PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series B - No. 97 VERB MORPHOLOGY IN EASTERN KADAZAN Hope M. Hurlbut Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Hurlbut, H.M. Verb Morphology in Eastern Kadazan. B-97, viii + 151 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-B97.cover ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES C: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications EDITOR: S.A Wurm ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W. Bender H.P. McKaughan University of Hawaii University of Hawaii David Bradley P. Mtihlhiiusler La Trohe University Linacre College, Oxford Michael G. Clyne G.N. O'Grady Monash University University of Victoria, B.C. S.H. Elbert AK. Pawley University of Hawaii University of Auckland K.J. Franklin K.L. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W. Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W. Grace Malcolm Ross University of Hawaii Australian National University M.A.K. Halliday Gillian Sankoff University of Sydney University of Pennsylvania E. Haugen W.A.L. Stokhof Harvard University University of Leiden A. Healey B.K. T'sou Summer Institute of Linguistics City Polytechnic of Hong Kong L.A. Hercus E.M. Uhlenbeck Australian National University University of Leiden John Lynch J.W.M. Verhaar Uruversity of Papua New Guinea Divine Word Institute, Madang K.A. McElhanon Summer Institute of Linguistics All correspondence concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University Canberra, AC.T. 2601 Australia Copyright © The Author First Published 1988 Typeset by Anne Rees Printed by AN.U. Printing Service Bound by Adriatic Bookbinders Pty Ltd The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for assistance in the production of this series This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. ISSN 0078-754X ISBN 085883347 6 TABLE OF CONfENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v ABBREVIATIONS vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background of the problem 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 1 1.3 Significance of the study 2 1.4 Review of related literature 2 1.5 Definition of terms 3 1.6 General outline of the study 5 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 6 2. Introduction 6 2.1 Kadazan typology 6 2.2 Kadazan verbs 7 2.3 Case marking on nominals 7 2.4 Focus in Kadazan 9 2.5 A theory of verb semantics 11 2.6 Role and reference grammar 18 2.7 Conclusion 20 CHAPTER 3: INFLECTIONAL AFFIXATION IN KADAZAN 21 3. Introduction 21 3.1 Relative position of affixes 22 3.2 Derivational versus inflectional affixation 24 3.3 Affixation in Kadazan 25 3.4 Focus: order 6 25 3.5 Tense aspect: order 7 31 3.6 Conclusion 41 CHAPTER 4: OTHER AFFIXATION 42 4. Introduction 42 4.1 -um- intransitive 42 4.2 Order 5 prefixes 42 4.3 Order 4 prefixes 49 4.4 Order 3 prefixes 54 4.5 Order 2 prefixes 58 4.6 Order 1 prefixes 64 4.7 Infixation 71 4.8 -an4 restrictive derivational SUff"IX 71 4.9 Attitudinal marker: to- exasperation 72 4.10 Subordinate clause markers 73 4.11 Conclusion 74 iii iv CHAPTER 5: COMBINATORIAL POSSIBILITIES OF DERIYATIONAL AFFIXES 75 5. Introduction 75 5.1 Stative verbs 75 5.2 Activity verbs 79 5.3 Achievement verbs 90 5.4 Accomplishment verbs 92 5.5 Idioms 95 5.6 Conclusion 98 CHAPTER 6: COMBINATORIAL POSSIBILITIES OF INFLECTIONAL AND OTHER AFFIXES 99 6. Introduction 99 6.1 Other inflectional affixation 99 6.2 Non -inflectional affixa tion 105 6.3 Irrealis 110 6.4 Conclusion 117 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 118 APPENDIX 1: ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION 120 APPENDIX 2: ALLOMORPHY AND VOWEL HARMONY 121 APPENDIX 3: SOME MAJOR AFFIXATION OF THE VERB 122 APPENDIX 4: MINI DICTIONARY OF KADAZAN VERBS - PART 1 123 MINI DICTIONARY OF KADAZAN VERBS - PART 2 124 NOTES 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY 142 ACKNOWLEDGEMENI'S I gratefully acknowledge the help of various members of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (S.I.L.) at the University of North Dakota who helped in the organisation and analysis of the raw data when this work was in its initial stages as a linguistic paper. Special thanks go to Dr John Daly, former Director of S.I.L. at the University, for his patient help and guidance with the original work on the paper in 1977. More recently several members of the Malaysia branch of S.I.L. among others have given valuable advice. Dr Kenneth Smith, Director of the branch, gave advice on terminology, and his assistant, Dr Timothy Friberg, helped in the re-analysis of some of the afflxes. Dr David Thomas, Administrator for South-east Asia, and Dr