DOCSLIB.ORG

10.ARG REFERENCES.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
10.ARG REFERENCES.Pdf Reference list 203 References: Adiyodi, R. G. and Subramoniam, T. (1983). Arhtropoda-Crustacea. In 'Reproductive biology of Invertebrates. Vol. I: Oogenesis, Oviposition, and Oosorption'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 443-95. (John Wiley and sons: Chichester.) Afzelius, B. (1972). Sperm morphology and fertilization biology. In 'Proceedings of the International Symposium of the Genetics of the Spermatozoon. Edinburgh, August 16-20, 1971.'. (Eds. R. Beatty and S. Gluecksohn-Waelsch.) pp. 131-43. (Bogtrykkeriet Forum: Edinburgh and New York.) Afzelius, B. (1979). Sperm structure in relation to phylogeny in lower metazoa. In 'The spermatozoon'. (Eds. D. W. Fawcett and J. M. Bedford.) pp. 243-51. (Urban and Schwarzenberg, Inc.: Baltimore-Munich.) Aisenstadt, B. and Korotkova, G. (1976). A study of oogenesis in marine sponge Halisarca dujardini Jonhston (Dendroceratida, Demospongiae). II. Phagocytic activity of the oocytes and vitellogenesis. Tsitologiya 18, 818-823. Alberti, G. (1995). Comparative spermatology of Chelicerata: review and perspective. In 'Advances in spermatozoal phylogeny and taxonomy'. (Eds. B. G. M. Jamieson, J. Ausió, and J. L. Justine.) pp. 203-30. (Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle: Paris.) Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Watson, J. D. (1993). 'Molecular biology of the cell.' (Garland Publishing: New York.) Amano, S. (1986). Larval release in response to a light signal by the intertidal sponge Halichondria panicea. Biological Bulletin 171, 371-378. Reference list 204 Amano, S. and Hori, I. (1992). Metamorphosis of calcareous sponges. I: Ultrastructure of free-swimming larvae. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 21, 81- 90. Amano, S. and Hori, I. (2001). Metamorphosis of coeloblastula performed by multipotential larval flagellated cells in the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia laxa. Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole 200, 20- 32. Anakina, R. P. and Drozdov, A. L. (2001). Gamete structure and fertilization in the Barents Sea sponge Leucosolenia complicata. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 27, 143-150. Ayling, A. L. (1980). Patterns of sexuality, asexual reproduction and recruitment in some subtidal marine demospongiae. Biological Bulletin 158, 271-282. Babcock, R. C. (1986). Population biology of reef flat corals of the family Faviidae (Goniastrea, Platygyra). Thesis. James Cook University of Townsville. Baccetti, B. and Afzelius, B. (1976). The biology of the sperm cell. Monographs in Developmental Biology 10, 1-254. Baccetti, B. (1979). The evolution of the acrosomal complex. In 'The spermatozoon'. (Eds. D. W. Fawcett and J. M. Bedford.) pp. 305-28. (Urban and Schwarzenberg: Baltimore, Munich.) Baccetti, B. (1984). Evolution of the spermatozoon. Bolletino di Zoologia 51, 25-33. Baccetti, B., Gaino, E., and Sarà, M. (1986). A sponge with acrosome: Oscarella lobularis. Journal of Ultrastructure and Molecular Structure Research 94, 195- 198. Bakke, T. (1990). Pogonophora. In 'Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. Vol. IV. Part B. Fertilisation, Development, and Parental Care'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 37-48. (John Wiley and sons: Chichester.) Reference list 205 Barthel, D. (1986). On the ecophysiology of the sponge Halichondria panicea in Kiel Bight. I. Substrate specificity, growth and reproduction. Marine Ecology Progress Series 32, 291-298. Barthel, D. and Detmer, A. (1990). The spermatogenesis of Halichondria panicea (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoomorphology 110, 9-15. Bates, W. R. (2005). Environmental factors affecting reproduction and development in ascidians and other protochordates. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, 51-61. Beams, H. W. and Kessel, R. G. (1983). Cnidaria. In 'Reproductive biology of invertebrates. Vol.I: Oogenesis, oviposition and oosorption'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 31-66. (John Wiley and sons: Chichester.) Bergquist, P. R. (1978). 