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www.TomCederiind.com/[email protected] Vol. 25, No. 7 The Gelatot'" Inside The Celatof'Fi ... July 2011 Consecutive Issue No. 289 Incorporatin g Roman Cojn~ and Cuilll re FEATURES PublisherlEditor Kerry K. WeUerstrom [email protected] 6 History and Coinage of the Akarnanian Confederacy Associate EditorS by Steve M. Benner, Ph.D. Robert L. Black Michael R. Mehalick 25 Menander I and Buddhist Iconography Page 6 on Indo-Greek Coins For Back lfiIes From by Milan Singh, Young Numismatist 1987 to May 1999 contact: Wayne Sayles 28 The Shield of Brutus [email protected] by Pierre R. Manney

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Maps & Graphic Art: Page 25 Kenny Grady 2 Editor's Note Coming Next Month

P.O. Box 10607 4 Letters to the Editor lM1casIer, PA 17605 TeUFax :7 17.&~557 27 French Silver Hallmark is Obverse of Thourioi (Office Hour.: Noon to &PM) For FedEx & UPS deliveries: Nomos Kerry K. Wetterstrom by Joe Wihnyk 87 Apricot Ave Leola, PA 17540·1788 31 Jerusalem-A Capital For All Times www.celator.com by Norman A. Rubin Tha Cf1iaror (ISSN " 048-0986) Is an independent jouroal pub­ 34 f;)rofi(ts ill .flUinismlitirS' lished on the first day at each month al 87 Apricot Ave. Leola. Coming Events PA 17540-1788. 11 is circulated In· 36 About the cover: En­ lernalionally through subscrip­ 41 ANTIQ1JITIES by David Liebert largements of the sixth tions aM special distributions. known gold coin of th e Subscription rates, payable In U.S. funds, life $36 per year (Pe· 42 QI: oius of toe mible by David Hendin Akarnanian Confedera­ riodical rate) within the United cy, a gold quarter-stater, States: $45 10 Canada: $75 per 44 The Internet Connection struck circa 250 BC, and year to all olt1er addresses (ISAL). Advertisiflg afld copy deadline is by Kevin Barry & Zachary "Beast" Beasley a silver stater of the the first workday 01 each month for Confederacy, struck cir­ the ~klwing month's Issll&, Unso­ 45 lfhrough the Cooking glass ca 180-167 BC. Both licited articles afld news releases are welcome, however publication by Wayne G. Sayles photos courtesy ot cannot be guaranteed. Unless e~ ­ CNG, Inc, pressly stated, Th8 ~lOrneithe. 46 Cartoon eodorses 00f is responsible lor the cootents 01 adverbsemenIs,leners­ The Celator office tMoo-rotor, ieatu.e artides, regu­ 47 Professional Directory lar columns and pl'ess reIease$ in will be dosed on July its pages, including any opinions 53 Classifieds 8"', Aug. 15".2181 & stated therein, afld the IICCt.Iracy 01 anv data proviOOd by its contribu­ Sept. 16". Check the tors. Periodicat postage paid 53 On the Road - The Celator's Show & Club Schedule "On the Road" sec­ (USPS '00(077) Lancaster, PA tion (p, 53) for further t7604 and additional olfices. Club & Society Directory 54 details. Office hours Copfright C 2011 , PNp, Inc. 55 Index of Display Advertisers are nOlTTlilty'l'N~ to Postmaster: please send 6PM E SL~P lease address changes to: keep in mind that this P,O, Box 10607 is a one~ ~rson ousi­ Lancaster, PA 17605-0607 ness wben you're trying to reach me. FOUNDED 1987 BY Thank you! WAYNE G. SAYLES

July 2011 1 EDITOR'S '" " COMING NEXT ~c MONTH · NOTE ~- IN THE CELATOR® Next month, New Experimental from August 16- Evidence for Cold Striking 20, is the Ameri­ can Numismatic Association World's of Ancient Coins Fair of Money in Chicago. For those by Scott Rottinghaus, George of you that have read this column over Cuhaj, and Joe Paonessa the last 12 years, you are probably from the Crowne Pl aza Hotel where acutely aware that I'm a big fan of the the Chicago International Coin Fair Boiotinn Magistrate Staters annual ANA summer convention, now has been held for many years now. The by Wayne K. Schroll branded as the World's Fair of Mon­ Stephens Convention Center made the ey. I have been fortunate to attend ev­ ANA an offer they couldn't refuse, AND COMING SOON ery summer ANA convention since which is why the convention will be held 1983 (San Diego), and my first ANA there for four of the next five years. A Numismatic Biography of convention was in 1978 in HouslOn. But back to 2012: I would like for But what I want to discuss now is the the Philadelphia convention to be an­ Lucius Cornelius Sulla 2012 ANA World's Fair of M oney, other memorable ANA summer con­ by Sam Spiegel which will be held in Philadelphia. vention. If any CefalO/" readers would Arethusa's Enigmatic As I noted last September in this like to be involved, either as an ex- space, I am the hibilor, speaker at Headband Host Club Chair- onc of the Numis­ by Lawrence Sekulich man for the 2012 matic Theater pre­ Celator Philadelphia con­

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July 2011 3 informational sessions for its members to inform them of cultural property is­ Don't miss a single sues and has an ethics statement re­ lated to the same. ~ issue of Arthur L. Friedberg Honorary President-IAPN ~ The Celator. Williston, VT Renew today! ·, Just Who Are These Korver's Article Should Anonymous Bureaucrats? Be Required Reading Many thanks to you and Bob Korv­ The er for his really useful discussion of the Bob Korver's "Congratulations! Your import restriction story. But I found one government believes .. . If You Collect thing missing, which has always been Celator Coins, You Are No Better Than A Tomb missing from such treatments: the serving 2,500 collec­ Robber," should be required reading, names of the individuals responsible. not just for collectors, but also for elect­ They are always faceless "bureaucrats" tors, and over 100 ed federal officials. He succinctly and or "staffers." Such anonymity is unwar­ dealers, of Ancient and accurately describes what has been a ranted. These people are government frustrating battle in which it is by now officials and employees; as such, they Medieval coins and alarmingly evident that the slaff of the work for the citizenry and, even if un­ antiquities. Slate Department's Bureau of Educa­ elected, are still ultimately accountable tion & Cultural Affairs can safely give to the citizenry. I, for one, being affect­ Why not join us! the appearance of be ing nothing less ed by their actions, feel entitled to know than an agent of the Archaeological specifically who they are. Institute of America. I have written before about this sub­ I wish to point oul one glaring over­ ject of import restrictions; but I wish sight, which needs to be corrected. In now to add a blatanlly political post­ Renew Online! his opening paragraph, Mr. Korver script. Korver's article provides a identifies Peter Tompa as "attorney for damning picture of how governmental You can save us the labor ACCG and PNG." It is not our purpose regulation of marketplace activities too to denigrate either of these organiza­ often unfolds in the real world. (I spent and expense of sending tions, both of which should be com­ 26 years as a government regulator renewal notices, and make it mended wholeheartedly lor the support myself.) Liberals, wi th great enthusi­ they have given this cause. However, asm for the idea of such governmental easy on yourself, t oo~ Sim­ it was the IAPN that initially retained regulation in the abstract, should take ply check the date on your Mr. Tompa more than a decade ago to note. argue against unreasonable restric­ Frank S. Robinson mailing label and renew at tions on imports, and which has fund­ Albany, NY least two months before ed, by a wide margin, the lion's share of the expenses. Not only has the IAPN Editor's Note: The primary bureau­ exp i ration~ Submit your devoted a significant portion of its an­ crat in question is Maria Kouroupas. renewal through our secure nual budget to international trade mat­ ters, but it should also be recognized site at that many IAPN members make volun­ Don't miss a single issue of tary supplemental contributions to this The Celator. Subscribe today! www.vcoins.comlcelator effort. In addition, IAPN has sponsored

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July 2011 5 HISTORY AND COINAGE OF THE AKARNANIAN CONFEDERACY by Steve M. Benner

INTRODUCTION

As with the Chalkidian League, I knew very little about the Akarnanian Confederacy prior to my research on Ihis paper. What little I knew was from my work on the Aitolian League, which continually attacked Akarnania for territorial gain. Ironically, the ma­ jority of the information about the Confederacy comes from the 3,d cen­ tury BeE and its interactions with its nemesis, the League. There is little information on its existence in the S,h and 4L ~ centuries. As a classical numis­ matist, I was familiar with the Akar­ nanian coins that c lose ly resembled the Corinthian stater with Pegasos fly ­ ing on one side and the head of Athe­ na on the other. Also, I had seen some of their other coins, mostly bronzes, that had a human face on a buH's head on one side. It is always interesting for me to find out the history behind the coins, and the explanati on for why the particular obverse and reverse designs were used. Figure l - Map of Akarnania (Coogle Earth). HISTORY

As shown in Figure I, Akarnania the border at all points. Akarnania is white line is only an approximate IS located on the west coast of the separated from Epeiros to the north by boundary for Akarnania, since the Greek mainland, bordered by the Ion­ the Ambrakian Gulf. Most of the prov­ boundary changed over the life of the ian Sea to the west and the Gu lf of ince is mountainous except fo r the Confederacy. The name of the Acheloos Corinth to the south. To the east, the Acheloos river valley and the all uvial River is shown on a section of the Achcloos River separates it from Ai­ plain where it empties into the mouth boundary that coincided with the river. tolia, though the river docs not define of the Corinthian Gul f. Note that the T he mytho logical origins of a Greek city-state were very integral to its cu lt ure and to its relationship to other Greek city -states. This was re­ flected in their local cults and fre­ Ancient Coins quently in their coinage. Akarnania VI,I! ow /11/('111('/ II/e lit was named after Akarnan, the son of ~ • Mail Bid Sales \\ 'l 'l.foscnhlumcoins.com • Monthly Web Lists Kallirhoe and Alkmaios, and the broth­ er of Amphoteros. Alkmaios was an . • Numismatic Literature Argive prophet (soothsayer) who was • told by Apollo to undergo puri fication Specializing in Judaean coins in the river Acheloos. He subsequent­ (serious want-lists solicited) ly settled in the river's alluvial plain and married Kallirhoe, the daughter of WJ1liam M. Rosenblum, LLe the ri ver god Acheloos, and a spring p.o. box 785, littleton, colo. 80160-0785 nymph. Kallirhoe developed a desire phone 720-981..()785; 303-910-8245· tax 720-981-5345. [email protected]

