luang Prasert Chronicle provides elephants which were a symbolic treasure only a very brief account concerning the of the Universal Monarch or the War of the White Elephants: cakravartin. 11 According to the royal c hronic les, the cause of war and the In 925 (1563 A.D.), the year of subseque nt subjugation of Ayudhya the pig, Niphatr the King of Pegu stemmed from the fact that the King (or Phra Chao Hongsa Nipantara­ of Ayudhya refused to send two white Bayinnaung) raised an army in the elephants to the court of Pegu upon the 12th month. On Sunday, the 5th day of the 2"d waning month, he conquered Phitsnulok. At that time there was a famine of rice 9 0. Frankfurter, "Translation of 'Events in and it was sold at the rate of Ayudhya', 686-966" JSS, 6:3 (1909), p. 13. 10 3 measures for one tical; many Phraratchapongsawadan Krung Sri people also died of fever. The Ayudhya chabap Phanchantanumat (Choem) King of Pegu conquered all the kup Chakkraphatdipong (Chat), p. 65. II Ibid., pp. 65-67. 2 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 12:33:39PM via free access King Bayinnaung as Historical Hero in Thai Perspective request of King Bayinnaung. 12 The war King Bayinnaung, in the perception of between the King of Ayudhya and the early Bangkok ruling class, was a Bayinnaung, as a result, was not only a great king whose virtues corresponded militaristic contest but also a symbolic to the idea and image of a cakravartin ritual for political and religious supremacy raja, the Lord of the White Elephants in the tradition of Theravada Buddhist and the King who is "the Conqueror kings. The triumph of King Bayinnaung, in All Ten Directions." According to the without doubt, indicated that the merit and Traibhumikatha, or the Three Worlds of glory of the Burmese king that were King Ruang, a work of Thai classical superior to those of King Mahachakraphat literature describing the nature of the of Ayudhya and his subjects. The Bangkok entire Buddhist Universe, the cakravartin chroniclers interestingly describe how king is inevitably escorted by a tremendous King Bayinnaung, in contending against number of troops when on the march from his Ayudhya counterpart, claimed that his the Jumbudipa continent to conquer the merit or hpon far surpassed that of his other three quarters of the human world: rival. For instance, the chronicle compilers Purvavideha, Uttarakuru and Amaragoyana. put these words . in the Burmese king's The Traibhumikatha provides the following mouth when comparing his hpon to that of description: the Ayudhya monarch: One might wonder how great was Naturally , those people w ith the cakravatradhiraja King's delusions did not realize their entourage. Let it be known that potential was like small birds and a field 12 yojana wide with a short-legged rabbits. The rabbit circumference of 36 yojana could swam in the deep ocean believing just fit in all the men, and there that its legs could reach the would be just enough room for bottom of the ocean. It then the jewelled Wheel to remain sank and died. As for· the bird, therein. 15 it challenged a garuda to fly across the ocean. He very soon Interestingly, the army used by King exhausted his energy and fell Bayinnaung to attack Ayudhya is pictured into the sea. 13 by Bangkok chroniclers in the same way as the entourage of the cakravartin king The hidden meaning of the analogy drawn in the Traibhumikatha and other religious by Bangkok chroniclers does not contradict texts copied and revised in the reign of King Alaung-mintaya's (Alaungpaya, King Rama I of Bangkok. 1752-60) explanation of the downfall of the Nyaungyan dynasty: "When a man of The King of Hongsawady was rich in hpon comes, the man without hpon royal ornament. He put on seven great disappears." 14 golden shoulder laces, splenderous head - covering and onyx-black suit for victory 12 lbid., p. 67 . 13 15 . Ibid., pp. 73 , 74. King Lithai, Traibumikatha: The Story ofthe 14 Tun Aung Chain, "Legitimation Ploy in 18th Three Planes ofExist ence (Bangkok: A marin Century Burma," unpublished paper, p. 2. Printing Group, 1985), p. 173. 3 Downloaded from Brill.com10/06/2021 12:33:39PM via free access MANUSYA: Journal ofHumanities Vol. 1 No.2 1998 in combat. He then rode on his fighting mainland Southeast Asia stretching from elephant named Plaidevanaga-binaya, the Irrawaddy to the Mekong River-basin. which was 6 sok (1 sok =50 centimeters), I kuep ( 1 kuep = an outstretched hand or The Mon inscription on Bayinnaung's 25 centimeters) and 5 inches in height.
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