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Sponges
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Chordates
Brachiopods
Annelids
Molluscs
Arthropods
PROTEROZOIC PALEOZOIC Ediacaran Cambrian 635 605 575 545 515 485 0 Time (millions of years age)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Food particles in mucus Choanocyte Collar Flagellum
Choanocyte
Phagocytosis of Amoebocyte food particles Pores Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes
Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera)
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(a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 15 µm 75 µm (a) Valeria (800 mya): (b) Spiny acritarch roughly spherical, no (575 mya): about five structural defenses, times larger than soft-bodied Valeria and covered in hard spines
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(a) Radial symmetry
(b) Bilateral symmetry
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Body cavity Body covering (from ectoderm)
Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending Digestive tract internal organs (from endoderm) (from mesoderm)
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Porifera Metazoa Metazoa Ctenophora
ANCESTRAL Eumetazoa PROTIST Cnidaria Deuterostomia Deuterostomia Hemichordata 770 million Echinodermata years ago 680 million Chordata years ago
Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Bilateria Bilateria Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda 670 million years ago Mollusca
Ecdysozoa Ecdysozoa Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda
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Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Muscle segments
Mouth
Anus
Post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 (a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate
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Common
ancestor of Myxini Vertebrates vertebrates (hagfishes) Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Vertebral Chondrichthyes Gnathostomes column (sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Actinopterygii Osteichthyans Jaws, (ray-finned fishes) Myxini mineralized
skeleton Actinistia Lobe-fins Dipnoi Lungs (coelacanths) or lung derivatives Dipnoi Lobed (lungfishes) Tetrapods fins Tetrapoda (amphibians, Limbs with digits reptiles, Petromyzontida mammals)
Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Actinistia Tetrapoda
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GREEN ALGA MARINE CRUSTACEAN AQUATIC LOBE-FIN AQUATIC AQUATIC ANCESTOR ANCESTOR
Anchoring Derived (roots) N/A N/A structure
Support Derived (lignin/stems) Ancestral Ancestral (skeletal system) structure Derived (limbs)
Internal Derived (vascular system) Ancestral Ancestral transport
Muscle/ N/A Ancestral Ancestral
CHARACTER nerve cells
Protection Derived (cuticle) Ancestral Derived against (amniotic egg/scales) desiccation
Gas exchange Derived (stomata) Derived (tracheal system) Ancestral ORGANISM TERRESTRIAL TERRESTRIAL
TERRESTRIAL LAND PLANTS INSECTS VERTEBRATES © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Cephalothorax Abdomen
Antennae Thorax Head (sensory reception)
Swimming appen- dages (one pair per abdominal segment)
Walking legs Pincer Mouthparts (defense) (feeding) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15
Lepidopterans
Hymenopterans Hemipterans © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17
Fish Tetrapod Characters Characters Scales Neck Fins Ribs Gills and lungs Fin skeleton Flat skull Eyes on top of skull
Shoulder bones Neck Ribs Head Scales Eyes on top of skull
Flat skull Humerus Ulna “Wrist” Elbow Radius Fin Fin skeleton © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Lungfishes
Eusthenopteron
Panderichthys
Tiktaalik
Acanthostega
Tulerpeton Limbs with digits
Amphibians Key to limb bones Ulna Amniotes Radius Humerus Silurian PALEOZOIC Devonian Carboniferous Permian 415 400 385 370 355 340 325 310 295 280 265 0 Time (millions of years ago)
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Caecilians have Salamanders no legs and are retain their tails mainly burrowing as adults. animals.
Frogs and toads lack tails as adults.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Extraembryonic membranes
Allantois Chorion Amnion Yolk sac
Embryo
Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid Yolk (nutrients)
Shell Albumen
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†Plesiosaurs
Crocodilians
†Pterosaurs
† Common Ornithischian Turtles ancestor dinosaurs of reptiles †Saurischian dinosaurs other Common than birds ancestor of dinosaurs Birds
Turtles
Tuataras
Squamates
Squamates
Crocodilians
Birds
Tuataras © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Monotremes Marsupials
Eutherians
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New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Gibbons “Apes” “Apes”
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees and bonobos Humans
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Murky, poorly-mixed Low oxygen Cyanobacteria (a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya
Clear, well-mixed High oxygen Eukaryotic algae
(b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya
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© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5 Ageatmaturity (years)
5.0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year
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Other An endangered invertebrates Pacific island land snail, Partula suturalis Molluscs
Insects
Birds Fishes
Amphibians Mammals Reptiles (excluding birds) Workers on a mound of pearl Recorded extinctions of animal mussels killed to make buttons species (ca. 1919)
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