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JUly 2011 7 for the necklace and robe of the god­ ciOIl, and further north, Ambrakia, were Wherever Athcns went, Sparta was dess Harmonia, and badgered her hus­ established by Corinth, and Astakos by sure to follow. In 390 BCE, the Spar­ band into getting them for her. Alk­ Kephallenia. Alyzia, Koronta, Limnaea, tan general Agcsilaos invaded Akar­ maios went to King Phe lgeos of Pso­ Medion, Oiniadai, Palacros, Phytia, and nania and, though he fai led to take phis, who possessed them, and said Stratos were Akarnanian cities, and the some cities, made the province a Spar­ that for the sake of the King's sanity, province was a cultural and ethnic unity tan ally. This was short-lived because, Alkmaios had to take the necklace and by the end of the 6'h century with Stra­ in 375, the Akarnanian Confederacy robe to Delphi. But, Alkmaios was tos as its capital. joined the second Athenian Empire. betrayed and killed in an ambush by Due to its strategic location on the This union proved to be much stron­ the king ' s two sons, Pronus and maritime trade route to Italy. Akarna­ ger, and the Confederacy fought with Agenor. When she found ou! about her nia became a battleground between Thebes against Sparta during the The­ husband's death, Kallirhoe beseeched more powerful Greek states. The first bean Hegemony and with Athens and Zeus, with whom she was having an of these conflicts arose in the 5'" cen­ Thebes in their losing effort at Chaero­ affair, to raise her young sons, Akar­ tury between Corinth and Athens. neia in 338 against Ph ilip II of Mace­ nan and Amphoteros, to manhood so There is no cxact date for the estab­ don. On a military note, the soldiers they could avenge their father. Zeus lishment of the Akarnanian Confeder­ provided by the Confederacy were not granted the request, and the now adult acy (Koinon), but it was definitely es­ the usual hoplites of classical Greece Akarnan and Amphoteros killed Phel­ tablished by 432/1 when the Confed­ but light-armed troop. geos and his two sons. The brothers eracy requested the aid of Athens After the defeat, Akarnania came returned home where Akarnan became against the Corinthian colonies. Dur­ under the influence of the Mace­ the founder of Akarnania. ing the period from 431 to 424, the doni ans, and Philip put a pro-Mace­ Even though Akarnania was part of Akarnanians with Athenian help drove donian faction in charge. From this the Greek world, it was considered to Corinth out of the area, and the Con­ point until its demise in 167, the Con­ be a backwater, and the inhabitants federacy acquired Sollion and Anak­ federacy was continually buffeted by spoke a northwestern dialect similar torion from Corinth. Astakos, which Aitolians, Epeirotes, Macedonians, to that spoken in Aitolia. Though the had been ruled by a tyrant, and Oinia­ and Romans. Almost immediately, Ai­ Phoenicians probably used the area as dai, which up to this time had remained tolia began to make incursions into a stopping point for the ir voyages to out of the Confederacy, were also in­ Akarnania territory, and the Confed­ the west, little is known of the area corporated. By the end of the century. eracy turned to Macedon for help. In until the 7'" century BCE when Stratos had a well-established govern­ 314, Kassander of Macedon consoli­ Corinth began to establish colonies ment, and the Confederacy had become dated numerous small towns on the there, mostly along the coast. During sufficiently organized to broker a non­ eastern boundary into larger cities, Ihis period, Somon, Leukas, Anakto- aggression treaty with thcAmbrakiotes. such as Stratos, Oiniadai, and Agrin­ ion for protection. But the inhabitants of Agrinion, which lay east of the Achcloos River, were treacherously slaughtered by the Aitolians, and the cilY was absorbed into Aitolia. In the first half of the 3rJ century, the Akar­ nanian Confederacy and Aitolia agreed to a trcaty that made their boundary the Acheloos River, and Leukas was added to the Confederacy. But, around 255 BCE, Epeiros and Aitolia attacked Akarnania and divided the province up between them. The Akarnanian Con­ federacy, now with Leukas as its cap­ - SPECIALIZE IN ANCIENT COINS ital , was either completely subservi­ - PURCHASE AND CONSIGN COLLECTIONS ent to its conquerors or existed in some - OFFER APPRAISALS AND EXPERT ADVICE marginalized state for the next twen­ - REPRESENT CLIENTS AT MAJOR INTERNATIONAL SALES ty-five years. In 230, when the Epeirote monar­ chy collapsed, Akarnan ia regained its freedom, and the Confederacy was re­ constituted. With the help of Philip V of Macedon, Akarnania recovered much of its territory, but, even though the Aitolians were dealt a severe de­ feat at Medion, they retained parts of Akarnania, induding Stratos. Leukas became the new capital of the Confed­ eracy. There is some disagreement as to whether Leukas was lost to the Con­ federacy as a result of its support of

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July 2011 9 Macedon in the 20U or in the yrl Mace­ eral coinage stopped being minted in By this time, all of Greece was in the donian War against Rome. By 167, it 167 BCE, which is as good a date as process of being incorporated into the had been replaced by Thyrrheion, the any to mark the end of the Akarnanian rapacious Roman Empire. last capital of the Confederacy. Fed- Confederacy as an independent state. There is very little information on th e Confederacy in the 5'h and 4'h centuries, but based on evidence ' from the 3ed century, the.organiza­ tion of the federal government pri­ or to the breakup of the Confedera­ cy in 255 BCE can be determined to some degree. The Confederacy was headed by seven generals (strat­ ego i) with no two being from the same city. As to whether this meant that no two generals could be in the ruling group at the same time or that there were seven districts is not known. In addition. there were sub­ ordinate magistrates (like a hip­ parch), secretary, treasu rer, and a federal council (synedrion). The pri­ mary assembly (ekkiesia) was re­ ferred to by Pyrrhus as the chilioi, which means one thousand and may only be a generic name for a large group of men. Very little is known as to the franchise for the assembly but, like other Greek leagues, was probably made up of representatives from the Akarnanian member cities. The rul ing generals had consider- Figure 2- Ancient theater al Stratos. Photo by Lord Mokro from Greek Wikipedia. able power, and could make Confed­ eracy decisions without calling the primary assembly. The federal court was located at Olpea in Amphilochia, The Mtinzen und Medaillen Companies and enforced the decrees of the Con­ federacy by assessing fines fOf cities 1942-2011 and individuals. It could also sentence individuals to death. For 69 years our legacy has been to serve the When the Confederacy was fe-es­ collector of Ancient, Medieval & Modern Coins ... tablished in 230, the government was alld we would like to serve you too! reorganized to have only one strategos as the head with a hipparch as vice ruler and a pmmllamon and three sym­ promnamones to preside over the fed­ eral counciL The primary assembly voted by ci ty and probably consisted of members apportioned by popula­ tion. The federal treasurer raised mon­ ey by contributions and/or assessments • Public Sales· Appraisals· Buying and Selling· from member cities. In 216 BCE, the • Large Stock in All Price Ranges· Akarnanian Confederacy took over maintenance of the Tcmple of Apollo M&M Numismatics, Ltd. - Lucien Birkler and its festival at Action. Henceforth, P.O. Box 65908, Washington, D.C. 20035 USA the namc of the high priest of the tem­ ple was placed at the top of the Confed­ Telephone: (202) 833-3770 • Fax: (202) 429-5275 eracy magistrates' list, and the Confed­ Miinzen uud Medaillen GmbH - Joachim Stollhoff eracy received haJf of all the duties on exports and imports and half the fees on Postfach 2245 0-79557 Weil, Germany manumission associated with the fest i­ Telephone: (ali) 49 76 2148560· Fax: (all) 49 76 2148529 val. The minting of federa l coinage start­ ed around 430 and ended in 167 BCE, ACAMA - Antike Miinzkunst - Dr. Hans Voegtli though Thyn'heion continued to mint Malzgasse 25 Postfach CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland federal-type coins into the Roman era. Telephone: (01 1) 4161 272 75 44· Fax : (01 I) 4161272 75 14

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July2011 11 T a bl e I S1·I ver W elgr. h t S tan d ar d s an dAkamaman C Olll W·elgr h ts Akarnanian Corinth- Leukas Attic Corint hian style Stratos 250-200 Aitolian Coin Std Coin Std 480-250 430-255 200-167 Std' T etradrachm 17.2 Distater 16.9 17 Stater 9.82 Oidrachm 8.6 (3 drachms) 8.45 8.35 7.97 10.5 4.92 Drachm 4.3 Half-stater 4.23 3.21 5.25 Tctrobol 2.87 Drachm 2.82 2.58 3.5 Hcmidrachm 2.15 Quarter-stater 2.11 2.13 2.63 Diobol 1.43 Hcmidrachm IA l 1.28 1.75 Trihemiobol 1.08 Diobol 0.94 0.84 0.90 1.31 Dbol 0.72 Trihemiobol 0.7 0.55 0.88 Ohol 0.47 0.44 Altohan. Used a tctradrachm of AttIC weight but the PerS1C standard for the smaller denOlllmatlOlls.

The Akarnanian Confederacy ly borders, and continually suffered mul luouS events that occurred dur­ was one of the longest-lived Greek at the hands of its two neighbors, in g its three centuries of existence. leagues, but it seemed to be more Aitolia and Epeiros. However, the of a result of its isolation than its Akarnanian Confederacy was a true COINAGE military prowess. Th e Confederacy Greek Federal State that provided never developed into a major pow­ cultural, economic, and mil itary uni ­ Introduction and Coin Standard er that could compete on an equal ty to ils member cities, and that alone A discussion of the coinage of footing with other Greek states. It is a major acc omplishment, especial­ Akarnania and its Confederacy can get did not expand much beyond its ear- ly in light of the significant and tu- very convoluted due to several factors. The first and most significant is that this region was continually assailed by its more powerful neighbors. Table I NUMISMA TICA ARS CLASSICA NAC AG shows the coin weights for the di ffer­ ent standards and time periods. Corinth set up colonies in Akarnania Ancient Coins - Greek - Roman - Byzantine during the 7'h century, and this early settlement is reflected in the coinage. Mediaeval - Renaissance M Medals The Corinthian standard was used for Auctions - Sales & Purchases - Estimations the most common Akarnanian coinage from about 480 to 250 BCE. Howev­ er, since during th is period Athens helped drive Corinth out of the region, Athenian influence can be seen in the coinage minted by Stratos, the capital of the Confederacy, and in some local coinagc. In addition, Akarnania was defeated and occupied by Aitoli a and Epeiros for about 25 years in the mid- 3'<1century. Prior to the reconstitution of the Akarnanian Confederacy in 230 NUMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA NAC AG BeE, {he new federal mint at Leukas minted staters that appear to havc used Niederdorfstr. 43 3rd Floor, Genavco House the Ai tolian Standard, indicating pos­ POBox 17, Waterloo Place sible continuing Aitolian influence in CH - 8022 Zurich GB - London SW I Y 4AR the area. Then, from about 200 until its dominance by the Romans in 167 Tel +41442611703 Tel +442078397270 BCE, the federal coinage returned to something resembling the Corinthian Pax +4 1 44 261 5324 Pax +44207925 2174 Standard. These points will be dis­ zuri [email protected] [email protected] cussed in more detail in their respec­ tive sections. www.arsclassicacoins.com

12 The Gelator A Solid •

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July 2011 13 Figure 3-Corinthian-style coins of Akarnania: Two staters from Leukas and Anaktorion, a drachm from Leukas, and two.IE 16s from Leukas and Argos Amphilochikon. Photos courtesy of CNG and M&M GmbH.