'Sponges.' (University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles.) Bergquist, P. R. (1980). A revision of the supraspecific classification of the orders Dictyoceratida, Dendroceratida, and Verongida (class Demospongiae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 7, 443-503. Bergquist, P. R. and Sinclair, M. E. (1968). The morphology and behaviour of larvae of some intertidal sponges. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 2, 426-437. Bertolani, R. (1983). Tardigrada. In 'Reproductive biology of Invertebrates. Vol. I: Oogenesis, Oviposition, and Oosorption'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 431-41. (John Wiley and sons: Chichester.) Bierne, J. (1983). Nemertina. In 'Reproductive biology of Invertebrates. Vol. I: Oogenesis, Oviposition, and Oosorption'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 147-67. (John Wiley and Sons: Chichester.) Bierne, J. and Rué, G. (1979). Endocrine control of reproduction in two rhynchocoelan worms. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 1, 109-120. Reference list 206 Bird, A. F. and Sommerville, R. I. (1989). Nematoda and Nematomorpha. In 'Reproductive biology of invertebrates. Vol. IV. Fertilisation, Development, and Parental Care'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 219-50. (John Wiley and sons: Chichester.) Bishop, J. and Pemberton, A. (2006). The third way: spermcast mating in sessile marine invertebrates. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46, 398-406. Bonasoro, F., Wilkie, I. C., Bavestrello, G., Cerrano, C., and Carnevali, M. D. C. (2001). Dynamic structure of the mesohyl in the sponge Chondrosia reniformis (Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoomorphology 121 , 109-121. Bond, C. and Harris, A. K. (1998). Locomotion of sponges and its physical mechanism. Journal of Experimental Zoology 246, 271-284. Borchiellini, C., Manuel, M., Alivon, E., Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., and LeParco, Y. (2001). Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14, 171-179. Borchiellini, C., Chombard, C., Alivon, E., Vacelet, J., and Boury-Esnault, N. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32, 823-837. Borojevic, R. (1967). La ponte et le developpement de Polymastia robusta. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 8, 1-6. Borojevic, R. (1969). Étude du développement et de la différentiation cellulaire d'éponges calcaires Calcinées (genres Clathrina et Ascandra). Annales d'Embryologie et de Morphogenèse 2, 15-36. Boury-Esnault, N. and Vacelet, J. (1994). Preliminary studies on the organization and development of a hexactinellid sponge from a Mediterranean cave, Oopsacas minuta. In 'Sponges in Time and Space'. (Eds. R. van Soest, T. van Kempen, and J. Braekman.) pp. 407-15. (Balkema Press: Rotterdam.) Reference list 207 Boury-Esnault, N. and Jamieson, B. (1999). Porifera. In 'Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. IX. Progress in Male Gamete Ultrastructure and Phylogeny.'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 1-20. (John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.: Chichester.) Boury-Esnault, N., Efremova, S., Bézac, C., and Vacelet, J. (1999). Reproduction of a hexactinellid sponge: first description of gastrulation by cellular delamination in the Porifera. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 35, 187-201. Boury-Esnault, N., Ereskovsky, A. V., Bézac, C., and Tokina, D. (2003). Larval development in the Homoscleromorpha (Porifera, Demospongiae). Invertebrate Biology 122, 187-202. Brahmachary, R. L. (1989). Mollusca. In 'Reproductive biology of invertebrates. vol. IV. Fertilisation, Development, and Parental Care'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 281-348. (John Wiley and sons: Chichester.) Braley, R. D. (1982). Reproductive periodicity in the indigenous oyster Saccostrea cucullata in Sasa Bay, Apra Harbor, Guam. Marine Biology 69, 165-173. Brazeau, D. A. and Lasker, H. L. (1992). Reproductive success in the Caribbean octocoral Briareum asbestinum. Marine Biology 114, 157-163. Brien, P. (1973). Les Démosponges. Morphologie et Reproduction. In 'Traité de Zoologie. Anatomie, Systématique, B. Spongiaires'. (Ed. P.