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Bangkok Economy in 1937/38

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Bangkok Economy in 1937/38 The Bangkok Economy in 1937/38 Porphant Ouyyanont School of Economics Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University Nonthaburi, 11120 Thailand Email address: [email protected] This paper attempts to sketch the main features of Bangkok (and Thonburi) economy. The year 1937/38 is a major focus period, with a population census of 1937/38 will be consulted. Despite existing published Population Census of 1937/38, surprisingly, none or very few scholars rarely used this source. Through this source, it will shed light the economic basis of Bangkok in the 1930s. Following the introduction with which the background and its reliability of the Census of 1937 is discussed, the paper will provide a brief background of Bangkok’s development in the 1930s, findings of various aspects on economic basis from the Census will be presented, and finally major factors contributing the growth of service sector will be discussed. The Population Census in 1937 as a major source The first nation wide census of Thailand was undertaken in 1909/10, and was published after revisions in 1910/11 and 1911/12. Subsequent censuses were carried out in 1919/20 and 1929/30 before a more elaborate and painstaking exercise in 1937, conducted by the Ministry of Interior. The 1937/38 population census is the first significant census for understanding 2 the economic basis of Greater Bangkok, namely Bangkok and Thonburi.1 It focuses on the exact administrative area of Bangkok and Thonburi rather than Monthon Krungthep (namely Bangkok and its surrounding provinces including Nonthaburi, Pathumthani, Thonburi, and Samut Prakan). Pre-1937 census surveys excluded Bangkok proper especially the inner amphoe (districts) which were under the Ministry of the Capital until 1922. The 1937 Census provides information on age, sex, status in household, marital condition, birth place of self and each parent, nationality, race, religion, literacy, marital condition, educational standard, occupation, employment status, land holdings, livestock and physical defects of the population. The data were collected by appointed officers in every amphoe using western techniques including a standard questionnaire form filled out by every households for interview (Thesaphiban 1936/37). The census probably undercounts the Chinese population, the largest minority group, because of the nationalist policies conducted since the reign of King Vajiravudh. The Nationality Act of 1913/14, which remained in effect until 1953, stated that any persons any person born in Thailand was to be considered a Thai national. In Bangkok, which had the main concentration of Chinese in Thailand, this law perhaps resulted in the census undercounting the Chinese by 20-25 percent lower, especially the Chinese population in Bangkok. Other factors that caused undercounting a narrow definition of ethnicity, the tendency of Chinese to avoid the census taker or to give false information – a reaction to the various Chinese legislation – and the Business Registration Act of 1936 which aimed to promote the role of ethnic Thai in business by restricting Chinese immigration and imposing literacy requirements to speed the assimilation of the Chinese community into the Thai community.2 1 The Bangkok Postal Census in 1883 is also useful to understand the economic basis of Bangkok in the latter half of the 19th Century, but was designed to facilitate the postal service, and does not cover a defined administrative (see Porphant 2001). 2 For more discussion, see, Wilson (1983: 26), Grabowski (1994: 49-85) 3 A memorandum on the registration of aliens by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 12 January 1933 stated: The old Siamese policy has been as a fact to consider Chinese immigrants in the same way as Siamese. They were not taken as aliens. They had all the rights of Siamese subjects. They were even admitted to acquire land when the non-Treaty powers' subjects had no such right under the Decree of the Fourth Reign. No use to justify that policy, which did favour the Chinese immigration at a time when Chinese labour was necessary. It is well known that the government's hope was that those immigrants would become assimilated to Siamese; and this indeed did happen for many years, when Chinese did marry Siamese women, had children educated in local schools and becoming more Siamese than Chinese as soon as from the generation borne in this country. Under this policy, there was no question to treat Chinese immigrants as aliens, and the interest of government was not to do it. (N.A.