Another factor causing confusion is Amphilochikon, Eehinos, Leukas, Corinthian-Style Coins: the lack of distinction between local Medion, Metropolis, Oiniadai, Stra­ 480-250 BCE and federal coinage. This has been tos, Thyrrheion, Phytia, and maybe As mentioned earlier, starting in the mentioned in previous discussions on Ko ronta, so there were plenty of 7th century BeE, Corinth was the firs t Greek league coinage. Cities in the re­ sources for local coinage. It is not major Greek city-state to establi sh gion usually continued to mint their possible to cover all the coinage is­ Akarnanian colonies. The standard local coinage even while members of sucd by the Akarnanians, but the fol­ Corinthian coin was the silver stater the Confederacy, and the coin standard lowing should provide at least a con­ (8.45 g.) with Pegasos flying right or they used would vary with venue. cise overview. left on the obverse, and Athena in a T here were mints at Alyzia, Argos Corinthian helmet facing left or right on the reverse. This was the same type used for its colonies. The primary Corinthian colony was Leukas, which was issuing this lype of stater by 480 BCE (see Figure 3). The other major Corinthian colony was Anaktorion, which was also issuing these staters late in the 5th century. The Leukas and tbitbal Anaktorion coins have a A or AN monogram below Pegasos as their re­ specti ve identifier. In the 4th century, Alyzia, Argos Amphilochikon, Echi­ ~f[btr nos, Median, Metropolis, Thyrrheion, and maybe Koronta also began to mini staters with the same Pegasos obverse and Athena reverse. Of course, each city had its own identifiers, such as $9 AAY and a club for Alyzia, a e for Thyrrhcion, and an A below Pegasos Curious about medieval as a natural complement to your ancient for Argos Amphilochikon. collection, but don't want to invest much until you know you like In addi tion to the staters, other sil­ it? Then start small and painless. For every $9 you send, I'll send ver Corinthian-style denominations, based on three drachms to the stater, you a different medieval coin ... $18 for 2 different, $36 for 4 were minted, including drachms (2 .58 different, $90 for 10 different, etc. With 12 different, get a free g.) and hemidrachms ( 1.28 g.) with copy of Walker's Reading Medieval European Coins. Please add Pegasos and the head of Aphrodite on opposite sides, and diobols (0.84 g.) $3 postage per order. with Pegasos on both sides. Rare de­ nominations such as a hillf-staler and [email protected] pentobol may have also been minted. llen G. Berman.. 0' ...... ,,,., ...... , ... (845) 434-6090 A drachm (16 mm, 2.77 g.) of Leukas u,s, orders acid S3 postage ~ P.o. Box 605-E overSeas CM'c\ers sent at boye( s .0,-. from 380 to 350 BCE is the third coin Fairiield, CT 06824 USA risk and are atway$ ~Icome ~~~ -' . . (

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July 2011 15 in Figure 3, and is interesting be­ reason appears to be purely ecIonom - Corinthian-style staters were probably cause the head of Aphrodite is fac­ ic. Most of these cities had acbess to part of that Confederacy. Leukas was ing forward instead of to the side. either the Ionian Sea directlylor the minting these coins before the Confed­ There are a few more types, but the Ambrakian Gulf, so their economies eracy was established, and its relation­ ones shown and described are by far relied heavily upon maritim ~ trade. ship with the Confederacy seems to be the most common. Based on the large number Of these undefined before it was officially add­ Tn Figure 3, I have also shown two Akarnanian-Corinthian coins that have ed to the Confederacy in the first half l bronze coins. The first one (16-mm, been found there, the cities in Sicily of the )'<1 century and became the cap­ 3.93 grams) is from Leukas with an and italy, where Corinthian t taters ital around 250 BCE. However, cities, obverse of Bellerophon on Pegasos were in common usage, mu ~ t have like Anaktorion, were definitely early nying right and a reverse of a chimae­ been their major trading partners. members of the league, and Stratos ra walking right. It was minted during However, some interior citics ~inted was its capital. Some sources, like the the second half of the 4,b century. The this sty le of coin as well, though on a SNG Copenhagen and British Muse­ second (16-mm, 4.82 g.) is from Ar­ very limited basis. There is one, extant um catalogues, limit the federal coin­ gos Amphilochikon and is dated to the example of a Corinthian-style Stratos age to only the last 140 and 60 years, third century. It has the same reverse stater dated to 345 BCE and oqe from respectively, of the Confederacy's ex­ as the Leukas bronze bUI the head of Metropolis from 300-250 BCEI. istence, and thus do not include Corin­ Athena facing right on the obverse. I An interesting chronologicrll coin­ thian-style coins as federal coinage. have induded these in this section be­ cidence is that in 255, around IIjle time Some later sources that use the Con­ cause they are very similar to Corin­ the Corinthian staters stopped being federacy's full li fetime from 420 to thian bronze coins that were minted minted, Epeiros and Aitolia attacked 167 do include them. The BCD cata­ in the 4'h and 3'd Centuries BCE. and dissolved the Akarnanian S onfed­ logue even notes that Leukas minted There are a few other Corinthian­ eracy. After 250 BCE and uoti l the a Corinthian-style stater from 320 to type bronzes, but these are the most Confederacy was disbanded, ort ly fed­ 280 with an AK monogram under Pe­ representative. The reason for th is eral or local coinage was mintJd. gasos, which was probably for use in similarity is probably the same as T he question is whethe ~ these mainland Greece. It is hard 10 consid­ that for the staters. Corinthian- style coins should be con­ er a coin that is obviously based on If Athens helped the Akarnanians sidered Akarnanian federal or another ci ty's design as being Akar­ drive Corinth from its territory in the not. If the Confederacy nanian federal coinage, but the ubiq­ 420's, why would these cities start or lished after Akarnania had freed ui ty and longevity oflhe coinage clear­ continue to mint Corinthian-style from Corinth's influence in then ly points to it being in common usage coinage until as late as 250 BCE? The most of the cities that m;" ",d the through at least the first century and a half of the league's existence. I tend to take the former position and say that it was circulated contemporaneously Edward J. Waddell, Ltd. with, but was not, federal coinage. A ncien t Coin Federal Coinallc; Greek, Stratos 430 to 255 BCE The image most closely associated with Akarnania and its coinage is the man-headed river god, Acheloos. This symbol is found on most Akarnanian gold, si lver, and bronze coinage. The fi rst capital and mint for the Confed­ eracy was Stratos, which remained as the capital until it was taken by Aito­ lia in 255 and then replaced by Leu­ kas in 250 BCE. The first coin in Fig­ ure 4 is an archaic silver hemidrachm (14 mm, 2.66 g.) of Stratos from 430 to 420 BCE with thc head of Acheloos facing right and a retrograde "F" or digamma in an incuse on the reverse. Note that the denomination is a hemidrachm, which is the Attic stan­ dard; however. a Corinthian quarter stater is almost exactly the same weight. Variations of this coin have the "F" not retrograde and sometimes with the legend KAA or KAAAIPOA. Also minted was a trihemiobol (averaging about 0.9 g.), which had the Acheloos P.O. Box 3759, Frederick, MD 21 705 obverse and a "T" in an incuse reverse, Phone: (301) 473-8600 · Fax: (301) 473-8716 · E-mail: [email protected]

16 The Celator -- July 2011 17 sometimes with r.-P. The only sugges­ (14mm, 2.11 g.) from 380 to 350 BCE, fie ld. Based on a very small sampling, tion I have found fo r the "F" and "T" again with Acheloos and Kall irhoe but this type averaged out to about 5.5 is that they denote the denominations. both facing right and KAA- Al POA (?) grams and is probably a tetrachalkoi. The second coin is also a hemidrachm on the reverse. The hemidrachms av­ As mentioned in the previous sec­ of Stratos (13 mm, 2.02 g.) with Ache­ eraged out to a little over 2 grams, tion, there were a number of other cit­ loos and Kallirhoe facing forward on which is consistent with the standards ies, such as Phytia, Medion, and Thyr­ the obverse and reverse, respectively, in Table I. The fourth coin is a Stratos rheion, that also minted bronze coins and was minted between 420 and 400 bronze (18 mm, 6.12 g.) from 350 to during this period. The last coin in Fi g­ BC E. It is rare to find a coin that has 300 BCE, again with Kallirhoe and ure 4 is a bronze with a tripod on the facing images on both sides. The third Achcloos fllcing right and the city reverse and the head of Apollo (or Ath­ coin is a later Stratos hemidrachm name. :ETPA TIQN. in the right revcrse ena in SNG Copenhagen) on the ob- verse. This particular coin (16 mm, 4.78 g.) was minted by Phytia between 300 and 250 BCE; Median also minted the same coin type. This is inter­ esting in that the obverse is listed as Apollo, but the image and style are almost identical to the Kallirhoe profile on the previous bronze. This coin type was minted in two weights of about 4.5 and 2.5 grams. These coins could be considered trichal koi and dichalkoi respectively, though, as with most Greek bronze coins, this is conjecture.

Federal Coinage: Figure 4-5tratos: Three hemidrachms, an IE 18 and IE 16. Photos courtesy of eNG and M&M Leukas 250 to 167 BCE GmbH. This is the mint and period of time with which most Akar­ nanian Confederation coinage is identified. As mentioned several times before, around 250 BCE, Leu­ kas became the capital and principal mint after Akarnania had been con­ D R. BUS S 0 l' E USN A C H F. quered and divided up between Ai to­ lia and Epeiros. Stratos had been ab­ NUMISMATISTS AND sorbed into Aitolia. Leukas managed to mint Akarnanian nationalist coins AUCTIONEERS SINCE 1870 during this period of crisis, and con­ tinued to mint them after the Confed­ eracy was reconstituted in 230. There Founded as one of the first numismatic auction houses in Germany our firm has is a marked change in the style of the been a centre of the numismatic tmde and for numismatic studies ever since. coinage, as one would expect wilh a We offer experience and rcli~\bi l ity applied !O a complete ~et of services from new government, capital, and mint. estimates and expert advice to the acquisition and sale of important single items Shown in Figure 5 are some of the pre­ as welt as of entire colt(.'<..1ions and the staging of several mayor auctions a year. cious metal coins that were minted at For further infonnation order our catalogues or visit our web site Lcukas from 250 to 167 BCE. The first www.pcus-mucnzen.de is a very rare go ld quarter-stater (2.11 g.) struck around 250 with the head of Acheloos facing right with a IT mono­ gram behind on the obverse, and a nude Apollo seated left, holding a bow in his extended right hand with a A to his front and AKAPNANQN at his back on the reverse. The second is a si lver stater (9.79 g.) that is essential­ ly the same type as the gold quarter­ stater except it has A YKOyprOl: to DR. BUSSO PEUS NACHF. I HORNWIESENWEG 34 Acheloos' left on the obverse and aAP 1)-60322 FRANKFURT AM MA[I\' I TEL. +49(69) - 9 59 66 20 monogram, instead of a A, to Apollo's FAX +49(69)- 555995 I WWW.I'EUS-MUENZEN.DE

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July 2011 19 Figure 5-Leukas: A gold quarter stater, two staters, and a drachm. Photos courtesy of GNG and M&MGmbH. front. Th is type was mimed between The BCD catalogue (Mtinzen und type based on the quarter-Slater. Thi s 250 and 200 BeE, and averages out al Medaillen GmbH, Auktion 23, No. 15) was the only example I could locate of about 9.82 grams. A drachm with es­ lists a tetradrachm from Leukas with thi s weight. sentially the same obverse and reverse a weight of 13.29 grams and with the It is interesting to note how closely was also struck during this period; its same obverse and reverse, and sug­ these weighB fall with respec t to the average weight is around 4.92 grams. gests that it may have been a proto- bastardized standard used by Aitolia, and they are not consistent with eithe r the Allie or Corinthian standards. As show n in Table 1, Aitolia used an At­ tic-weight for thei r tetrad rachms but ANTIQUA INC. the Persic standard for smaller denom­ inations. 1t appears that theAkarnan ian • Specializing in ancient art and numi s­ Confederacy used theAitolian standard after the Confederacy had become in ­ matics wi th an emphasis on quality, dependent again in 23 0. This could in­ rarity, and desirabilily dicate that Aitolia still had consider­ able innuence over Akarnan ia or that • Over 25 years of professional expertise it was more convenient, logistically and/or financ ially, to contin ue min ting • Regular and active presence in the the coins to thc new standard. Either intern ati onal marketplace way, the coinage underwent revision again to a new design and weight • Fu ll y illustrated catalogues featuring around 200 BCE. carefull y selected material The third coin in Figure 5 is anoth­ cr Lcukas stater (S.26 g.) but minted • Representation for seriolls collectors in the 200 century bet ween ISO to 167 at all major intern ational aucti on sales BCE. The obverse design now ha s Apollo standing left, sacri ficing over • Appraisals, market advice, liqu idation a tripod, and holding a kithara under advice and professio nal courtesy to all hi s lert arm, all wi thin a laurel wreath and with AKARNANQN behind. The interested parties reverse has Herakles standing left . • Visit our web site: Antiquainc.com hold ing a club and wearing a lion skin. with a stalk of grain and a 30 mono­ Aft/fly illustrated catalogue sent lipan request gram to the left and wi th MNAl:QN behind. The reverse legend is proba­ 20969 VENTIJRA BLVD. , SUITE #11 TEL: 8 18-887-0011 bly the name of a magistrate of either W OODlAND HILlS, CA 91364 FAX: 8 18·887-0069 the Confederacy or Leukas. The last

20 The Gelator ;zLrtemide ;zLste -"------s.r.E ---'------ASTAXXXIII Saturday 2nd July, 2011 A selection of Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Medieval, World Coins, Papal Medals A collection of Central and South American Coins

A rtemiae}lste s.r.l . ~ Via A. Giangi 4 - 47891 DOGANA - Republic of San Marino Tel. +378 0549 908845 - Fax +378 0549·972142 Email: [email protected] http://www.artemideaste.com Printed catalogue avai lable upon request. The entire catalogue can be viewed on our website.

