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Brains of Primitive Chordates 439
Brains of Primitive Chordates 439 Brains of Primitive Chordates J C Glover, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway although providing a more direct link to the evolu- B Fritzsch, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA tionary clock, is nevertheless hampered by differing ã 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. rates of evolution, both among species and among genes, and a still largely deficient fossil record. Until recently, it was widely accepted, both on morpholog- ical and molecular grounds, that cephalochordates Introduction and craniates were sister taxons, with urochordates Craniates (which include the sister taxa vertebrata being more distant craniate relatives and with hemi- and hyperotreti, or hagfishes) represent the most chordates being more closely related to echinoderms complex organisms in the chordate phylum, particu- (Figure 1(a)). The molecular data only weakly sup- larly with respect to the organization and function of ported a coherent chordate taxon, however, indicat- the central nervous system. How brain complexity ing that apparent morphological similarities among has arisen during evolution is one of the most chordates are imposed on deep divisions among the fascinating questions facing modern science, and it extant deuterostome taxa. Recent analysis of a sub- speaks directly to the more philosophical question stantially larger number of genes has reversed the of what makes us human. Considerable interest has positions of cephalochordates and urochordates, pro- therefore been directed toward understanding the moting the latter to the most closely related craniate genetic and developmental underpinnings of nervous relatives (Figure 1(b)). system organization in our more ‘primitive’ chordate relatives, in the search for the origins of the vertebrate Comparative Appearance of Brains, brain in a common chordate ancestor. -
Dallas Talk June 3, 2005 [Slide 1] the Evolution of Animal Cytochrome
Dallas Talk June 3, 2005 [slide 1] The evolution of animal cytochrome P450s from sponges to mammals. As one reviews the history of life, it is marked by innovations and increases in complexity. This has been studied for nearly 150 years at the level of anatomy and morphology and depicted in trees like this one of Ernst Haeckel from 1891 [slide 2]. Almost 80 years later in 1969, Pauling and Zuckerkandel applied the idea of a molecular clock to cytochrome c and ushered in the era of protein sequence comparison. The evolution of life is now viewed from the molecular perspective. Many individual genes have been used to construct trees of life like Haeckel’s, though they have a slightly more modern look now [slide 3]. What is new in the past few years is the availability of whole eukaryotic genomes. With these vast data sets, it is possible to follow the evolution of whole gene families and not just single genes. This brings us back to the point of innovations and increases in complexity. Ultimately, these changes will have a genetic basis. We should be able to look in these genomes and find the changes in molecules that result in changes in form, biochemistry and physiology. Today we will focus on just one branch, the animals. The world’s sequencing capacity is on the order of several hundred million bases per day. Among the mammals, human, mouse and rat have been completed and the chimp, dog and cattle genomes have been assembled based on the human sequence. One does not expect large sequence changes in the CYP genes of such close neighbors as mouse and rat, but there are substantial changes in gene cluster organization. -
Abstract Introduction
Marine and Freshwater Miscellanea III KEY TRAITS OF AMPHIOXUS SPECIES (CEPHALOCHORDATA) AND THE GOLT1 Daniel Pauly and Elaine Chu Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada Email: [email protected] Abstract Major biological traits of amphioxus species (Cephalochordata) are presented with emphasis on the size reached by their 32 valid species in the genera Asymmetron (2 spp.), Branchiostoma (25 spp.), and Epigonichthys (5 spp.) and on related features, i.e., growth parameters and size at first maturity. Overall, these traits combined with features of their respiration, suggest that the cephalochordates conform to the Gill Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT), which