(3) Office of the Prime Minister 0201.76/1(1929-1953)) The Census classified the population by occupation into three broad economic sectors (agriculture, industry, and services), subdivided into occupations using a standard occupational classification: 1. agriculture and fishery, 2. forestry, 3. commerce, 4. manufacturing, 5. mining, 6. transport and communication, 7. public works, 8. professionals, 9. domestic and 10. clerical services. (Population Census of 1937/38) Bangkok’s Development in the 1930s: Background Since its founding in 1782, Bangkok has always been the kingdom’s leading city and during the second half of 19th century its primacy was consolidated and enhanced. Bangkok's development was strongly influenced by Siam's absorption into the international economy. Along with Rangoon and Saigon, Bangkok developed as one of the world's great rice ports. Port facilities, warehouses, ship-repairing yards, and rice mills developed along the river. Capital and labour were attracted to the city. Western influence increased. Foreign trading companies were established, and modern amenities began to make their appearance in the city. Labour flowed from China in increasing numbers at a time when the Siamese countryside was still underpopulated. Chinese migrants played an important role in Bangkok’s commercial development and comprised a substantial portion of its population. 4 By the 1920s, Bangkok was a modern commercial town, with world famous firms including Siamese English, American, Danish and Dutch operating rice mills and saw mills. Luxurious hotels sprang up such as the Oriental Hotel and Phya Thai Palace Hotel. Trams provided city transport. Bangkok was a centre of the kingdom’s rail transport and water transport. In the early 1930s, despite the existence of a railway network of 6,400 kilometres, more than 80 percent of rice destined for export was carried by water from the interior to the rice mills in Bangkok. In 1932, Bangkok was a still a city of relatively modest size and limited economic base with a population around 700,000 million. (The Population Census of 1929/30) After the 1932 coup against the absolute monarchy, the government played a larger role in the economy, including founding state enterprises under a policy of economic nationalism. Bangkok became a more inward-looking metropolis. Government infrastructure projects included a new port, National Stadium, King Rama I Bridge, several roads, and Don Muang Airport. In 1937/38, Bangkok was constituted as a municipality which played a part in the development of infrastructure and the extension of the built-up and administrative area to accommodate the city growth. Bangkok’s population had grown from around 365,000 at the time of the First World War to 702,500 in 1929/30. In the 1930s, the pace of the city’s growth slackened slightly due to political turmoil at home, the great depression in the world, and the restriction of Chinese in-migration. The population of Bangkok-Thonburi recorded in 1937 (Table 1) was 14.6 times the population of Chiang Mai, the 2nd ranked city, and 5 percent of the total urban population. 5 Table 1. The Population of Bangkok, 1855-1937 Year Population Average Annual Growth Rate (%) 1855 100,000 - 1883 169,300 1.90 1913/14 365,492 2.60 1929/30 702,544 3.92 1937/38 890,453 3.44 Source: N.A. R.6.M. of the Capital 27/3 (1909-14); Terwiel (1989:233) Sternstein (1982: 78); Population Census, 1929/30; Population Census, 1937/38. After the completion of the King Rama I Bridge in 1932, Thonburi also began to develop. New roads built there including Prachatipok, Somdet Chaophraya, Thonburi, Lard Ya, Wang Lang, Wang Derm and Chiang Mai, helped Thonburi become more commercialised, especially by facilitating the transport of agricultural goods, including perishable fruits such as durian and oranges, destined for domestic consumption and export(Anonymous 1977: 383-389). The construction of roads helped facilitate. Between 1930 and 1937, Thonburi’s population increased from 176,651 to 205, 459 or 2 per cent a year (Population Census of 1937, Vol.1). In terms of land use, Bagkok was thoroughly urban while Thonburi was still partially rural. Of the total land area of 316,506 rai on the Bangkok side in 1930, some 24,505 rai were devoted to residential, commercial, and industrial uses; 3,941 for government offices: 754 rai for the king’s residences; and 24,505 rai for wat, churches, and public ground. Of the total area of 241,768 rai in Thonburi, only 10,283 rai were residential and commercial land and most was devoted to agricultural production (N.A. M. of Finance 0301.1.1/13(1931). In 1937, the population density in Bangkok was 770.52 per km2, higher than of 521.47 per km2 in Thonburi. The most densely settled amphoe were the business centres of Phranakhon, Samphanthawong, Bang Rak, and Pomprab (Population census of 1937/38) In the 1930s Bangkok expanded to the north following completion of a road linking Bangkok and Nonthaburi in 1931 (Bangkok Chronicle, 6 November, 1939). In the late 1930s, the city's area also expanded eastwards from the bank of the Padung Krungkasem Canal to Pathumwan, Phetchaburi and Ploenchit (Nangnoi 1991: 459). In addition, parts of other Bangkok districts such as Thung Mahamek, Yannawa, 6 Bang Khen, and Don Muang were also absorbed into the urban area.
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