July 201 1 21 coin is a drachm (3.07 g.) from Leu­ and the drachm's weight dropped by around 167 BCE, Thyrrheion became kas minted between 200 and 167 with about 35%, placing it between the half­ the primary mint and, for about a de­ Acheloos facing right with NAYLl­ stater and the drachm. This may signal cade, continued to mint nationalist MAXOL on the obverse, and Zeus pre­ the end of Aitolian influence in Akar­ staters weighing around 10 grams; its paring to throw a thunderbolt wi th nania and the reversion to the earlier coins mimicked the early Aeheloosl AKA RNA-NQN on the reverse. It is Corinthian standard, but there is no ev­ Apollo staters of Leukas (the second clear that more than the design changcd idence to support this supposition and coin in Fi gure 5) . However, the reverse with these new issues. The stater's it must await further investigation. now carried the legend, 0YPPEID. N, weight dropped by almost 20%, bring­ After the Confederacy had been instead of AKARNANQ N. ing it in line with the Corinthian stater, absorbed into the Roman sphere Fedcwl Bronzes 300 to 167 BCE Personall y, r find the federal bronze coins of this period very attractive, and Figure 6 has three of the most com­ mon types. The first is an IE 20 (6.12 g.) with the helmeted head of Athena left on the obverse, and the head of Acheloos facing left with a trident above on the reverse. This coin was minted between 300 and 167 BCE, probably in Leukas. The dating of these bronzes to as early as 300 BCE seems questionable, especially since this style of Acheloos portrait did not appear on the gold and si lver coinage until 250. The second coin is an ;E 23 (7. I 4 g.) minted in Leukas in the third century, and has Herak1es fac ing right on the obverse and Aeheloos fac ing right with a trident above and an A to Figure 6- Three Akarnanian Federal bronzes. Photos courtesy of eNG and M&M the left on the reverse. The third coin GmbH. is aniE 25 (6.20 g.) with Zeus on the obverse facing right and the same Acheloos reverse but with the legend, '! OINIA.1.AN, to the left. This was mint­ ed at Oiniadai (hence the legend) be­ tween 2 16 and 211 BCE. Oiniadai be­ came a very producti ve mint fo r these bronzes after the reformation of the Confederacy in the 3rd century, and most bronzes of this style are either 14.0pO-coins Mail bid from this city or Leukas. h up: Ilwww.cgb.fr/ indexgb.htm I - Ancients (Greek/Roman) C ONCLUSION . Celtics The Akarnanian Confederacy was Fr-ench Royals a typical Greek league of this period, Merovingians though a relatively weak one that was subject to incursions by more power­ " Fe!ldals ful states. This interference is seen in Medievals the variety of coin standards that were Fren.:b l\1oderns issued by its mints. The Corinlhian­ style staters with Pegasos and Athena 46"rue:\!ivienne were issued by a variety of mints, and 75002 PARI~ can be readily found on the ancient 33(0)1 42.33','2 5.99 coin market at reasonable prices. Oth­ b.Cr' er denominations are not as common as the stater and thus may be more ex­ pensive. The silver coins of Stratos are not common and are frequently found in poor condition, which refl ects their heavy usage in a regional economy. They can st ill be found on the market,

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July 2011 23 and. if in VF condition. are considered BIBLIOG RAPHY 4. Mii nzen und Mcdaillen GmbH, real gems. Auk ti on 23. Sommlullg BCD: Akar­ The coinage most commonly rec­ Hi story nanien lind Aeto/ien, Oct. 18. 2007. ogni zed as federal coinage are the gold I. Cook, S. A .• F. E. Adcock, and 5. Sear, Dav id R., Greek Coins alld and silver coin s issued by Leukas and M. P. Charlesworth, Eds .. The Cam­ their Valu es. Volume 1, Ellrope, Sea­ the bronze coins by Oiniadai and Leu­ bridge Ancient Hi$lory, Vois. 7-8. by Publications, Spink & Son, Lon­ kas after 250 BeE. The gold coins arc Cambridge Un iversity Press. Great don. 1978. very rare and are only for those spe­ Britain, 1969. 6. Sylloge NUII/momll! Graecomm, cialists with a lot of patience and 11 2. Hornblower, Si mon, "Acarna­ The Royal Col lection of Coins and large pocketbook. The si lver staters nia," The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Medals, Danish National Museum , urc mini-works of art that would look O xford: O xford University Press, Thessaly-llIyricum, Repri nt by Sun­ good in any collection and are some­ 1996. ri se Publicati ons, Inc., New Jersey, times available on the market, though 3. Larson, J.A .O .. Greek Federal 1982. they tend to be expensive. The small­ States, Their/llstitutiol1s alld History, er silver denominations are not as ai­ Clarendon Press. O xford , England, About the outhor-Steve M. Benner tractive. and seem to be less common 1968. has a Ph.D. in engineering from the than the staters but also less expensive. 4. Smith. Willi am, Ed .. A Dictio­ Ohio State Uni versity, and has worked For the coll ectors with limited bud­ nary of Greek and Roman Biography for NASA at the Goddard Space Flight gets. like mine. the bron zes with Ache­ and Mythology, London, ! 880. Center in Greenbelt. MD for more than loos and Alhena, Zeus, or Herak les are Iwo decades. He has been an ancient very nice. attractive coins that arc rca­ Coin a ~c coi n collector for over 30 years, and sonabl y priced, at least in Fine grade. I. CoinArchi ves: http://www. is a member of the ANS, ANA . and Their relationship to Akarnania is cQ inarchjves,cQ m. A searchable ar­ ACCG and specializes in coins of the clearl y indicated by the usc of Ac he­ chive of ancient coin auctions fo r the ancient Greek leagues. In addit ion to loos, the national symbol of the region. collector and researcher. a number of publi shed articles on an· In add ition, Acheloos is such a strange 2. Gardner, Percy. A Catalogue of cient coin s, Dr. Benner is the author looking amalgam of man and beast tile Greek Coins in tile Britisll Muse­ of Achaian League Coinage of ,he 30# Ihat the coins make good conversation um, Tlr eJsaly to Aero /ia, Ed . by Regi­ ,hrough I " Celllllrie.J B.C.E. pi eces. Akarnanian coinage provides nald St uarl Poole. Bologna, 1963. a window into the history and culture 3. Imhoof-Blum er, E , Die Miln zel! of th is little understood region of an­ Akarnaiens in Numismatische Celtic Gold Strong cient Greece. Zeitschrift, Vi enna, 1878. AYLS HAM , NOR FOLK - A previ­ ously unrecorded gold stater of a hith· erto unknown Br itish king , Anarevitos, was recenlly a uctioned by Chris Audd for £2 1,000. This is a record price fo r an lton Age coin of Britai n. •

Anarevitos gold staler. Photo courtesy of Chris Rudd.

~ l ' m not surprised", says Elizabeth Cottam of Chris Rudd. ~ The market for Celtic coins continues to look strong, especially for gold rarities." We are currently accepting material for our future auction program. If you're thinking of selling contact us today. Referrals DIX NOONAN WEBB Work! Tell your 16 Bolton Street Mayfair London W1J 8BQ England friends about Telephone 44 20 7016 1700 Fax 44 20 7016 1799 Email [email protected] The Celator

24 The Celator Menander I and Buddhist Iconography on Indo-Greek Coins by Milan Singh, Young Numismatist

For those w ho don ' t know, Menander I (also known as Menandcr I, SOler) was king or the Indo-Greek Figure 1- An IE Chalkous of Menander kingdom. from the modern day North­ I with a Buddhist eight-spoked wheel. west Frontier (Pakistan) to Himachal From http://www.mlahanas.deI Greeksl Pradesh. Jammu and Punjab (I ndi a). BiosiMenanderl.html. The exact dates of his reign are no t known, however. we know that it was around 160-145 Be. Hi s capital was even hi s title of "Soter" ("savior"). Sagala, which is believed to be Sialkot The in terestin g thi ng about this coin in modern day Pakistan. He was sup­ is the e ig h t- spoked wh eel, a lso posed to have embraced Buddhism. know n as the Dh ar mac ha k ra or and is fea tu red in the Milinda-palllw Dh arma wheel. T he Dharma wheel (a classical Buddhist text) in which he is o ne o f the main symbols o f Bud ­ asks the Buddhist ph ilosopher Nagas­ dhism, and represents truth. Maybe eoa questions and in the end is con­ here it represents the supposed truth vened by the answers. He was men­ of Budd hism coming to Menander as tioned by great ancient writers suc h as it di d in the M ilirula-p anha. Plutarch and Strabo, and is commonly though t of as the greatest of the Indo-

July 201 1 25 Anot her interesting coin is that of lease and the lion's roar being heard. Buddha. because the ki ng s were all Me nand er II , Dikaios ("the just"). The eight lions of Buddhism represent Buddhist and they respec ted the Bud­ Men:mder ruled what was left of the the Buddh:l's eight di sc iples. Maybe dhi st texts. Buddha didn 't allow any­ Indo-Greek Empire after the invasion the coin is represenluti ve of the ki ng bod y to make pictures of him because of the Scythian king Maues (another being a diSCiple of Buddhism. he did not wish to be worshiped like a king who embraced Buddhism). Very The last coin I wi ll describe is a god. The Indo-Greeks afe shrouded in lill Ie is known about him, other than square copper coin of king Demetrios mystery and controversy and so is their through his coins, and he is the sub­ III, Aniketos ("the invin cible"). D em ~ co inage. Although Menander I became ject of constant dispute. It is even pos­ ctrios III is another king ofwh01TI very Buddhist, he also had many other co in sible (though unlikely) that Menander little is known about. He is mostly designs. He even started a long run ­ II was the Menander mentioned in the known through hi s coins. On the ob­ ning coin design with standing Athe­ MiJill(la-panha-there is enough Bud- verse side (see Fi g. 3), there is the bust na throwing a spear on the reverse (see of the king wearing an elephant's skin. Fi g. 4). This coin design is one of the wi th the Greek legend "Invillcible KillS most well-known and common of the Demetrius." On the reverse. there is a whole Indo-Greek series. The Indo­ winged thunderbolt, with the same leg~ Greeks were at one point the masters end as the reverse side but in Kharosh­ of Northern India and Pakistan, and ti . The reverse side thunderbolt is also they had some of the most interesting a symbol of Buddhism. The thunder- ico nography of the who le eastern world.

