© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Sponges Cnidarians Echinoderms Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Arthropods PROTEROZOIC PALEOZOIC Ediacaran Cambrian 635 605 575 545 515 485 0 Time (millions of years age) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Food particles in mucus Choanocyte Collar Flagellum Choanocyte Phagocytosis of Amoebocyte food particles Pores Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 (a) Hydrozoa (b) Scyphozoa (c) Anthozoa © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 15 µm 75 µm (a) Valeria (800 mya): (b) Spiny acritarch roughly spherical, no (575 mya): about five structural defenses, times larger than soft-bodied Valeria and covered in hard spines © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Body cavity Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending Digestive tract internal organs (from endoderm) (from mesoderm) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Porifera Metazoa Ctenophora ANCESTRAL Eumetazoa PROTIST Cnidaria Deuterostomia Hemichordata 770 million Echinodermata years ago 680 million Chordata years ago Lophotrochozoa Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes Bilateria Rotifera Ectoprocta Brachiopoda 670 million years ago Mollusca Ecdysozoa Annelida Nematoda Arthropoda © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Mouth Anus Post-anal tail Pharyngeal slits or clefts © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 (a) Lancelet (b) Tunicate © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Common ancestor of Myxini Vertebrates vertebrates (hagfishes) Petromyzontida (lampreys) Vertebral Chondrichthyes Gnathostomes column (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Actinopterygii Osteichthyans Jaws, (ray-finned fishes) Myxini mineralized skeleton Actinistia Lobe-fins Dipnoi Lungs (coelacanths) or lung derivatives Dipnoi Lobed (lungfishes) Tetrapods fins Tetrapoda (amphibians, Limbs with digits reptiles, Petromyzontida mammals) Chondrichthyes Actinopterygii Actinistia Tetrapoda © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 0.5 m © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 GREEN ALGA MARINE CRUSTACEAN AQUATIC LOBE-FIN AQUATIC AQUATIC ANCESTOR ANCESTOR Anchoring Derived (roots) N/A N/A structure Support Derived (lignin/stems) Ancestral Ancestral (skeletal system) structure Derived (limbs) Internal Derived (vascular system) Ancestral Ancestral transport Muscle/ N/A Ancestral Ancestral CHARACTER nerve cells Protection Derived (cuticle) Ancestral Derived against (amniotic egg/scales) desiccation Gas exchange Derived (stomata) Derived (tracheal system) Ancestral ORGANISM TERRESTRIAL TERRESTRIAL TERRESTRIAL LAND PLANTS INSECTS VERTEBRATES © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 Cephalothorax Abdomen Antennae Thorax Head (sensory reception) Swimming appen- dages (one pair per abdominal segment) Walking legs Pincer Mouthparts (defense) (feeding) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Lepidopterans Hymenopterans Hemipterans © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Fish Tetrapod Characters Characters Scales Neck Fins Ribs Gills and lungs Fin skeleton Flat skull Eyes on top of skull Shoulder bones Neck Ribs Head Scales Eyes on top of skull Flat skull Humerus Ulna “Wrist” Elbow Radius Fin Fin skeleton © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Lungfishes Eusthenopteron Panderichthys Tiktaalik Acanthostega Tulerpeton Limbs with digits Amphibians Key to limb bones Ulna Amniotes Radius Humerus Silurian PALEOZOIC Devonian Carboniferous Permian 415 400 385 370 355 340 325 310 295 280 265 0 Time (millions of years ago) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Caecilians have Salamanders no legs and are retain their tails mainly burrowing as adults. animals. Frogs and toads lack tails as adults. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Extraembryonic membranes Allantois Chorion Amnion Yolk sac Embryo Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid Yolk (nutrients) Shell Albumen © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 †Plesiosaurs Crocodilians †Pterosaurs † Common Ornithischian Turtles ancestor dinosaurs of reptiles †Saurischian dinosaurs other Common than birds ancestor of dinosaurs Birds Turtles Tuataras Squamates Squamates Crocodilians Birds Tuataras © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons “Apes” Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees and bonobos Humans © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Murky, poorly-mixed Low oxygen Cyanobacteria (a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya Clear, well-mixed High oxygen Eukaryotic algae (b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 Age atmaturity (years) 5.0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Other An endangered invertebrates Pacific island land snail, Partula suturalis Molluscs Insects Birds Fishes Amphibians Mammals Reptiles (excluding birds) Workers on a mound of pearl Recorded extinctions of animal mussels killed to make buttons species (ca. 1919) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 .