<<

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1

Sponges

Cnidarians

Echinoderms

Chordates

Brachiopods

Annelids

Molluscs

Arthropods

PROTEROZOIC 635 605 575 545 515 485 0 Time (millions of years age)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Food particles in Choanocyte Collar Flagellum

Choanocyte

Phagocytosis of Amoebocyte food particles Pores Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes

Azure vase (Callyspongia plicifera)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

(a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 15 µm 75 µm (a) Valeria (800 mya): (b) Spiny acritarch roughly spherical, no (575 mya): about five structural defenses, times larger than soft-bodied Valeria and covered in hard spines

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

(a) Radial symmetry

(b) Bilateral symmetry

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Body cavity Body covering (from ectoderm)

Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending Digestive tract internal organs (from endoderm) (from mesoderm)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Porifera Metazoa Metazoa

ANCESTRAL Deuterostomia Deuterostomia Hemichordata 770 million Echinodermata years ago 680 million Chordata years ago

Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Bilateria Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda 670 million years ago

Ecdysozoa Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Muscle segments

Mouth

Anus

Post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 (a) (b)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

Common

ancestor of Myxini vertebrates () Petromyzontida (lampreys)

Vertebral Gnathostomes column (sharks, rays, chimaeras)

Actinopterygii Osteichthyans Jaws, (ray-finned ) Myxini mineralized

skeleton Actinistia Lobe-fins Dipnoi Lungs (coelacanths) or lung derivatives Dipnoi Lobed (lungfishes) fins Tetrapoda (amphibians, Limbs with digits reptiles, Petromyzontida mammals)

Chondrichthyes Actinistia Tetrapoda

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 0.5 m

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

GREEN ALGA MARINE AQUATIC LOBE-FIN AQUATIC AQUATIC ANCESTOR ANCESTOR

Anchoring Derived (roots) N/A N/A structure

Support Derived (lignin/stems) Ancestral Ancestral (skeletal system) structure Derived (limbs)

Internal Derived (vascular system) Ancestral Ancestral transport

Muscle/ N/A Ancestral Ancestral

CHARACTER nerve cells

Protection Derived (cuticle) Ancestral Derived against (amniotic /scales) desiccation

Gas exchange Derived (stomata) Derived (tracheal system) Ancestral ORGANISM TERRESTRIAL TERRESTRIAL

TERRESTRIAL LAND INSECTS VERTEBRATES © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Cephalothorax Abdomen

Antennae Thorax (sensory reception)

Swimming appen- dages (one pair per abdominal segment)

Walking legs Pincer Mouthparts (defense) (feeding) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

Lepidopterans

Hymenopterans Hemipterans © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Fish Characters Characters Scales Neck Fins Ribs Gills and lungs Fin skeleton Flat skull Eyes on top of skull

Shoulder bones Neck Ribs Head Scales Eyes on top of skull

Flat skull Humerus Ulna “Wrist” Elbow Radius Fin Fin skeleton © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Lungfishes

Eusthenopteron

Panderichthys

Tiktaalik

Acanthostega

Tulerpeton Limbs with digits

Amphibians Key to limb bones Ulna Radius Humerus Silurian PALEOZOIC Carboniferous 415 400 385 370 355 340 325 310 295 280 265 0 Time (millions of years ago)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

Caecilians have Salamanders no legs and are retain their tails mainly burrowing as adults. .

Frogs and toads lack tails as adults.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Extraembryonic membranes

Allantois Chorion Amnion Yolk sac

Embryo

Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid Yolk (nutrients)

Shell Albumen

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

†Plesiosaurs

Crocodilians

†Pterosaurs

† Common Ornithischian Turtles ancestor dinosaurs of reptiles †Saurischian dinosaurs other Common than birds ancestor of dinosaurs Birds

Turtles

Tuataras

Squamates

Squamates

Crocodilians

Birds

Tuataras © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Monotremes Marsupials

Eutherians

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

New World monkeys

Old World monkeys

Gibbons “Apes” “Apes”

Orangutans

Gorillas

Chimpanzees and bonobos Humans

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Murky, poorly-mixed Low oxygen Cyanobacteria (a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya

Clear, well-mixed High oxygen Eukaryotic algae

(b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5 Ageatmaturity (years)

5.0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 27

Other An endangered Pacific island land snail, Partula suturalis Molluscs

Insects

Birds Fishes

Amphibians Mammals Reptiles (excluding birds) Workers on a mound of pearl Recorded extinctions of mussels killed to make buttons species (ca. 1919)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 28