About the aUlhor-Milan Singh is Figure 2-An IE Ghalkous of Menander thirteen, and has been collecting coins II. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki! since the age of five and ancient coins Menander_lJ. since the age of seven. His first coin was a worn A:: 4 of Valens. His main dhist iconography on his coins to as­ in terests are in I ndo ~ Greek and Sasa­ sume so. This coin is another t£ chalk­ nian coinage. When he grows up, he ous (sec Fig. 2). On the obverse side, would like to become a professor and we see Athena standing armed with a Figure 3-An IE Chalkous of Demetri­ cumlor of a significant university col ­ spear and one of her hands making a os III. From http://www.biographicon. lecti on. In his spare time, he likes 10 symbol, wh ich appears to be the vi­ comlviewlphoiu. look at coin s, read about history, and rarkll lIIudra, and the Greek legend play his violin and flute. " Killg Mellllllder, rlie }1/.rr." The re­ bolt is one of the eighl ll uspicious sym­ verse is a lion (perhaps the Buddhist bols of Buddhism; it symboliz­ lio n), with the Kharoshti legend es the enlightenment of Buddha "Grellt king, follolVer of fhe Dharma and in Sanskrit is call ed the Menllllder. " The vitarka ml/llra repre­ Vajra. On the obverse, Demetri­ sents an intellectual argum e nt o r os is shown wearing an ele­ teaching, perhaps represent ing king phant scalp, the same as those Menundcr II getting tuught about Bud­ Alexander wore on hi s (;oins dhism- the goddess of wi sdom teach­ celebrating wh en he conquered ing, it makes sense. The lion in Bud­ the Indus during hi s Ind ian dhi sm is a symbol of regality, and the campaign from 327-325 Be. Buddha's teachings are often called Although the coins of the the "lion's roar." Maybe the coin is Indo-Greeks had Buddhist ico­ Figure 4-An IE Ghalkous of Menander I with his representat ive of Buddha's teachings, nography on the m, none of longstanding Athena design. From the author's and describes the Milillda -palll/a '.f re- them ever depicted a picture of collection.

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26 The Gelator French Silver Hallmark is Obverse of Thourioi Nomos Corinthian helme\. by Joe Wihnyk Archeological finds at Herculaneum and Pompeii in the In [838, a new silver hallmark was 18<11 century changed introduced in France to identify the art throughout Eu­ level of purit y of a!1 silver items man­ rope, including ufactured in that country. Known as France. A new style the Minerva head, the mark is an ex­ was born known as act copy of the Athena head on silver the neoclassical nomoi of Thourioi-down to the movement, or in breaks in the horsehair crest on her France, as " gout grec." Greek and Ro­ LUCAN/A, Thourioi. AR Double Nomos. Obverse: Athe­ man mythology pro­ na head right, Skylla on helmet scanning distance. Photo vided a wealth of new courtesy of eNG Auction 78, Lot 167. images, and the sim- pler forms of classical art replaced the The nomos of Thourioi shows Sky­ gaudy Rococo style. lla on the helmet of Athena (Minerva) The Neoclassical style extended scanning the distance for interlopers. well into the 19th century, never be­ Skylla- one of a pair of hazards Odys­ ing fully replaced by the natura! style seus encountered on his voyage through of the new Romantic artists. It is not the straights of Messina- was a huge surprising, then, for the French in monster with the upper body of a hu­ French Silver Hallmark, 1838- 1838 to have picked the image of a man and the tail of a sea serpent. It was present. (www.silvercoliection.itl Greek coin as their new silver hall­ frenchhallmarks.html) mark. continlled on page 30 .. . SHOPS The big online coin mall • Ancient Coins 200,000 coins, medals, banknotes and accessories • Medieval • The Holy Roman Empire • German Coins makes coin buying as easy as • Medals, marks, jetons • Error Coins child's play • Empire Germany Coins • Colonies • Weimar Republic, 3. Reich • Allied occupation • BRD I DDR • World Coins and Euro • Gold ... and much more.

July 2011 27 THE SHIELD OF BRUTUS

It is significant that Caesar's qua­ tory with a trophy bearing il Roman by Pierre R. Manney druple triumph in 46 BC, after his vic­ SClllum. So the representation of tl tory over Pompey, was disguised as a Mycenaean shi eld mtly have been celebration of some of his foreign symbolically adopted to tlvoid any al ­ Whi le examining my ancient coin wars, e.g. against Juba in Afri ca, and lusion to 11 Roman victory against oth­ collection, a visiting history st udent elsewhere overseas. There was no er Romans. mi sed an interesting question about the mention of Pompey, and Caesar had This plausible explanation of the reverse of a Bru lUs denarius display­ even to renounce displaying an image choice of this figure-of-eight shield ing a trophy (Fig. I). The question is: of Pompey in his procession, as the presumCS, obviously, thai the Roman What was the reason for a " fi gure-of­ laller was stil l too popular amongst the political sensitiveness against gloming eighC' shield being shown on the Iro­ Roman people. Simil arly, fou rteen about a Roman defeat was shared by phy. namely one in the shape of an ar­ years later, Octavian's victory was the moneyers responsible to select the chai c Mycenaean shield? celebrated as a victory over Cleopatra, subject to be coined and even perhaps In the absence of any specific doc­ without reference to Antony. by the celators themselves. umentation on the subj ect, three pos­ It wou ld not have been sible explanations come 10 mind: conceivable to all ow a victor I.) The traditional repugnance of to exhibit a Roman citizen in the Romans about blood being shed his triumphal procession, as duri ng internal confl icts. specificall y was traditionally the case of civi l wars, which formally prevented vanquished foreign kings and victors from celebrating in great pomp generals, who were often ex ­ their triumphs. Mary Beard, the well ­ ecuted at the end of the cere­ known Cambridge ancient hi story pro­ mony. A trophy is a symbol fessor. underscored in her bookoThe of triumph, although it s erec­ Fig. 2- Sifver denarius of Brutus, struck circa 42 BG. RomOI! Triumph. theemphasis placed by li on does not imply that it en­ the Romans ex clusively on victori es tai ls or symboli zes the exist­ Crawford 503/1; RSC 8; Sea r, Imperators 204. Pho· against foreign enemies. As the Roman ence of a formal triumphal to courtesy of David R. Sear and Spink & Son Ltd. poet Lucan claimed in his epic poem ceremony. The triumphal cer- Ph(lI"Jalia, the war between Caesar and emony is the highest reward granted 2). This denarius is deemed to have Pompey was a civil war, which could to a victorious Roman genc ral, allow­ been struc k in the north of Greece, not justify celebration of a triumph. ing him 10 ride in his chariot through where Brutus had withdrawn and was thc streets of Rome. up to the Tem­ cnrolling fresh troops. Accord ing to ple of Jupiter on the Capitoli ne H.A. Seaby, the reverse celebrates a Hill, and accompanied by a glori ­ victory of Brutus and Cassius, thanks fying procession displaying imag­ to which Ihey hoped to be able to re­ es of towns conquered, foreign cap­ store the liberty of Rome and eradi­ tives. booty secured, vanquished catc all sy mbols of the monarchical ki ngs, rulers, or generals. ambitions of Caesar. Perh aps, this un­ The ma in purpose of the Brutus named victory was that against C. denarius in question was to reward Antonius who had been sent from his iegionn:lires who had fought Rome to try- unsuccessfully-to recov­ Fig. 1- Silver denarius of Brutus, struck cir­ against their counterpans bound to er Macedonia from Brutus. In any ca 42 Be. Crawford 50612; RSC 4; Sear, Im­ Antony and Octa vian. It wou ld event. Ihe Mycenaean shi eld could perators 209. From the author's collection. have been shocki ng to glorify a vic- have been adopted simply to forma lly all ude to Greece. Two other denarii of Brutus were also struck with a trophy reverse bear­ ing a Mycenaean shield. The third one shows a trophy wi th two shields, one being the figure-of-eight Mycenaean and the other one being a di stinctive oval Celtic shield (Fig. 2)-references to clearly acceptable, fo reign victories. caw/oglle 01/ request 3). The choice of a Myce naean shield may also have been a merc dec­ KIRK DAVIS orative choice. It has been said Ihal, pcrhaps, it was meant to refer to a vic· Classical Numismatics tory over some Thracians. Post O ffice Box 324, Claremont, CA 9 17 11 The trophy itself is a frequently represented subj ect on Roman coin­ [email protected] Tel: (909) 625·5426 age, during both the Republic and the

28 The Gelator origin of the Proeili a gens). where such goddess was par­ ticularly revered. Interesting­ ly, an African denarius of Q . Cornufi eius who, after Cae­ sar' s death, espoused the cause of the Senate. depicts him as receiv in g a cro wn from Juno Sospita. who is holding her fig ure-of-eight Fig. 4 - Silver denarius of Mark Antony,· struck Fig. 3- Silver denarius of L. Procilius, struck shield. Mere coinci dence. or circa 38 BG. Crawford 536/4; RSC 17a; Sear, circa 80 BC. Crawford 379/1; ASC, Procilia wou ld th is goddess and her Imperators 270. Photo courtesy of David R. 1. From the author"s col/ection. typical shie ld have been Sear and Spink & Son Ltd. adopted as a Republican pro­ Empire. The shape of the shield on the tecting rally symbol ? Bjblj0l:fimh y trophy may vary. either to represent The figure-of-eight, Mycenaean Beard. Mary, The Roman Triumph, the id entity of the defeated fo rei gn shield is only to be found on trophies Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press enemy or as a mere decorative image. di splayed on Brutus co in s. and four of Harvard University Press, 2007. For good hi storical reasons, the clas­ years later, re produced on Anlony's Farney, Gal)' 0, Ethnic Identity and sic Gallic shield can be found on sev­ own dellari i (Fig. 4) struck in Asia, Aristocratic Competition in Republican eral denarii of Caesar. when his re lationship wi th Octavian Rome, Cambridge University Press, 2007. In fa ct. the fi gure-of- ei ght type of had already deteriorated. Mattingly. Harold B. , Roman Coills. shield could already be fou nd as early 2"" edition. London: Methuen & Co. as around 80 BC on the reverse of a Wou ld it be too presumptuous to Ltd .. 1960. Republican denarius re presenting Juno draw a parallel between Brutus' Re­ Plutarch, " Vic de Marcus Brutus," in Sospita (Crawford 379/ 1; Syd. 77 1; publican and anti-dictatorial views and Les Vies des hommes iflustres, trans. RSC, Proei li a I ) holding such shield Anton y's antagonism to ward QClavi­ Jacques Amyot. Paris: La Ph! iade, 1937. and hu rli ng a spear (Fig. 3). Looking an 's imperial ambition s thanks to the Scaby. HerbcrtA ., Roman Si/verCoills. at th e archai c stiffness and hi eratic adoption by both of them of the same Vol. I: Tire Repllblic (0 Augustus, 2",j edi­ appearance of this goddess, it cou ld symbolical shield? tion. London: 8. A. Seaby Ltd., 1967. have been the reproduction of an an­ cient statue from Lanuvium (place of ....

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VILMAR NUMISMATICS OR. CONSTANTIN A. MARINESCU

PO Bo~ 60. 8iSl lndl.n, NY 12410 I 646·250·7089 I vilmar@aol. com I vilmarcoins.com

July2011 29 Sear, David R., The History and back in private practice ofCounseJ with Hallmark Cont. from page 27 Coinage of the Roman Imperators 49- a Geneva law firm. Married for over 40 27 B.C., London: Spink & Son Ltd., years to his Iranian wife, he has two bent on destroying all passers-by. 1998. daughters and three grandchildren. Charybdis, a giant whirlpool, guarded Stevenson, Seth W., et al. A Dic­ Wherever he lives or travels, he contin­ the other side of the passage. It seems tionary of Roman Coins, Republican ucs collecting ancient coins linked wi th appropriate that the French are using and Imperial, London: B. A. Seaby historical events and has written sever­ Skylla as a warning to potential scam Ltd., 1964. alletters and articles on numismatic sub­ artists: "Beware- a very powerful Syme, Ronald, The Roman Revo­ jects, some previously published in The force safeguards the purity of our sil­ lution, Oxford and New York: Oxford Celator. Fluent in Farsi, he recently di­ ver goods." Un iversity Press, 1939. versified his interests in adding to his Warry, John. Histoire des guerres collection coin s relating to the history Bibliography de l 'Antiquite, Paris-Bruxelles: Elsevi­ of Iran. Bair, Claude, Editor, The History er- Bordas, col I. Encyclopedie of Silver, Ballantine Books, N .Y. , visnelle, 1981. 1987. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. Truman, Charles, Editor, Sotheby 's Concise Encyclopedia of Silver, Con­ With gratitude to Mark Fox for his YOU CAN HELP US ran Octopus Ltd., London, 1996. valued contribution toward adapting save time and money this article into a prescntable form . by renewing early * * * * * The About the author-Pierre R. Manney, Selld your society Ilews or born in Geneva, Switzerland, bought his personal announce- first denarius in 1952, while at school Celator learning Latin. A qualified attorney at ~ men/s/o law and a member of the Intcrnational P.O. Box 10607 Bar Association, hc spent several years Lancaster, PA 17605-0607 ~ The Celator as a corporate lawyer in the automobile P.O. Box 10607 industry, based in London and Paris, Tel/Fax: (717) 656-8557 lancaster, PA 17605 then in the oil and chemicals industry, or Online at our secure site Fax: (717) 656-8557 based in Zurich and Lugano. He is now www.VCoins.com/Celator Email: [email protected]

