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Animal Feed: Types, Nutrition and Safety

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Animal Feed: Types, Nutrition and Safety AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES ANIMAL FEED: TYPES, NUTRITION AND SAFETY No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional E-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the E-books tab. ANIMAL SCIENCE, ISSUES AND PROFESSIONS Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab. Additional E-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the E-books tab. AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES ANIMAL FEED: TYPES, NUTRITION AND SAFETY SARAH R. BORGEARO EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2011 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Animal feed : types, nutrition and safety / editor: Sarah R. Borgearo. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN: 978-1-62100-862-0 (eBook) 1. Feeds. 2. Animal feeding. 3. Animal nutrition. I. Borgearo, Sarah R. SF95.A6316 2011 636.08'5--dc22 2010049654 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. + New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Brown Algae as a Feed Additive: Nutritional and Health Impacts on Ruminant – A Review 1 Yuxi Wang and Tim A. McAllister Chapter 2 Animal Feeds and Nutrition Research: Conventional and Novel Approaches 33 Peiqiang Yu Chapter 3 Veterinary Drug Use and Environmental Safety 61 Sara Leston, Margarida Nunes, Marco F. L. Lemos, Gabriela Jorge da Silva, Miguel Ângelo Pardal and Fernando Ramos Chapter 4 Microbiological Safety and Quality of Animal Feeding Stuffs 85 Marijana Sokolovic Chapter 5 Effects of Selected Feed Compounds and Feed Additives on Gastrointestinal Tract Functions in Farm Animals; Health vs. Productivity Perspective 107 Violetta Naughton and Patrick J. Naughton Chapter 6 Application of Wavelet Neural Networks as a Non-Linear Modelling Technique in Food Microbiology 127 V. S. Kodogiannis, M. Amina, J. N. Lygouras and G. J. E. Nychas Chapter 7 The Effects of Natural Antioxidants Dietary Supplementation on the Properties of Farm Animal Products 155 Panagiotis E. Simitzis and Stelios G. Deligeorgis Chapter 8 A Risk Analysis of Compound Feed Contamination 169 Marcel van Asseldonk, Miranda Meuwissen and Ruud Huirne Chapter 9 Use of Probiotics as Dietary Supplement in Cattle Goats and Pigs 183 Romina Ross, Ana Apás, Mario E. Arena and Silvia N. González vi Contents Chapter 10 Nutritional Aspects of Theropithecus Gelada: From Wild-Feeding to Captive Animals 195 Marcus Mau, Jacinta Beehner and Achim Johann Chapter 11 Effect of Wilting and Plant Types on Physical and Chemical Composition of Silage 207 U. Y. Anele, A. O. Jolaosho, O. M. Arigbede, J. A. Olanite and O. S. Onifade Chapter 12 Feed to Milk: New Tools for the Identification of Plant Species 219 Silvia Gianì, Anna Paola Casazza, Luca Braglia, Floriana Gavazzi and Diego Breviario Chapter 13 A Comparison Study to Determinate the Best Model for Computing Mean/Median Irregular Feed Particle Sizes of Coarsely Dry-Rolled Barley for Animal Nutrition Research 239 L. Du and Peiqiang Yu Index 247 PREFACE This new book presents topical research in the study of animal feed, including conventional and novel feed research programs; veterinary drug use and environmental safety; microbiological safety and quality of animal feeding stuffs; the effects of selected feed compounds and feed additives on the gastrointestinal tract functions in farm animals and a risk analysis of compound feed contamination. Chapter 1 – Brown algae have been a component for ruminant diets in coastal areas for millennia. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in using brown algae in ruminant diets with an emphasis on the benefits of this feed to both animal and environmental health. Laboratory and animal studies have shown that brown algae or its extracts can reduce the shedding of bacterial pathogens, serve as an antioxidant, enhance immune function and moderate the impact of toxins on ruminants. Although the agents responsible for these biological responses remain to be fully elucidated, bioactive compounds such as phlorotannins and fucodians are almost certainly responsible for some of these responses. This chapter reviews recent research that has defined the effects of brown algae and their role in animal health, rumen microbiology, nutrient digestion, metabolism and overall animal productivity. Chapter 2 – Animal feed is the largest single cost (~60 to 75%) of production facing livestock feeding operations not only in Canada but also in the world. As Ministry of Agriculture Strategic Research Chair of Feed Research and Development, the authors feed research programs aim to develop new, high value feeds and new feeding applications and increase feed and livestock production efficiencies through improved livestock product quality reduce environmental impact and support sustainable animal production. Feed advancement is based on a new level of understanding and analytical information on feeds including the effect of intrinsic structures of feeds in relation to feed quality, digestive behavior and nutrient utilization. In this article, recently obtained information on their feed and nutrition research and methodology development is reviewed. The emphasis of this review is on both conventional and novel feed research programs and progress made in our research team, which are include: (a) Foreign gene-transformation to feeds to increase nutrient availability, (b) Feed heating processing to manipulate the nutrient digestive behaviour; (c) Fractionation of a feed to extract increased value from the feedstuffs, improve the competitive position of the livestock industry, and to increase economic returns. This article also reported that progress on traditional and non-conventional feed research methodology, including (a) Novel synchrotron-based bioanalytical techniques to study feed structures at cellular and molecular levels in relation to nutrient availability as well as viii Sarah R. Borgearo synchrotron-based molecular nutrition research and (b) Modeling nutrient supply to more accurately accounts for digestive processes in ruminants on a quantitative basis. The information described in this paper gives better insight in feed research progress and update. Chapter 3 – Presently, the aspects related with human nutrition are of significant importance, focusing the attention of scientists and policymakers regarding the safety of food supplies. Furthermore, the world‘s continuously growing population and the correlated decrease of natural resources have led to the steep increase of animal farming, especially aquaculture. To assure farmed animal‘s health the resort to chemicals and veterinary drugs is frequently taken. This practice in animal production is well described, whether for prophylaxis or therapeutical needs, which dictated the implementation of regulations regarding a responsible use of drugs and chemicals, to reduce the hazards (defined as ―a biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of,
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