Richard Elkins of the Philippine branch of S.I.L., helped with clarifying the prose and the organisation of the work. Special acknowledgement is due to Brother Andrew Gonzalez, F.S.C. De La Salle University, Manila, who allowed me to upgrade the work applying theoretical insights to it to qualify it as a thesis. Most of all I wish to thank the many language assistants who have taught me their language and helped in various ways over the years, especially Mr Ambun Buna, Mr Matius Matulang and Miss Rumi Siran. v ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations are used in the glosses of the examples and in the figures. The abbreviations occurring before the verb are in the following order: tense aspect, focus, then the abbreviation for each affIX from left to right (e.g. Comp-AF-DuRec-NSer­ Iter means Completive Actor Focus Dual Reciprocal Non-serious Iterative). Focus MulSer Multiple Serial AbF Ablative Focus Distribution AcF Accessory Focus NComp Non-completive AF Actor Focus NInten Non-intentive DF Directional Focus NSer Non-serious LF Locative Focus Opt Optative RF Referent Focus Per Peremptory TF Temporal Focus Perc Perceptual UF Undergoer Focus Pet Petitive Plur Plural Verbal Affixes Poss Possession Ag Agentiviser Pro Production Apt Aptative Punc Punctiliar Ass Associative Purp Purposeful Repetition AssCol Associative Collective Qual Qualification Aug Augmentative Rec Recent Completive Caus Causative Rep Repetition Clar Clarification Res Restrictive Com Comitative SgSer Singular Serial Comp Completive Distribution Compr Comprehensive Sta Derived State Cont Continuative UnDist Unequal Distribution Des Desiderative Unna Unnatural Diss Dissimulation Vb Verbaliser Dim Diminutive Dram Dramatic Present Pronouns DuRec Dual Reciprocal Number Dur Durative Du Dual EqDist Equal Distribution PI Plural Exas Exasperation Sg Singular Hab Habitual Inclusion Imm Immediacy Ex Exclusive Imp Imperative In Inclusive Inj Injunctive Type Intr Intransitive Dist Distributive Inten Intentive Gen General Iter Iterative Spec Specific Mid Middle MulRec Multiple Reciprocal vi vii Marking Particles Mk Non-pivot Marker A Actor NCompM N on-completive Marker CompM Completive Marker PivM Pivot Marker Contra Contradiction Particle U Undergoer Coor Coordinating Marker Other Dou Doubt Particle Inter Interrogative Word Emph Emphatic Marker PI Plural Frus Frustrative Particle Piv Pivotalised Noun or L Locative Pronoun Lig Ligature LocM Locative Marker Capitalisation in the Kadazan and Tagalog examples indicates the verb root that is being highlighted. Hurlbut, H.M. Verb Morphology in Eastern Kadazan. B-97, viii + 151 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1988. DOI:10.15144/PL-B97.cover ©1988 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1. INTRODUCTION Kadazan (or Dusun as some dialects are called) is spoken in many areas of Sabah, East Malaysia, and many of the dialects are mutually unintelligible. It is a language of the Bornean stock. The total number of KadazaniDusun speakers is over 100,000. The particular dialect that this study is about is known as Eastern Kadazan1, the speakers of which number some 6,000 to 7,000 (census figures, 1970). The majority of speakers live on or near the Labuk River which is one of the major rivers of Sabah, originating high up on the slopes of Mt Kinabalu in central Sabah and flowing eastward for over a hundred miles to reach the sea just north of the town of Sandakan. The dialect varies along the length of the river, but is mutually intelligible from the mouth of the river to beyond Wonod, a village 96 miles inland by road from Sandakan. There are two smaller groups of speakers called Mangkaak and Sukang found on some of the northern tributaries of the Kinabatangan River which lies south of the Labuk River. Ll Backgroundthe of problem The indigenous languages of Sabah, known as Bornean languages, including KadazanlDusun, are closely related to the languages of the Philippines. Some of the problems faced by linguists in the Philippines are also faced by linguists in Sabah. One of the most difficult areas is that of the verbal system (Walton 1983). Probably the biggest problem area in analysing the verbal system in Eastern Kadazan (hereafter called Kadazan) is the very complex affix system. There are two or three times as many affixes in Kadazan as, for example, in Tagalog (about which many helpful books have already been written, for example De Guzman 1979). The combinations of affixes in Kadazan consequently number in the hundreds, and it is a daunting task to try to bring order out of what seems to be a chaotic system of inflectional and derivational affixes.