ASTIIR T E COI NS & FINE ART

Ancient Coins - Modern Coins Historical medals

30 The Gelato( Jeu(Jsalern- A Capital FDa All Tirnes by Norman A. Rubin

Introduction A panoramic view of Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives. Seven cilies of the ancient world arc portrayed in the period of their greatest Allhough known from the earl y Jerusalem established various in­ glory and their similarities and or con­ second millennium BCE, Jerusalem ternati onal relations from its earli­ tacts with Jerusalem, which are analy zed fi rst became a capital city under the est pe riod. Phoenician craftsmen and descri bed. Some of those contacts kingship of David. From the period of were sent by Hi ram. King of Tyre. with lcrus:t1 cm. such as the confronta­ David (1006 BC). the cit y expanded wh o labored to build the Temple :lnd lioll wi th Assy ria. were hostile , or, as in gradually in the areas of th e Temple the royal palace of King Solomon. the case of Babylon, were destructive. compound, the Upper Ci ty, the Ophel, H is ma ny wives came from th e A capita l city has many fu nclion s. and the Lower City, the City of Dav­ neighboring lands . However. t he It can serve as a mil itary and commer­ id. In the eighth century, the area to most crucia l events to the city of cial center or as a place where a na­ the west of the central Tyropoeon Val­ Jerusalem were during the Egypt ian tion's rulers seek to impress and over­ ley was developed and surrounded by dynasty of Shishak (Shoshenq I), the awe citizens and visitors with their a Broad Wa ll , i ncl uding the are a Assyri ans under Scnnacheib, and the monumental art and architecture. They around the Citadel o f Dav id. At the culminating final altack of the Baby­ were intended not only for decoration time of the destruction in 586 BC. lonians under Nebuchadnezzar II. bUI also to strike terror into the hearts Jerusalem was a strongly fortified city of courtiers, vassals, and subj ugated extending over the southeastern slopes enemies. Many kings of an cient civi­ of Mt. Zion (the prese nt Armenian and li zati ons attempted to make their roy­ Jewish Quarters). al cities into holy cities, thus invok­ ing their gods. The cities were fo rti ­ fied against the depredations of ene­ my hordes by high walls that encom­ passed the enl ire city's borders. The problem wi th water supply was solved through the construction of aqueducts and water tunnels. Jerusalem-Capital Of David flars (/[oins Jerusalem's only basic advantage lay in the defensibility provided by its Your Source for the Best in Ancient Coins. hill y location. As a commercial cen­ Over 25 years of experience in ter, it lay only on the minor trade supplying exquisite, sought-after, routes used by a few merchants. Jerus­ and rare ancient coins alem 's water was through three large to discerning collectors waterworks underlying the city, in­ and dealers worldwide. cluding the famou s tunnel dug by King Hezekiah in the late eight century Be www.parscoins.com in preparation for an imminent siege info@ parscoins.com by the Assyrians. PO. Box 9667 Lacking impressive monuments. San Jose, CA 95157 King David planned to make it a reli­ Tel.: (408) 590.4815 gious cenler, bUI it fell to hi s son So­ Fax: (408) 867.0950 lomon to achieve thi s by making the city a place Ihal inspires with its spi r­ itual grandeur. "' Jerusalem that is built to be a city where people come togeth­ er in unity; to which tribes resort, the tribes of the Lord, to give thanks to the Lord himself, the bounden duty of Israel," (Psalms 122:2-7).

July 2011 31 The Ancient City of Vr

The city of Vr, known from Bibli­ cal text. was the birthplace of Abra­ ham, the traditional founder of the anc ien t Hebrew Nation. " ... and they went forth from Vr of the ChaJdees, to go into the land of Canaan ... " (Gen. II :30- 31) The ruins of what was the capital of an empire at the end of the th ird millennium BC lie about 120 miles north of Basra, Iraq, near the Persian Gul f. This city existed in pre­ historic times, and during the middle centuries of the th ird millennium it became one of the Sumerian city­ states. In 2 111 Be, under the Third Dynasty founded by Ur-Nammu, it became an economic and religious center, maintaining its influence for over a hundred years. Later, under Baby loni an rule, its economic and re­ ligious influence was main tained through military might, though the city was eventually invaded by the Elam­ iles and ulteriy destroyed. The city's walls, ovoid in shape, and its ramparts were built by Vr­ Nammu. During the third dynasty of A map of the Near East through the eyes of the ancient Israelites. Vr, the walled city covered approxi­ mately 155 acres and had a population close to 30,000. Vr derived its water supply from the Euphrates Ri ver and from numerous canals that brought water to the city and for irrigation to ANCIENT COINS ONLINE the farmland. It also possessed a harbor on the www.vcoins.comlancientlwaynephillips Euphrates River, which was used as a trading port for ships from other lands in the Persian Gu lf. The trade in which the merchants of Vr engaged brought them in contact with countries further away, such as the Indus Valley to the east, and the region of the Amanus Mountains in Southern Anatolia. The religion of the Sumerians was centered on their temple where a pan­ theon of gods was worshiped; Vr's principal guardian deity was the moon­ god Nanna. There was a large temple in the city dedicated to Nanna called the Ek ishnugal : The most striking fea­ ture of the temple complex was a zig­ gurat, which still stands today. It was WAYNE C. PHILLIPS a tower-like structure with a room on top, where the god Nanna was thought P.o. Box 4096 to stay when he descended to earth to visit mankind. It was such a tower that Diamond Bar, CA 91765·0096 inspired the Biblical account of Tow­ er of Babel, "that is why it is called ANS S ince 1963 ANA Life Member Babel, because the Lord made a bab­ Phone (909) 629-0757 email: [email protected] ble of the language of the entire world." (Gen. II: 1-9) "Serving The Collector Since 1959" (The archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley's exc avation of Ur showed a destructive flood at a very early date, 32 The Celator which has been used to support the belief in the occurrence of an univer­ sal deluge. The Tigris-Euphrates val­ ley was subject to severe river floods in that era, and that this local feature had been taken up in the myth of the destruction of mankind. " In seven days time I will send rain over the earth for forty days and forty nights, and I wil l wipe off the face of the earth every li ving thing that I made ... " (Gen. 6:5-22 / 7: 1-24 / 8: 1-22). The epoch of the Flood was a landmark in Sume­ rian history.

The Ancient City of Hattusas

Hattusas, the capital , was a rocky citadel whose massive walls were punctuated by tremendous gates guarded by stone lions. The first set­ tlement of the site was founded at the end of the third millennium Be. In the nineteenth century BC, the city includ­ The ruins of Ur, across the Royal Tombs, Ziggurat in the background. ed an Assyrian merchant colony. From about 1650 to 1200 BC , when the Hit­ countries!" In this state cult her hus­ The Hittite kingdom was warlike in lite rulers extended their domination band, Baal, was revered as the Hittite its nature, and its armies subjected the over alien populations, the city be­ weather god; an important figure who neighboring lands. In about 1600 BC , came the capital of the Hittite Empire bestowed kingship, brought victory in the Hittite king, Mursili I, destroyed until its final destruction upon the war, and might represent the nation in Babylon. and then ruled by the dynas- empire's collapse. The power and ex­ its dealings wi th fore ign powers. lent of the Hittite Empire, the home .. of which was Asia Minor and Syria, has now been revealed by archeolo­ gy. They ruled as an imperial power from 1900- [200 Be. Even at the ze­ nith of their empire under Subbilulu­ rna, the ir power did not extend beyond southern Syria as ind icated in the Amarna Tablets and Egyptians records of the XIX Dynasty. "Hittite" is thence a geographic term rather than a term referring to a race of people. Simi larly, the records of the Assyr­ ian Ki ngdom refer to the western part of Mesopotamia as the "Hittite Land;" a similar usage is in I Kings 10-29, "from all the Kings of the Hittites and Kings of Aram." As with Jerusalem, the site of Hat­ tusas, the capital, was chosen fo r stra­ tegic reasons. Its position at the end of a cliff provided excellent natural de fenses. Similar to Jerusalem, the gradual expansion ol$he city created the need for a fortification system. Thus, the city was surrounded with massive walls with watchtowers and well-fortified gates. (The most famous of which are the gates to the upper city: the King's Gate, the Sphinx Gate, and ·Lion's Gate.) " The~ king and queen were the high Ask your dealer for a free catalog or contact us at: pri ests and priestesses of the sun god­ 1800 Mearns Rd-Suite LL, Warminster, PA 18974 (877) 39S-SAFE dess Arinna (Arinniti), "Sun goddess of Arinna, my lady, and queen of all http://www.coincases.com July 2011 33 After the destruction of the Hittite Empire, their military and cultural tra­ dition lived on with Hittite nobles un­ der the Syrians. The fusion of Hittite and Semitic cultures is evident by Hit­ tite hieroglyphs found on clay tablets in the archaeological sites in the Syri­ an towns of the Armamaeans. Note: Even King Solomon married a Hittite woman "and Hittite, from nations with whom the Lord had for­ bidden." I Kings 11-2