relates the growth performance of water-breathing ectotherms to the surface area of their respiratory organ(s). Introduction The small fish-like animals know as ‘lancelet‘ or ‘amphioxius’ belong the subphylum Cephalochordata, which is either a sister group, or related to the ancestor of the vertebrate animals (see Garcia-Fernàndez and Benito-Gutierrez 2008). The cephalochordates consist of 3 families (the Asymmetronidae, Epigonichthyidae and Branchiostomidae), with one genus each, Asymmetron (2 spp.), Branchiostoma (24 spp.) and Epigonichthys (6 spp.), as detailed in Table 1 and SeaLifeBase (www.sealifebase.org). This contribution is to assemble some of the basic biological traits of lancelets (Figure 1), notably the maximum size each of their 34 species can reach, which is easily their most important attribute, though it is often ignored (Haldane 1926). Finally, reported lengths at first maturity of cephalochordates were related to the corresponding, population-specific maximum length, to test whether these animals mature as predicted by the Gill- Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT; see Pauly 2021a, 2021b). -
Sponges Cnidarians Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Ediacaran Arthropods 635 Cambrian PALEOZOIC PROTEROZOIC 605 Time (Mil
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Sponges Cnidarians Echinoderms Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Arthropods PROTEROZOIC PALEOZOIC Ediacaran Cambrian 635 605 575 545 515 485 0 Time (millions of years age) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Food particles in mucus Choanocyte Collar Flagellum Choanocyte Phagocytosis of Amoebocyte food particles Pores Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 15 µm 75 µm (a) Valeria (800 mya): (b) Spiny acritarch roughly spherical, no (575 mya): about five structural defenses, times larger than soft-bodied Valeria and covered in hard spines © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Body cavity Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending Digestive tract internal organs (from endoderm) (from mesoderm) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Porifera Metazoa Ctenophora ANCESTRAL Eumetazoa PROTIST Cnidaria Deuterostomia Hemichordata 770 million Echinodermata years ago 680 million Chordata years ago Lophotrochozoa Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Bilateria Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda 670 million years ago Mollusca Ecdysozoa Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Mouth Anus Post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 (a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate -
New Records of the Lancelet Branchiostoma Lanceolatum in Scottish Waters
The Glasgow Naturalist (online 2019) Volume 27, Part 1 New records of the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum in Scottish waters M. O’Reilly1, S. Nowacki1, M. Baptie1, E. Gerrie1 & M. MacKenzie2 1Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, 6 Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ 2Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Graesser House, Fodderty Way, Dingwall IV15 9XB 1E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT New records of the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum from Scottish waters are presented. Most of the records originate from sublittoral monitoring around fish farms from Orkney, Shetland, the Western Isles, the Isles of Skye and Mull, but also from a distillery discharge in the Firth of Clyde and a plankton survey in the Sea of the Hebrides. Lancelets were recovered in sediment grab samples from 6 - 60 m depth. Some recent accounts of intertidal lancelets are also cited. The lancelets appear to prefer coarser sediments and in the fish farm surveys were found predominantly at reference sites, away from the immediate influence of farm deposition. INTRODUCTION The lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) is an obscure, vaguely fish-like creature, up to 8 cm long, which lives buried in sand or coarse sediments in British seas. Its body is laterally compressed, pinkish white in colour, and pointed at both ends with a lance- like tail fin (Fig. 1). There are no paired fins, nor eyes, nor even a well-defined head, and it has only a small mouth surrounded by cirri, used to filter organic matter from the surrounding water. It has a dorsal notochord and segmented muscle blocks allowing it to swim in a sinusoidal fish-like manner, but no backbone, and it is therefore classified as an invertebrate (Barnes, 2015). -