-P. Grassé.) pp. 133- 461. (Masson et Cie: Paris.) Buckland-Nicks, J. and Chia, F. S. (1986). Fine structure of Sertoli cells in three marine snails with a discussion on the functional morphology of Sertoli cells in general. Cell and Tissue Research 245, 305-313. Buss, L. W. (1983). Evolution, development, and the units of selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States 80, 1387-1391. Buss, L. W. (1987). 'The evolution of individuality.' (Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey.) Reference list 208 Cantell, C.-E. (1989). Nemertina. In 'Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates. vol. IV. Part A. Fertilization, Development, and Parental Care'. (Eds. K. G. Adiyodi and R. G. Adiyodi.) pp. 147-66. (John Wiley and sons: Chichester.) Cavalier-Smith, T. (2006). Cell evolution and earth history: stasis and revolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 361, 969-1006. Cavalier-Smith, T., Allsopp, M., Chao, E., Boury-Esnault, N., and Vacelet, J. (1996). Sponge phylogeny, animal monophyly, and the origin of the nervous system: 18S rRNA evidence. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, 2031-2045. Chen, T. W. (1976). Reproduction and speciation in Halisarca. In 'Aspects of Sponge Biology'. (Eds. F. W. Harrison and R. R. Cowden.) pp. 113-39. (Academic Press: New York.) Chia, F. S. and Buckland-Nicks, J. (1987). Sertoli-like interstitial cells in the echinoderm testis: a test of a permeability barrier.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • High Level Environmental Screening Study for Offshore Wind Farm Developments – Marine Habitats and Species Project
    High Level Environmental Screening Study for Offshore Wind Farm Developments – Marine Habitats and Species Project AEA Technology, Environment Contract: W/35/00632/00/00 For: The Department of Trade and Industry New & Renewable Energy Programme Report issued 30 August 2002 (Version with minor corrections 16 September 2002) Keith Hiscock, Harvey Tyler-Walters and Hugh Jones Reference: Hiscock, K., Tyler-Walters, H. & Jones, H. 2002. High Level Environmental Screening Study for Offshore Wind Farm Developments – Marine Habitats and Species Project. Report from the Marine Biological Association to The Department of Trade and Industry New & Renewable Energy Programme. (AEA Technology, Environment Contract: W/35/00632/00/00.) Correspondence: Dr. K. Hiscock, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB. [email protected] High level environmental screening study for offshore wind farm developments – marine habitats and species ii High level environmental screening study for offshore wind farm developments – marine habitats and species Title: High Level Environmental Screening Study for Offshore Wind Farm Developments – Marine Habitats and Species Project. Contract Report: W/35/00632/00/00. Client: Department of Trade and Industry (New & Renewable Energy Programme) Contract management: AEA Technology, Environment. Date of contract issue: 22/07/2002 Level of report issue: Final Confidentiality: Distribution at discretion of DTI before Consultation report published then no restriction. Distribution: Two copies and electronic file to DTI (Mr S. Payne, Offshore Renewables Planning). One copy to MBA library. Prepared by: Dr. K. Hiscock, Dr. H. Tyler-Walters & Hugh Jones Authorization: Project Director: Dr. Keith Hiscock Date: Signature: MBA Director: Prof. S. Hawkins Date: Signature: This report can be referred to as follows: Hiscock, K., Tyler-Walters, H.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Ocean Acidification on Sponge Communities
    Marine Ecology. ISSN 0173-9565 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of ocean acidification on sponge communities Claire Goodwin1, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa2, Bernard Picton1 & Jason M. Hall-Spencer2 1 National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, County Down, UK 2 Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK Keywords Abstract CO2 vents; Mediterranean; ocean acidification; Porifera; sponge; volcanic vents. The effects of ocean acidification on lower invertebrates such as sponges may be pronounced because of their low capacity for acid–base regulation. However, so Correspondence far, most studies have focused on calcifiers. We present the