Babyloni a, the Metropolis that Dominated Mesopotamia

The eventual destruction of Jerus­ alem and the First Temple, in 586 Be, was launched from Babylon, the me­ tropolis that had dominated Mesopot­ amia for millennia. The city of Babylon, which devel­ The ruins of Babylon, circa 1932. oped in the third millennium, first achieved renown under the Amorite rulers of the Hammurabi Dynasty in ty of Hammurabi . King Suhbiluluma his army to Palestine and to deal with the first half of the eighteenth century in 1370 BC, with his war chariots, the hated Hittites once and for aIL but Be. Babylonia was established as the crushed the Kingdom of Mitanni, de­ the ensu ing battle did not bring the ruling kingdom of Mesopotamia with spite overtures of dynastic politics. victory that was hoped for by the Babylon as its capital. Hammurabi The Hittite armies pressed on to the Egyptians. In 1280 BC, the Hittites brought the city to the pre-eminence it borders of Canaan, ruled over by the and the Egyptians concluded the first maintained for over 2000 years. Baby­ Egyptians. Rameses II, who was call ed nonaggression and mutual defense lon ruled all of Mesopotamia a century the Great King of Egypt, set out with pact in history. later, albeit briefly, and subsequently gave its name to Sumer and Akkad. In the seventh and early sixth cen­ turies BC, Nabopolassar and his son Jlrofilcs in Ncbuchadnezzar II (604-562 BC) re­ built Babylon, and it was at this time that the city attained its greatest stat­ jIiumismattcs ure. Nebuchadnezzar devoted his em­ J ack Gu evrekian pire's resources to glorifying his cap­ ital. Many well-built and spacious 1931-2008 temples and monuments were con­ structed in Babylon. He rebuilt the Jack Guevrekian was born on November 16'", 1931 temple to Marduk, the high god and in Elmhurst, New York. Brought up in a tradition­ patron saint of the city, and the Ete­ al Armenian home, this upbringing fostered his menanki (the Ziggurat) as well as othcr pride in his Armenian heritage. Jack studied eco~ nomics and graduated from Fordham University, and he completed some graduate temples. The famous "Hanging Gar­ courses at New York University. Jack's love for his Armenian heritage and lan­ dens," one of the Seven Wonders of guage expanded to both his profession and passion as a numismatist and collector the Ancient World, is credited by tra­ of antiquities. He was an active member of the American Numismatic Society in dition to his Qucen Semiramis. (Clas­ New York and the Armenian Numismatic Society. His interests were vast. He col­ sical writers attributed the creation of lected New York State colonial paper money, amI his Armcniannote collection was the garden to Nebuchadnezzar, who also annotated and publ ished by Mr. Ycghia T. Nercessian under the title Hank Notes had it built for his wife, the daughter of Armenia. Furthermore, his ancient and medieval Armenian coin collection was of the Median king Cyaxares, so that annotated by the same author undcr the title Armenian Coins and Their Values. she would not miss the landscape of Jack's personal favorites were studying the ancient Armenian coins of King Tigran her motherland.) One of the most im­ (95 Be), and the medieval Cilician coins of King Levon I (I 198 AD). His collec­ pressive monuments in the city was tions of these coins are annotated in Dr. Paul. Z. Bedoukian's books Coinage of the Ishtar Gate; a brick built structure Cilician Armenia and Coinage a/the Artaxiads of Armenia. Jack Guevrekian died 12 meters high and decorated in relief on July 9'", 2008 from complications of a fall to the head. Biographical information tiers of dragons and bulls. courtesy of Nadine Tingir, Jack's daughtcr. In 598 BC, King Nebuchadnezzar This fellture is provided courtesy of Kolbe & Fanning left Babylon to campaign in the west. He besieged Jerusalem, and in 597 Be Numismatic Booksellers, Gahanna, OH 43230 the city capitulated. King Jehoiachim and many of his subjects were then 34 The Gelator deported to Babylon, and Zedekiah Medes will bring the was installed as king of Judah in his ruin of the empire. The place. After some years, Zedeki ah also prophet predicted that rebelled, despite the premon itions of Babyloni a and its capi­ the Prophet Jeremiah. Agai n. the tal Babylon would join Babylonians laid siege to lerusalem Sodom and Gomorrah in and ils walls were breached. The ninlh oblivion, never to be in­ day of the lew ish calendar month of habited again. He stated AB commemorates th is destruction in hi s prophecy that it and the ex ile of the peoples of Israe l wi ll be a cursed place, within thc confines of Babylon; " By thc site the haunt of wild the ri vers of Babylon we sal down and beasts and demons, and wept when we remembered Zion." so it came to pass. Hi s­ (Psalm 137:1-3) torically, it was not the Babylonian literature has survived Medes who brought the to th is very day. and the nearly inde­ force of destruction, but structible clay tablets that the stories the army of Cyrus who have been in sc ribed upon are most brought the Medes under impress ive; the quantity of these clay his rule. tablets increases with every turn of the archeological trowel. Nineveh, The most flouris hing period fo r the Assyrian Capita l Babylonian literature was the "Old Babylonian Era" ( 19'b to the 17'" cen­ A city, wh ic h had turies Be), when the stories composed fateful influe nce on by the ancient wise men were first Jeru salem's destiny. was written down. The clay tablets con­ Nineveh. the Assyri an tained the writings of mythology. sto­ capital. It was from here ri es of the gods. of heroic men and that Sennacherib set out their deeds, of former events, pro phe­ on the campaign agai nst Artist's reconstruction of Babylon, cies of things to come, creation itself Judah, destroying Lach- along the Euphrates River. and man's desti ny, and secular knowl­ edge like mathematics, scienti fic the­ ~ ories. medicine, and law. (Note: It is genera lly accepted that the myths of the flood stories of Babylon and Sum­ ~e

ish, and culminating in his unsuccess­ ful siege of Jerusalem in 701 BC. Under the reign of King Sennach­ erib (704-686BC). the city of Nineveh was in its full glory. Sennacherib moved the national capital of Assy ria to Nineveh from hi s father's (Sargon II ) capital at Dur-Sharrukin, th e "for­ tress of Sargon." The cily was a natu­ ral site for a capital as it laid on the banks of the Tigris, providing e,lsy ac­ cess for river transport. and the sur· rou nding area was fertile. Yet the city of Nineveh had no king of its own, as its king wou ld be the king of Assyri a. One of the remarkable dynasties of Assy ria was the dynasty of Shamshi­ Adad-I (1815- 17 60 Be). who took for himself the Kingdom of Assyri a. He has been depi cted by recent arch aeo· logical discoveries as a ruler of out­ standing capacity and certainly the foremost of his age. He has been com­ pared to Hammurabi, his successor, who now looks like the lesser king. King Sennacherib rebuilt the city, laying out streets, and building hi s spectacular palace without rival. (The puluce hlld over eighty rooms, and was decoruted with carved stone reli efs and sculpture. In addition, different types of wood, Slone, mctal , and ivory were used to decorate the edifice.) The king's engineers constructed an aque­ duct and waterways to bring waler to FINE GREEK. ROMAN. PERSlAN. th e city. A sto ne wall, more than PARTHIAN & SASSANlAN COINS twe lve kilometers long, s urrounded Specializing in BIBUCAL COINS & ARTIFACTS the city. The wall had crenellated par­ apets and guard towers and was pro­ Now featuring early modem tected by a moat. Nineveh is described Russian & Austrian coins in biblical lore as so vast that it was a www.zuzimjudaea.com long and arduous journey to cross it. We build and buy fine collections The cily was, in fact, less than three miles ac ross-a city of 120,000 souls. Numistmatlst The Prophet Nahum was to rejoice 101003, 11210 upon the destruction of Nineveh by the Medes, led by Cyaxares, together wi th their Babylonian allies in 6 12 BC; "Nineveh is laid waste; that will con­ stru ct her?" (Nahum 3:7). The death knell sounded for the Assyrian Empire World wi th the fall of the city of Ashur in 6 14 10 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE BC and the city of Nineveh in 612 BC. · Buying and Selling World and Ancients The conquering army was the Baby­ · Frec Appraisals; Consignments encouraged lonian army under their kings Nabopo­ · De .. ler for NGC & PeGS lassur lmd Cyaxares. Verses in the · Member of ACCG, ANA, VNA Book of Nahum vividly describe the · Shop hours-Fri & Sat 9:JO-l :00p capt ure and fait of Nineveh, and the ...~ 'P.... _ __••• At-c __ ... , .. """...., "A plundering of the city by the Babylo­ Cnnnie Robertson Visit 111,' online s tores; nian arm y. fo llowing the flight and the President. RichmondCoin Club www.l 'coins.oomfancleotJcon Ili csc oin ~ ex ile of her peopl e. In the Book of P,O. Box 79 1. Glen Allen. VA 23060 www.\·coins.com/wortdlcO llllicscoins Nahum, there is a mockin g lament comrid [email protected] 8OJ·6!1 /·2jJ6 ww ..· .conniescolns.com over the destruction of Nineveh. "Your

36 The Gelator wounds cannot be assuaged, and your Akhetaten was centrally located in injuries are mona!." Middle Egypt between the old capitals New Titles Note: The capture of Nineveh by of Memphis and Thebes. The bound­ Numismatic Literature the Babylonian army and their allies aries of the city were marked by a brought about the destruction of the chain of stele surrounding the area on For Sale As syrian Empire, the greatest and both banks of the Ni le River. The cap­ most powerful ever seen at that time. ital was unfortified, depending for its Roman Coins & Their Values The Prophet Nahum rejoiced in the defenses on the natural surroundings Volume IV, 284-337 destruction of Nineveh, as he called it of the plain of eI -Amarna, which is $80.00 the city -of wickedness and of false entirely enclosed by rock cliffs, occa­ gods, "Then all who see you will sionally broken by wadis. shrink from you and say, Nineveh is The rulers of Akhetaten exchanged laid waste; who will console her? correspondence with the rulers and Where shall I I look for anyone to com­ vassals of Canaan, Mitanni, Assyria, fon you?" (Nahum 2: 1- 3) Babylonia, and the Hittites, Cuneiform records (Amarna letters on clay tab­ Akhetaten: The City of the Sun, lets found at Tel el-Amarna) yielded Ancient Egypt diplomatic correspondence between Amenophis II, Akhenaten, and Tut­ At the very time the Hittite priests ankhamun with nations in the Levant. were worshiping thei r pantheon of The Egyptians shared the Levant with gods in the mysterious rock temple or another power of that era, the Hittites. what is now Yazilikaya, near the Turk­ Despite tension between the two rival ish city of Bogazkale, far away in kingdoms, they exchanged diplomat­ Egypt, a heretical king was building ic correspondence, made treaties, and an entirely new city on the site of mod­ exchanged marriages between their ern Tel el-Arnarna. royal houses. The heir to the empire, Pharaoh Among the vassals of the province Amenhotep IV (1353-1335 BC), came of Egypt was the ruler of Jerusalem, to the throne when Egypt was at the Abdi-Hepa ("the servant of Hepat," a height of its glory. He already had Hittite goddess). Clay tablets found in changed his name from Amenhotep IV the " Record Office," near the Great to Akh-en-Aten (pleasing to the Aten), Palace at e!-Armana, and uncovered British Commemorative Medals denying all the old gods and establish­ by the spades of archaeologists, told & Their Values ing the short-lived re li gion of Alen, the of his complaints: "Consider Jerusa­ $125.00 divine sun-disc, to whom all temples lem ! Th is neither my father nor my of his new city, Akhetaten, were dedi­ mother gave to me. The strong hand cated. Hence, he was the first leader of the king , gave it to me. Consider 0 to bring his people from polytheism king, my lord! r am in the right." to the worship of a single god. His The great majority of ancient Egyp­ monotheism' probably influenced tians were ignorant or hostile to the Moses, and found fru ition in the He­ new faith . Pharaoh Akhenaten's inno­ brew concept of a single abstract god. vations aroused such fury that suc­ Evidence for this is the influence of ceeding generations called him "The Egyptian.. wisdom li terature on the Criminal," and blotted out his name, Book of Psalms. Thus, the words "who his deeds, and every trace of his reign maketh the clouds his chariot, who from the history of Egypt. walketh upon the wings of the wind" in Psalm 104 can be compared to Ancient Tanis­ "what is on high, flying with its wings" Egypt's City of Rameses in the Great Hymn to Aten. The outstanding features of the new Akhetaten had lon g been forgotten religion are in the uniqueness of the when Tanis rose to prominence half a Egyptian god Aten, the stress of Aten millennium later. Lying in the north­ as the divine creator of the universe, eastern part of the Nile delta, the lo­ Each plus $6.00 shipping its lands, space and waters, and the cation offered easy water access to the love of Nature, which his devotees dis­ cities of Egypt to the south, and to played. Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Ahk­ Judah, Israel, and Syria to the north. Charles Davis en-Aten) was a strong wil led man and The city was designed to protect the p.o. Box 547 ruler, and his handling of the priest­ eastern delta from invasion. The most Wenham, Mass'" 0 1984 hood of the god Amon is the simple impressive featu re of the city of Tanis witness of his power and judgment. is a large, rectangular enclosure of Tel: (978) 468 2933 Fax: (978) 468 7893 Yet, he did nothing to save the Egyp­ walls built with brick, 15 meters in [email protected] tian Empire, or if he did, it was too thickness. http://www.vcoins.comiancient!charlesdavis late.

