Le Dogme De La Professionnalisation

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Le Dogme De La Professionnalisation Université d'Angers Centre Universitaire de Formation Continue LE DOGME DE LA PROFESSIONNALISATION Mémoire présenté pour l'obtention du Master Professionnel (spécialité de Master) : Direction d'équipements et de projets dans le secteur des musiques actuelles Promotion 2006- 2008 Directeur du mémoire : Damien TASSIN BORNAZ Marion Juillet - 2008 Je tenais particulièrement à remercier le groupe DOPPLeR qui m'a laissée entrer dans son intimité ainsi que Xavier avec qui j'ai pu tenir des échanges stimulants. Je remercie également Marie Rudeaux pour ses prises de positions, l'ensemble des équipes et des groupes que j'ai pu côtoyer au cours de ce mémoire et Mademoiselle Mélodie Della Rossa. 2 La loi étant la loi, les acteurs de l’art ont à respecter ces conceptions de l’intérêt général. Ils doivent se mettre en conformité avec ses règles venues de la politique publique de l’environnement, de la santé publique, de la sécurité des biens et des personnes, de la défense de la propriété, du droit du travail, du droit d’auteur etc. ; On n’en finirait pas de dresser la liste de toutes les règles de conformité à respecter pour avoir le droit de devenir un musicien ! Le pire sans doute, est que toutes ces exigences, fruits de la mobilisation citoyenne, sont présentées dans les manuels et les formations comme des conditions techniques !! Alors qu’elles sont profondément politiques. Toutes ces règles que doit suivre l’acteur artistique avant d’avoir le droit d’exister dans la société, tissent autour de lui un réseau de conduites conformes. Si les artistes doivent impérativement appliquer toutes ces normes avant d’apparaître au monde comme artistes, il y a risque majeur d’enlisement de la société ! ! Quel sens donnera-t-on à l’enjeu artistique s’il ne devient que le miroir de la société conforme ! Vous imaginez ? « je crée conformément à la conformité » ! quel bel avenir pour la société moderne ! Jean-Michel LUCAS 3 Table des matières SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS.............................................................................................................4 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................5 1 - LE DOGME DE LA PROFESSIONNALISATION................................................................15 1.1 - LES ORIGINES DU DOGME DE LA PROFESSIONNALISATION............................16 a) Un contexte idéologique...................................................................................................18 b) Une politique en faveur de la professionnalisation..........................................................20 c) La nécessaire structuration des militants passionnés.......................................................23 1.2 - L'EXEMPLE DES CHOIX DE PROGRAMMATION....................................................26 a) La structuration des groupes............................................................................................29 b) La médiatisation ..............................................................................................................31 c) La renommée et l'effet de réseau......................................................................................33 2 - LE PROFESSIONNALISME A L'OEUVRE..........................................................................37 2.1 - LA RECIPROCITE DU DISCOURS...............................................................................38 a) Une plus grande efficacité................................................................................................39 b) Professionnel avant l'heure..............................................................................................44 2.2 - LA RESISTANCE FACE AU DOGME...........................................................................47 a) Profil intermédiaire, l'angoisse de la récupération...........................................................48 b) Désir de reconnaissance et assimilation...........................................................................56 c) L'enjeu identitaire face au temps......................................................................................63 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................72 BIBLIOGRAPHIE.............................................................................................................................74 ANNEXES.........................................................................................................................................76 4 SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS SMAC : Scène de Musiques Actuelles MJC : Maison des jeunes et de la Culture INA : Institut National de l'Audiovisuel CNV : Centre National des