first study of the Claire Goodwin, National Museums Northern effects of ocean acidification on the Porifera. Sponge species composition and Ireland, 153 Bangor Road, Cultra, Holywood, cover along pH gradients at CO2 vents off Ischia (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) was County Down BT20 5QZ, UK. measured at sites with normal pH (8.1–8.2), lowered pH (mean 7.8–7.9, min E-mail: [email protected] 7.4–7.5) and extremely low pH (6.6). There was a strong correlation between pH Accepted: 4 July 2013 and both sponge cover and species composition. Crambe crambe was the only species present in any abundance in the areas with mean pH 6.6, seven species doi: 10.1111/maec.12093 were present at mean pH 7.8–7.9 and four species (Phorbas tenacior, Petrosia fici- formis, Chondrilla nucula and Hemimycale columella) were restricted to sites with normal pH. Sponge percentage cover decreased significantly from normal to acidified sites. No significant effect of increasing CO2 levels and decreasing pH was found on spicule form in Crambe crambe.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Diversity of the Sponge Fauna from Walters Shoal, a Shallow Seamount in the Western Indian Ocean Region
    Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region By Robyn Pauline Payne A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisors: Dr Toufiek Samaai Prof. Mark J. Gibbons Dr Wayne K. Florence The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. December 2015 Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region Robyn Pauline Payne Keywords Indian Ocean Seamount Walters Shoal Sponges Taxonomy Systematics Diversity Biogeography ii Abstract Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region R. P. Payne MSc Thesis, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Seamounts are poorly understood ubiquitous undersea features, with less than 4% sampled for scientific purposes globally. Consequently, the fauna associated with seamounts in the Indian Ocean remains largely unknown, with less than 300 species recorded. One such feature within this region is Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount located on the South Madagascar Ridge, which is situated approximately 400 nautical miles south of Madagascar and 600 nautical miles east of South Africa. Even though it penetrates the euphotic zone (summit is 15 m below the sea surface) and is protected by the Southern Indian Ocean Deep- Sea Fishers Association, there is a paucity of biodiversity and oceanographic data.
    [Show full text]
  • (= Amphioxus) Branchiostoma Floridae
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 130: 71-84,1996 Published January 11 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Larval settlement, post-settlement growth and secondary production of the Florida lancelet (= amphioxus) Branchiostoma floridae M. D. Stokes* Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, USA ABSTRACT A population of Branch~ostomaflondae in Tampa Bay, Flonda, USA was sieved from the substratum frequently (often daily) from June 1992 through September 1994 Body lengths were mea- sured for 54264 luvenlle and adult lancelets The breedlng season lasted each year from early May through early September and newly metamorphosed lancelets settled as luveniles from late May through mid October, dunng this period of the year dlstinct settlements occurred approxmately every 1 to 3 wk Post-settlement growth was followed as changes in modal length on size-frequency histo- grams Changes in cohort growth over this peliod were compared to several different simple and seasonally oscillating growth models The von Bertalanffy functlon in smple and oscillating forms provided the best estmates of lancelet growth The lancelets grew in summer (almost 0 5 mm d-' in recently settled luveniles), but growth slowed and almost ceased durlng wlnter B flondae can llve at least 2 yr and can reach a maxlmum length of 58 mm The maximal secondary productlon was 61 53 g m-' yrrl (ash-free dry welght) and the productlon to biomass ratio was 11 64 Population den- sities at the study site ranged from about 100 to 1200 lancelets m ' KEY WORDS: Lancelet . Amphioxus . Branchiostorna flondae . Growth . Production . Breeding season .