Biology of Chordates Video Guide
Branches on the Tree of Life DVD – CHORDATES Written and photographed by David Denning and Bruce Russell ©2005, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES (THUMBNAIL IMAGES IN THIS GUIDE ARE FROM THE DVD PROGRAM) .. .. To many students, the phylum Chordata doesn’t seem to make much sense. It contains such apparently disparate animals as tunicates (sea squirts), lancelets, fish and humans. This program explores the evolution, structure and classification of chordates with the main goal to clarify the unity of Phylum Chordata. All chordates possess four characteristics that define the phylum, although in most species, these characteristics can only be seen during a relatively small portion of the life cycle (and this is often an embryonic or larval stage, when the animal is difficult to observe). These defining characteristics are: the notochord (dorsal stiffening rod), a hollow dorsal nerve cord; pharyngeal gills; and a post anal tail that includes the notochord and nerve cord. Subphylum Urochordata The most primitive chordates are the tunicates or sea squirts, and closely related groups such as the larvaceans (Appendicularians). In tunicates, the chordate characteristics can be observed only by examining the entire life cycle. The adult feeds using a ‘pharyngeal basket’, a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket. Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh and out the excurrent siphon. Tunicates have an unusual heart which pumps by ‘wringing out’. It also reverses direction periodically. Tunicates are usually hermaphroditic, often casting eggs and sperm directly into the sea. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a ‘tadpole larva’. This swimming larva shows the remaining three chordate characters - notochord, dorsal nerve cord and post-anal tail. -
Characterization of the TLR Family in Branchiostoma Lanceolatum and Discovery of a Novel TLR22-Like Involved in Dsrna Recognition in Amphioxus
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 02 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02525 Characterization of the TLR Family in Branchiostoma lanceolatum and Discovery of a Novel TLR22-Like Involved in dsRNA Recognition in Amphioxus Jie Ji 1, David Ramos-Vicente 1,2, Enrique Navas-Pérez 3, Carlos Herrera-Úbeda 3, José Miguel Lizcano 4, Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez 3, Hector Escrivà 5, Àlex Bayés 1,2 and Nerea Roher 1* 1 Department of Cell Biology, Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, 2 Molecular Physiology of the Synapse Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain, 3 Department of Genetics, School of Biology and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain, 5 CNRS, Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Edited by: Marins, BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France L. Courtney Smith, George Washington University, United States Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for raising innate immune responses in both Reviewed by: invertebrates and vertebrates. Amphioxus belongs to an ancient chordate lineage Katherine Buckley, which shares key features with vertebrates. The genomic research on TLR genes in Carnegie Mellon University, United States Branchiostoma floridae and Branchiostoma belcheri reveals the expansion of TLRs in Loriano Ballarin, amphioxus. However, the repertoire of TLRs in Branchiostoma lanceolatum has not Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy been studied and the functionality of amphioxus TLRs has not been reported. We have *Correspondence: Nerea Roher identified from transcriptomic data 30 new putative TLRs in B. -
Decelerated Genome Evolution in Modern Vertebrates Revealed by Analysis of Multiple Lancelet Genomes