Variétés DEPS : Département des Etudes et de la Prospective des Statistiques du Ministère de la culture DIY : Do It Yourself 5 INTRODUCTION Notre travail au sein de la salle de concerts le Clacson nous a amené à réfléchir le projet politique que nous défendions au sein de la structure et la manière dont il s'exprimait dans la programmation. Les choix artistiques sont complexes et importants puisqu'ils sont l'interface avec l'extérieur et construisent en partie l'identité du lieu. Les différentes équipes qui se sont succédées au fil des ans ont toujours développé l'idée que notre salle devait être un lieu de soutien à des artistes que nous considérions à la marge, à la fois dans la musique qu'ils produisent que dans les choix de diffusion qu'ils font. Ces artistes sont généralement classés du côté des scènes alternatives et ne vivent pas pour la plupart de leur musique. Ils ne sont pas toujours très connus et il faut alors susciter la curiosité autour de la date auprès de l'équipe salariée, des bénévoles, des médias, du public mais aussi des institutions et des autres professionnels. Il nous semble important d'être capables d'expliquer nos choix et de leur donner du sens. Nous avons souvent l'impression de partir de zéro pour communiquer sur des artistes plutôt discrets qui ont peu de moyens. Pourtant, la fréquentation de ces concerts nous donne généralement raison et nous surprend parfois. Bien que l'intérêt d'un artiste ne se juge pas à son seul succès public, on peut néanmoins dire qu'il existe une vraie demande de la part de la population pour des groupes que nous voyons peu dans les espaces de reconnaissance. Absents des médias et peu structurés, ces groupes peinent à trouver le soutien des professionnels. Notre double posture de salariés de salle de concerts et de passionnés de musiques alternatives nous a à plusieurs reprises fait sentir de part et d'autre une sorte de méfiance latente et un à priori d'incompatibilité. Nous mêmes sommes dans une position complexe, défendant des parcours d'artistes à la marge mais demandant dès que possible aux artistes des outils de « pro » (licence, affiche, photo, Cds promo, presse etc...), refusant à contrecoeur de programmer les groupes trop peu connus mais dont nous aimons pourtant le travail, oeuvrant dans des dispositifs d'aide à la professionnalisation ne nous permettant pas toujours d'intégrer des groupes qui ne correspondent pas aux critères. Nous utilisons un vocabulaire qu'il nous faut régulièrement redéfinir. Alors que nous travaillons quotidiennement avec des groupes qui ne vivent pas de leur musique, et qui pour certains ne se destinent pas à en vivre, nous utilisons les termes d'artistes émergents, découvertes, artistes semi-professionnels ou en voie de professionnalisation, sans pouvoir réellement en poser une définition stable. Parallèlement, le fort croisement avec le secteur marchand a joué un rôle important dans l'organisation du secteur. Les jeux d'interdépendance avec l'industrie du disque ont amplifié les impératifs des acteurs des musiques actuelles. Les contraintes économiques, de territoire, de public pèsent sur nos choix. La scène est devenue un élément de la médiatisation et subit de la même manière une tendance à la concentration des esthétiques et de profils d'artistes. Le traitement médiatique de la scène tend à rendre indispensable un entourage 6 professionnel au groupe (label, attaché de presse, tourneur, distributeur...). Or ces éléments de plus en plus nécessaires contraignent la reconnaissance de parcours plus marginaux (économiquement et artistiquement) et particulièrement leur diffusion auprès de nouveaux publics. Le rapport Trautmann faisait déjà état de la question du pluralisme en 1998 : L’industrie du disque a dangereusement inversé ce rapport, la scène étant admise comme un support (éventuel mais pas obligé) de promotion du disque. C’est ce qui explique que les programmations des lieux de musiques vivantes soient ainsi soumises à des contraintes économiques trop fortes. Programmer un artiste en dehors de ses passages à la radio, du «tour support», des campagnes de publicité à la radio et à la télévision, impliquent d’assumer seul la promotion du concert face à un public de plus en plus conditionné. Ainsi, les lieux de concerts ont de plus en plus de difficultés à pouvoir prendre des risques, même si en la matière ils donnent encore souvent l’exemple, au prix d’une précarité insupportable1. Au regard de la multiplicité des visages de l'artiste, nous avons le sentiment de sur-investir ce concept de professionnalité dans une dimension unilatérale. Quelle place occupe aujourd'hui la professionnalisation dans ces échanges ? Comment les professionnels peuvent-ils encore prendre en considération les parcours d'artistes à la marge et
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