    [Show full text]
  • Examples of Sea Sponges
    Examples Of Sea Sponges Startling Amadeus burlesques her snobbishness so fully that Vaughan structured very cognisably. Freddy is ectypal and stenciling unsocially while epithelial Zippy forces and inflict. Monopolistic Porter sailplanes her honeymooners so incorruptibly that Sutton recirculates very thereon. True only on water leaves, sea of these are animals Yellow like Sponge Oceana. Deeper dives into different aspects of these glassy skeletons are ongoing according to. Sponges theoutershores. Cell types epidermal cells form outer covering amoeboid cells wander around make spicules. Check how These Beautiful Pictures of Different Types of. To be optimal for bathing, increasing with examples of brooding forms tan ct et al ratios derived from other microscopic plants from synthetic sponges belong to the university. What is those natural marine sponge? Different types of sponges come under different price points and loss different uses in. Global Diversity of Sponges Porifera NCBI NIH. Sponges EnchantedLearningcom. They publish the outer shape of rubber sponge 1 Some examples of sponges are Sea SpongeTube SpongeVase Sponge or Sponge Painted. Learn facts about the Porifera or Sea Sponges with our this Easy mountain for Kids. What claim a course Sponge Acme Sponge Company. BG Silicon isotopes of this sea sponges new insights into. Sponges come across an incredible summary of colors and an amazing array of shapes. 5 Fascinating Types of what Sponge Leisure Pro. Sea sponges often a tube-like bodies with his tiny pores. Sponges The World's Simplest Multi-Cellular Creatures. Sponges are food of various nudbranchs sea stars and fish. Examples of sponges Answers Answerscom. Sponges info and games Sheppard Software.
    [Show full text]
  • Carnivorous Sponges of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
    &DUQLYRURXVVSRQJHVRIWKH$WODQWLFDQG $UFWLF2FHDQV 3K\ORJHQ\WD[RQRP\GLVWULEXWLRQDQGPLFURELDODVVRFLDWLRQVRIWKH &ODGRUKL]LGDH 'HPRVSRQJLDH3RHFLORVFOHULGD -RQ7KRPDVVHQ+HVWHWXQ Dissertation for the degree of philosophiae doctor (PhD) at the University of Bergen 'LVVHUWDWLRQGDWH1RYHPEHUWK © Copyright Jon Thomassen Hestetun The material in this publication is protected by copyright law. Year: 2016 Title: Carnivorous sponges of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans Phylogeny, taxonomy, distribution and microbial associations of the Cladorhizidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida) Author: Jon Thomassen Hestetun Print: AiT Bjerch AS / University of Bergen 3 Scientific environment This PhD project was financed through a four-year PhD position at the University of Bergen, and the study was conducted at the Department of Biology, Marine biodiversity research group, and the Centre of Excellence (SFF) Centre for Geobiology at the University of Bergen. The work was additionally funded by grants from the Norwegian Biodiversity Centre (grant to H.T. Rapp, project number 70184219), the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (grant to H.T. Rapp), the Research Council of Norway (through contract number 179560), the SponGES project through Horizon 2020, the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (grant agreement No 679849), the Meltzer Fund, and the Joint Fund for the Advancement of Biological Research at the University of Bergen. 4 5 Acknowledgements I have, initially through my master’s thesis and now during these four years of my PhD, in all been involved with carnivorous sponges for some six years. Trying to look back and somehow summarizing my experience with this work a certain realization springs to mind: It took some time before I understood my luck. My first in-depth exposure to sponges was in undergraduate zoology, and I especially remember watching “The Shape of Life”, an American PBS-produced documentary series focusing on the different animal phyla, with an enthusiastic Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Introduction
    Marine and Freshwater Miscellanea III KEY TRAITS OF AMPHIOXUS SPECIES (CEPHALOCHORDATA) AND THE GOLT1 Daniel Pauly and Elaine Chu Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada Email: [email protected] Abstract Major biological traits of amphioxus species (Cephalochordata) are presented with emphasis on the size reached by their 32 valid species in the genera Asymmetron (2 spp.), Branchiostoma (25 spp.), and Epigonichthys (5 spp.) and on related features, i.e., growth parameters and size at first maturity. Overall, these traits combined with features of their respiration, suggest that the cephalochordates conform to the Gill Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT), which relates the growth performance of water-breathing ectotherms to the surface area of their respiratory organ(s). Introduction The small fish-like animals know as ‘lancelet‘ or ‘amphioxius’ belong the subphylum Cephalochordata, which is either a sister group, or related to the ancestor of the vertebrate animals (see Garcia-Fernàndez and Benito-Gutierrez 2008). The cephalochordates consist of 3 families (the Asymmetronidae, Epigonichthyidae and Branchiostomidae), with one genus each, Asymmetron (2 spp.), Branchiostoma (24 spp.) and Epigonichthys (6 spp.), as detailed in Table 1 and SeaLifeBase (www.sealifebase.org). This contribution is to assemble some of the basic biological traits of lancelets (Figure 1), notably the maximum size each of their 34 species can reach, which is easily their most important attribute, though it is often ignored (Haldane 1926). Finally, reported lengths at first maturity of cephalochordates were related to the corresponding, population-specific maximum length, to test whether these animals mature as predicted by the Gill- Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT; see Pauly 2021a, 2021b).