ARTICLE Received 20 May 2014 | Accepted 18 Nov 2014 | Published 19 Dec 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6896 OPEN Decelerated genome evolution in modern vertebrates revealed by analysis of multiple lancelet genomes Shengfeng Huang1, Zelin Chen1, Xinyu Yan1, Ting Yu1, Guangrui Huang1, Qingyu Yan1, Pierre Antoine Pontarotti2, Hongchen Zhao1, Jie Li1, Ping Yang1, Ruihua Wang1, Rui Li1, Xin Tao1, Ting Deng1, Yiquan Wang3,4, Guang Li3,4, Qiujin Zhang5, Sisi Zhou1, Leiming You1, Shaochun Yuan1, Yonggui Fu1, Fenfang Wu1, Meiling Dong1, Shangwu Chen1 & Anlong Xu1,6 Vertebrates diverged from other chordates B500 Myr ago and experienced successful innovations and adaptations, but the genomic basis underlying vertebrate origins are not fully understood. Here we suggest, through comparison with multiple lancelet (amphioxus) genomes, that ancient vertebrates experienced high rates of protein evolution, genome rearrangement and domain shuffling and that these rates greatly slowed down after the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates. Compared with lancelets, modern vertebrates retain, at least relatively, less protein diversity, fewer nucleotide polymorphisms, domain combinations and conserved non-coding elements (CNE). Modern vertebrates also lost substantial transposable element (TE) diversity, whereas lancelets preserve high TE diversity that includes even the long-sought RAG transposon. Lancelets also exhibit rapid gene turnover, pervasive transcription, fastest exon shuffling in metazoans and substantial TE methylation not observed in other invertebrates. These new lancelet genome sequences provide new insights into the chordate ancestral state and the vertebrate evolution. 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. 2 Evolution Biologique et Mode´lisation UMR 7353 Aix Marseille Universite´/CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France. -
Amphioxus- Branchiostoma
INT. J. BIOL. BIOTECH., 14 (3): 419-422, 2017. AMPHIOXUS- BRANCHIOSTOMA (CHORDATA: CEPHALOCHORDATA) : FIRST REPORT OF ITS OCCURRENCE FROM THE INTERTIDAL SOFT SEDIMENT BENTHIC HABITAT OF CLIFTON BEACH, KARACHI, PAKISTAN (NORTHERN ARABIAN SEA) Saira Ishaq1* and Ghazala Siddiqui2 1National Institute of Oceanography, ST-47, Block-1, Clifton, Karachi- 75600, Pakistan. 2Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. *Email: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT This communication reports the first evidence of the presence of cephalochordate Amphioxus genus Branchiostoma from the intertidal sandy beach of Clifton, Karachi, Pakistan. During the analysis of macrobenthic fauna, individuals of lancelets were observed and separated for identification. Their morphometric characters were studied and measured. Most of the specimens were juvenile or in immature phase. The average body length of Branchiostoma sp. was 16.87±4.53 mm. No previous records of this genus are available in literature and it is the first report of Branchiostoma sp. from the sandy beach of Clifton, Karachi. Key words: Branchiostoma, Sandy beach, Benthic fauna, Northern Arabian-Sea, Ecology, Intertidal zone INTRODUCTION Amphioxus which is also known as lancelets is a representative of subphylum Cephalochordata. This organism has been under focus of scientists studying phylogenetic relationships of the chordates (Gee, 2006). The subphylum consists of two families with three representative genera namely: Branchiostoma, Epigonichthys, and Asymmetron (Kon et al., 2007). The lancelets for the first time described by Pallas (1774) and placed in Phylum Mollusca, named as Limax lanceolatum. Later in 1834 they were renamed as Branchiostoma lubricus (Costa, 1834) and classified as animals closely related to vertebrates and commonly called as Amphioxus by William Yarrell in 1836 (Bertrand and Escriva, 2011). -
Directorate for Biological Sciences Emerging Frontiers Theoretical
Directorate for Biological Sciences Emerging Frontiers Theoretical Biology Proposal Classification Worksheet In each category, please choose the most specific descriptors. CATEGORY I: INVESTIGATOR STATUS (Select ONE) Beginning Investigator - No previous Federal support as PI or Co-PI, excluding fellowships, dissertations, planning grants, etc. Prior Federal support only Current Federal support only Current & prior Federal support CATEGORY II: FIELDS OF SCIENCE OTHER THAN BIOLOGY INVOLVED IN THIS RESEARCH (Select 1 to 3) Astronomy Engineering Psychology Chemistry Mathematics Social Sciences Computer Science Physics None of the Above Earth Science CATEGORY III: SUBSTANTIVE AREA (No selection required) CATEGORY IV: INFRASTRUCTURE (No selection required) CATEGORY V: HABITAT (No selection required) CATEGORY VI: GEOGRAPHIC AREA OF THE RESEARCH (No selection required) CATEGORY VII: CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS (Select 1 to 4) VIRUSES Chytridiomycota Anthocerotae (Hornworts) Bacterial Mitosporic Fungi Hepaticae (Liverworts) Plant Oomycota Musci (Mosses) Animal Yeasts VASCULAR PLANTS PROKARYOTES Zygomycota FERNS & FERN ALLIES GYMNOSPERMS Archaebacteria LICHENS Cyanobacteria SLIME MOLDS Coniferales (Conifers) Cycadales (Cycads) Eubacteria ALGAE Ginkgoales (Ginkgo) PROTISTA (PROTOZOA) Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) Gnetales (Gnetophytes) Amoebae Charophyta ANGIOSPERMS Apicomplexa Chlorophyta Monocots Ciliophora Chrysophyta Arecaceae (Palmae) Flagellates Dinoflagellata Cyperaceae Foraminifera Euglenoids Liliaceae Microspora Phaeophyta Orchidaceae Radiolaria -
Genome-Wide Microrna Screening in Nile Tilapia Reveals
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genome-wide microRNA screening in Nile tilapia reveals pervasive isomiRs’ transcription, sex-biased Received: 7 November 2016 Accepted: 15 May 2018 arm switching and increasing Published: xx xx xxxx complexity of expression throughout development Danillo Pinhal 1, Luiz A. Bovolenta2, Simon Moxon3, Arthur C. Oliveira1, Pedro G. Nachtigall1, Marcio L. Acencio4, James G. Patton5, Alexandre W. S. Hilsdorf6, Ney Lemke2 & Cesar Martins 7 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in multicellular organisms. The elucidation of miRNA function and evolution depends on the identifcation and characterization of miRNA repertoire of strategic organisms, as the fast-evolving cichlid fshes. Using RNA-seq and comparative genomics we carried out an in-depth report of miRNAs in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), an emergent model organism to investigate evo-devo mechanisms. Five hundred known miRNAs and almost one hundred putative novel vertebrate miRNAs have been identifed, many of which seem to be teleost-specifc, cichlid-specifc or tilapia-specifc. Abundant miRNA isoforms (isomiRs) were identifed with modifcations in both 5p and 3p miRNA transcripts. Changes in arm usage (arm switching) of nine miRNAs were detected in early development, adult stage and even between male and female samples. We found an increasing complexity of miRNA expression during ontogenetic development, revealing a remarkable synchronism between the rate of new miRNAs recruitment and morphological changes. Overall, our results enlarge vertebrate miRNA collection and reveal a notable diferential ratio of miRNA arms and isoforms infuenced by sex and developmental life stage, providing a better picture of the evolutionary and spatiotemporal dynamics of miRNAs. -
Evolutionary Crossroads in Developmental Biology: Cyclostomes (Lamprey and Hagfish) Sebastian M
PRIMER SERIES PRIMER 2091 Development 139, 2091-2099 (2012) doi:10.1242/dev.074716 © 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: cyclostomes (lamprey and hagfish) Sebastian M. Shimeld1,* and Phillip C. J. Donoghue2 Summary and is appealing because it implies a gradual assembly of vertebrate Lampreys and hagfish, which together are known as the characters, and supports the hagfish and lampreys as experimental cyclostomes or ‘agnathans’, are the only surviving lineages of models for distinct craniate and vertebrate evolutionary grades (i.e. jawless fish. They diverged early in vertebrate evolution, perceived ‘stages’ in evolution). However, only comparative before the origin of the hinged jaws that are characteristic of morphology provides support for this phylogenetic hypothesis. The gnathostome (jawed) vertebrates and before the evolution of competing hypothesis, which unites lampreys and hagfish as sister paired appendages. However, they do share numerous taxa in the clade Cyclostomata, thus equally related to characteristics with jawed vertebrates. Studies of cyclostome gnathostomes, has enjoyed unequivocal support from phylogenetic development can thus help us to understand when, and how, analyses of protein-coding sequence data (e.g. Delarbre et al., 2002; key aspects of the vertebrate body evolved. Here, we Furlong and Holland, 2002; Kuraku et al., 1999). Support for summarise the development of cyclostomes, highlighting the cyclostome theory is now overwhelming, with the recognition of key species studied and experimental methods available. We novel families of non-coding microRNAs that are shared then discuss how studies of cyclostomes have provided exclusively by hagfish and lampreys (Heimberg et al., 2010).