    [Show full text]
  • Sponges Cnidarians Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Ediacaran Arthropods 635 Cambrian PALEOZOIC PROTEROZOIC 605 Time (Mil
    © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Sponges Cnidarians Echinoderms Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Arthropods PROTEROZOIC PALEOZOIC Ediacaran Cambrian 635 605 575 545 515 485 0 Time (millions of years age) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Food particles in mucus Choanocyte Collar Flagellum Choanocyte Phagocytosis of Amoebocyte food particles Pores Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 15 µm 75 µm (a) Valeria (800 mya): (b) Spiny acritarch roughly spherical, no (575 mya): about five structural defenses, times larger than soft-bodied Valeria and covered in hard spines © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Body cavity Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending Digestive tract internal organs (from endoderm) (from mesoderm) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Porifera Metazoa Ctenophora ANCESTRAL Eumetazoa PROTIST Cnidaria Deuterostomia Hemichordata 770 million Echinodermata years ago 680 million Chordata years ago Lophotrochozoa Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Bilateria Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda 670 million years ago Mollusca Ecdysozoa Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Mouth Anus Post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 (a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of the Lancelet Branchiostoma Lanceolatum in Scottish Waters
    The Glasgow Naturalist (online 2019) Volume 27, Part 1 New records of the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum in Scottish waters M. O’Reilly1, S. Nowacki1, M. Baptie1, E. Gerrie1 & M. MacKenzie2 1Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, 6 Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ 2Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Graesser House, Fodderty Way, Dingwall IV15 9XB 1E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT New records of the lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum from Scottish waters are presented. Most of the records originate from sublittoral monitoring around fish farms from Orkney, Shetland, the Western Isles, the Isles of Skye and Mull, but also from a distillery discharge in the Firth of Clyde and a plankton survey in the Sea of the Hebrides. Lancelets were recovered in sediment grab samples from 6 - 60 m depth. Some recent accounts of intertidal lancelets are also cited. The lancelets appear to prefer coarser sediments and in the fish farm surveys were found predominantly at reference sites, away from the immediate influence of farm deposition. INTRODUCTION The lancelet Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas, 1774) is an obscure, vaguely fish-like creature, up to 8 cm long, which lives buried in sand or coarse sediments in British seas. Its body is laterally compressed, pinkish white in colour, and pointed at both ends with a lance- like tail fin (Fig. 1). There are no paired fins, nor eyes, nor even a well-defined head, and it has only a small mouth surrounded by cirri, used to filter organic matter from the surrounding water. It has a dorsal notochord and segmented muscle blocks allowing it to swim in a sinusoidal fish-like manner, but no backbone, and it is therefore classified as an invertebrate (Barnes, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of Chordates Video Guide
    Branches on the Tree of Life DVD – CHORDATES Written and photographed by David Denning and Bruce Russell ©2005, BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES (THUMBNAIL IMAGES IN THIS GUIDE ARE FROM THE DVD PROGRAM) .. .. To many students, the phylum Chordata doesn’t seem to make much sense. It contains such apparently disparate animals as tunicates (sea squirts), lancelets, fish and humans. This program explores the evolution, structure and classification of chordates with the main goal to clarify the unity of Phylum Chordata. All chordates possess four characteristics that define the phylum, although in most species, these characteristics can only be seen during a relatively small portion of the life cycle (and this is often an embryonic or larval stage, when the animal is difficult to observe). These defining characteristics are: the notochord (dorsal stiffening rod), a hollow dorsal nerve cord; pharyngeal gills; and a post anal tail that includes the notochord and nerve cord. Subphylum Urochordata The most primitive chordates are the tunicates or sea squirts, and closely related groups such as the larvaceans (Appendicularians). In tunicates, the chordate characteristics can be observed only by examining the entire life cycle. The adult feeds using a ‘pharyngeal basket’, a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket. Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh and out the excurrent siphon. Tunicates have an unusual heart which pumps by ‘wringing out’. It also reverses direction periodically. Tunicates are usually hermaphroditic, often casting eggs and sperm directly into the sea. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a ‘tadpole larva’. This swimming larva shows the remaining three chordate characters - notochord, dorsal nerve cord and post-anal tail.
    [Show full text]
  • Decelerated Genome Evolution in Modern Vertebrates Revealed by Analysis of Multiple Lancelet Genomes
    ARTICLE Received 20 May 2014 | Accepted 18 Nov 2014 | Published 19 Dec 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6896 OPEN Decelerated genome evolution in modern vertebrates revealed by analysis of multiple lancelet genomes Shengfeng Huang1, Zelin Chen1, Xinyu Yan1, Ting Yu1, Guangrui Huang1, Qingyu Yan1, Pierre Antoine Pontarotti2, Hongchen Zhao1, Jie Li1, Ping Yang1, Ruihua Wang1, Rui Li1, Xin Tao1, Ting Deng1, Yiquan Wang3,4, Guang Li3,4, Qiujin Zhang5, Sisi Zhou1, Leiming You1, Shaochun Yuan1, Yonggui Fu1, Fenfang Wu1, Meiling Dong1, Shangwu Chen1 & Anlong Xu1,6 Vertebrates diverged from other chordates B500 Myr ago and experienced successful innovations and adaptations, but the genomic basis underlying vertebrate origins are not fully understood. Here we suggest, through comparison with multiple lancelet (amphioxus) genomes, that ancient vertebrates experienced high rates of protein evolution, genome rearrangement and domain shuffling and that these rates greatly slowed down after the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates. Compared with lancelets, modern vertebrates retain, at least relatively, less protein diversity, fewer nucleotide polymorphisms, domain combinations and conserved non-coding elements (CNE). Modern vertebrates also lost substantial transposable element (TE) diversity, whereas lancelets preserve high TE diversity that includes even the long-sought RAG transposon. Lancelets also exhibit rapid gene turnover, pervasive transcription, fastest exon shuffling in metazoans and substantial TE methylation not observed in other invertebrates. These new lancelet genome sequences provide new insights into the chordate ancestral state and the vertebrate evolution. 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China. 2 Evolution Biologique et Mode´lisation UMR 7353 Aix Marseille Universite´/CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille, France.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biotope Sensitivity Database to Underpin Delivery of the Habitats Directive and Biodiversity Action Plan in the Seas Around England and Scotland
    English Nature Research Reports Number 499 A biotope sensitivity database to underpin delivery of the Habitats Directive and Biodiversity Action Plan in the seas around England and Scotland Harvey Tyler-Walters Keith Hiscock This report has been prepared by the Marine Biological Association of the UK (MBA) as part of the work being undertaken in the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN). The report is part of a contract placed by English Nature, additionally supported by Scottish Natural Heritage, to assist in the provision of sensitivity information to underpin the implementation of the Habitats Directive and the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The views expressed in the report are not necessarily those of the funding bodies. Any errors or omissions contained in this report are the responsibility of the MBA. February 2003 You may reproduce as many copies of this report as you like, provided such copies stipulate that copyright remains, jointly, with English Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Marine Biological Association of the UK. ISSN 0967-876X © Joint copyright 2003 English Nature, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Marine Biological Association of the UK. Biotope sensitivity database Final report This report should be cited as: TYLER-WALTERS, H. & HISCOCK, K., 2003. A biotope sensitivity database to underpin delivery of the Habitats Directive and Biodiversity Action Plan in the seas around England and Scotland. Report to English Nature and Scottish Natural Heritage from the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN). Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the UK. [Final Report] 2 Biotope sensitivity database Final report Contents Foreword and acknowledgements.............................................................................................. 5 Executive summary .................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction to the project ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]