July 2011 37 Tanis is identified with Avaris, cap­ Raamses were built .... They treated first non-biblical allusion to the Chil­ ital of the Hyskos' ki ngs who had in­ their Israelite sla ves with ru thless dren of Israel. vaded and settled in Egy pt from 1730 severity, and made life biltef fo r In the days of his reign, there was to 1580 Be: " In the Land of Egypt, them with cruel se rvitude." (Exodus no Pelusiac branch of the Ni le Ri ver, the country of Zoan" (Psalms 78: 12- I: 6- 14). as in the Iron Age. and the only near­ 43). After the expulsion of the Hys­ The site of the city of Raamses, in by body of water during the Exodus kos hordes by Ahmose I (1580-1558 all likelihood, was probably the mod­ was the Sea of Reeds (papyri ). It is BC), Tanis was completely destroyed. ern Egyptian town o f San el-Hagar, most certain that the route of the Exo­ However, Rameses II ( 1301. 1235 BC) known in the Hyskos period at the time dus began in the vicinity of Tanis. not completely rebuilt it, and made it his of the patriarchs as Avaris. :md later of the fo rmer view that the Red Sea main resi dence with the name " House as Tanis, the biblical Zoan, Archaeo­ itse lf was crossed. (The results were of Rameses." logical evidence, altested by statues achi eved by the conclusions of an American expedition in Sinai in 1947-8, when it was proved that the level of the Gulf of Suez had dropped 15 ft. since the 15 th century BC.) The kings of Tanis were in­ volved in historical develop­ ments in Judah and Israel. King Solomon loved many foreign women, among them the daughter of a pharaOh, who had lived in Jerusalem as a child. Jeroboam, king of Northern Israel, fled from the presence of Solomon to King Shoshenq I (Shi shak) of the twen ty-second Dynasty of Egypt (945-924 BC). The king must have been exposed to the Egyptian custom of worship­ ping animal-headed gods. This may have had a strong innu­ ence on him as he set up cults for calf worship in Dan and Bethel. "In the fifth year of the Modem-day Jerusalem, from the Mount of Olives. reign of King Rehoboam of Judah. King Shiskak or Shosh­ enq, invaded Judah, attacking As slaves under the Pharaoh's task ­ and architectural remains bearing the its forti fied cities and carrying off the masters, the Hebrew people were cartouches of Rameses II, gives the treasures from the Temple and of the forced. along with other enslaved peo­ required proof to the building of the royal palace of Jerusalem." (1 Kings ples. to build the cities of Pithom and city under his rule. Either Rameses II 14:26-26). Raamses. Rameses II was the Pharaoh or his successor Merll eplah (1225- Today, the ruins of Tanis are a fo­ who infli cted hard labor upon the Is­ 12270) was the pharaoh of the Exo­ cal point for archaeologists to deter­ raelites. "Then a new King ascended dus, probably the former. A stele of mine the si te as the beginning of the the thrones of Egypt ... This is how Merneptah found at the si te of the rc­ Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt. Pharaoh's treasure cities of Pithom and mains of the city of Tanis makes the Susa, t he Capital of Persia

THE PROFESSIONAL NUMISMATISTS GUILD, INC. In the late sixth century BC, the Persian king, Darius I, rebuilt the 0", 55 YEARS of Elamite capital of Susa, and made it KNOWLEDGE, INTEGRITY & RESPONSIBILITY the capital of his empire. which ex­ tended from India to Egypt. He sur­ Foullded in 1955, tile PNG is a " o"-profit organizatioll. comprised rou nded the city with massive walls. of the top rare coill and paper money expertJ from all aroulld the world. and created a moat by di verting the For more ill/ormatioll 011 the PNG, please contact: river Shauer. Susa was linked to Baby­ lon and by the royal road, to Assyria Roben Brueggeman, Executive Director and Turkey, but its prosperity came 28441 Rancho California Rd. , Suite 106 mainly from the neighboring countries Temecula, CA 92590 around the Persian Gulf. Queen Esther Tel. (95 1) 587-8300 Fax (951) 587-8301 would have walked through the king's WWw,nt!f:dealers,CQm email: ia[o@pngdealers,cQ IIl reception hall with its towering col­ umns decorated with mag nifi cent 38 The Celator beasts: "In those days, when King dors. T he city of Nineveh, whose Ahasuerus was sitting on the royal armies carried the ten tribes of Israel PACKAGE BOOK SALE-PARr 1 throne in the citadel of Susa, in the into exile, never to return, was razed (Discounted as shownl Subject Package Deals-Buy one or al/ (any third year of his reign, he gave a ban­ to the ground by invaders. The great single OOok(s) or over $100, lake off 10%; over quet at his court for all his officers­ Babylon, whose magnificence amazed $200, take off 15%; over $300, take off 20r.- of-state and ministers." (Esther 1:2). the ancient civilizations, has disap­ Don't forget postage, see below)

The city of Susa is also known peared from the earth. Ancient Susa I!IIU ICA I. COINAGE fACK,:\G E through the Book,of Esther; it tells of had been uninhabited for seven cen­ Sage. Biblical N.mismalics (w.. S ISO) (OOP) H $85 the drama of the saving of the Jews of turies, its ruins covered with the sands Lo'·ene. Biblical Relmed Cains (OOP) H ...... S20 B."b. Coi", of Bible DaY'S ...... $25 Persia by Queen Esther. The story is of the desert. But Jerusalem is still a Br.sse l,. BiMicol Coins (was $ 30) (OOP) H ...... S20 set in Susa during the reign of Ahasu­ thriving city, ever expanding and hum­ Friedberg. Coin, oj 'he Bil>l, (6 coio replicas in ming with activity, proud of its histor­ co"cr) (OOP) H ...... $15 erus. king of Persia and Media (prob­ Bu y individually or ALL 5 postpaid for ...... SIN ably referring to the era of King Xers­ ical past. WAYNE SAYLES PACKAGE es). The mythical story of Purim (Feast Vol. I _ Collecting H ...... S29.50 of the Lots) weaves around many All Pll ot o.~ are courtesy of Wiki­ Vol. II - Grnk World H ...... $29.50 plots, which begins with the bani sh­ pedia Commons and Bible Lands Vol. III - lIoman World H ...... $29.50 Vol. IV. _ Rom"" Pro";ncial H ...... $25.00 ment of Queen Vashti by the king for Museum, Jerusalem. Vol. V _ ByzanriM H S25.OO disobedience. Then it is followed with Vol. VI - Non Classical C~IIureJ II SH .oo About the author- Norman A. Ru­ Vol. VII _ Clo>sic,,1 Dec

the Jewish community. Then it relates Contin enta l News Service (USA). lSI M IIC COINAGE I',\CK,\l iE of Haman, a high-ranking king's min­ Now retired, he is busy writing short Coinage & Cu,,,,"0" oj Balik oj O",,,n. Ovcrsiwl. ister, and his nefarious plot to put the stories and articles for Internet sites MagnW",en(. Color (OOP) II 198 Coins & Cu'"""'y oj Bank oj Bahrain. O,'ersized. Jews of Persia to the sword. Fortunate­ and magazines worldwide. Magnif",.nt. Coloc(OOP) H $98 ly, the good Queen Esther, together Album. Mar.,dm'., Nllmi.ma'a Orien/alia (OOP) H ... $49 with her fa ithfu l Unc le Mordechai, Bibliogra phy Album. ChecWsroflJlamic Coinag_. S S39 1'Iant, AraI>ic C<>ins & How to Read 1lwn (OOP/<;<-=) S$69 foils Haman's scheme. The story now For the series "Cities of the An­ Bal<:>g. CoinageoJ'he AH"IIbid« OOP) H.. . . $49 being ended, the moral is drawn. (The cient World." Buy indi"idually or ALL ~ pO"paitJ fo<...... $319 Purim holiday is celebrated to th is day Exhibition and catalogue "Jerusa­ RQ,\IAN EGYPT PACKAGE with celebrations and rejoicing.) lem, A Capital for all Times," Bible Emme". A I ~mlldrian CQiM. H $59 Mihle. Cmlliog ofAlem,ln) II $65 as well Persia. The biblical book cor­ don. England. Buy individually of ALL 41>':"'paiJ for ...... $ 199 The Bible as History , rectly states that the king's vast em ­ by Werner A I nANDER T il E GREAT pire extended to the borders of India Keller. (A Writable Librau) to Ethiopia. It is quite clear that the Encyclopedia of World Mythology, G>J. an ar>II"o:>k:>gyof I I b

40 The Celator ncr mummy case, and this may be where some of the confusion mentioned above originated. During the Roman period, the practice of using sarcoph­ agi fell into decline in Egypt, although they were in widespread use in other parts of the Empire. T he Coptic Period saw the merger of the sar­ cophagus with the inner A Brief History of the coffin, and the body was placed in the single ves­ Egyptian Sarcophagus sel. While few collectors and its Decoration can aspire to own an Egyptian sarcophagus, One sometimes sees a bit of confu­ fragments sometimes ap­ sion in the market between ancient pear on the market fairly Egyptian sarcophagi and ancient expensively but perhaps Egyptian coffins. For example, a still within the reach of wooden coffin or a panel from one for collectors with reason­ sale might be described as a wooden able means. sarcophagus. In fact. the term sarcoph­ agus should be reserved for the outer­ most stone container of an Egyptian burial. It is always made of slone, and The stone sarcophagus any container for the deceased placed of Psamtik-Seneb, 26'h within it, whatever the material and no Dynasty, ca. 664-525 matter how elaborate, whether of Be. Chrysler Museum of wood or even gold, is still a coffin and Art, Norfolk, VA. Gift of not a sarcophagus. Walter P. Chrysler, Jr. The Egyptians were not the only people in antiquity to use sarcophagi. They were in widespread usc in many THE SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY ancient cultures, but the practice had a special place in Egyptian burial rit­ Founded in 1879 ual. The actual term comes from the At the lorelront 01 scientilic and historical research lor over one hundred years, the Swiss Greek and means "flesh eater," be­ Numismatic Society has established a worldwide reputation by its work with leading cause the Greeks believed that the scholars, collectors and dealers diffused through its well known Revueand Gazette journals with articles in lour languages, together with numerous monographs and special publica­ stone box literally devoured the flesh tions in such series as Typos and the Calalogues of Swiss Coins. of the deceased. Since it was made of The Society itself owes its inception in 1879 to the pioneering spirit 01 Dr. Charles Fran<;:ois stone and the Pharaoh owned all of the Trachsel, its founder and l irst president, but the Swiss numismatic tradition goes back to the products of the land, at first only the earliest days 01 coin collecting in the late 15" century when connoisseurs like the Amerbach pharaoh could order a stone sarcoph­ family of Basel , inspired by Renaissance humanists such as Erasmus 01 Rotterdam then reSiding in the city, established important cabinets. agus for his burial. The Society continued from the old century under the guidance of Eugene Demole and Paul In the Old Kingdom, they were usu­ Stroehlin, while the new was presided over by eminent scholars such as Die trich Schwarz ally plain, although sometimes carved and Colin Martin. to represent buildings, and they could The Swiss Numismatic Society remains today at the service of the international numismatic be massive affairs such as the sarcoph­ community, dedicated as it is to the lurtherance of the knowledge of those small but agi found in some pyramids. By the invaluable witnesses 01 art and history, the coins 01 Greece, Rome, Byzantium. the Orient, M iddle Kingdom, they were often the middle ages, the modern period and Switzerland itself. By joining this leading society, you will be able to participate directly in numismatic research more elaborately decorated, and by the and moreover be eligible to receive the annual Revue and the quarterly Gazette, as well as New Kingdom, the decoration was members' discounts on most special publications. elaborate, indeed often composed of Applications for membership in the Society are welcome from all with an interest in ancient protective deities and inscriptions. In and modern numismatics. the Middle and New Kingdom, com­ The membership fee is Sfr 130 per year (including postage) and Sfr 2500 for life membership, mon people rarely had sarcophagi, but or a sponsoring membership from Sfr 250 per year. Please make checks payable to the in later times the practice became more Swiss Numismatic Society. Please visit our website at: www.numisuisse.org. widespread. From the end of the New Kingdom SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY . onward, they were often carved in the c/o Secretary: Pierre-A. Zanchi, Chemin Cure 6 B form of the mummy, just as the en­ CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland Fax: +41 21 72865 61 closed coffins were also. The lid was usually carved in the form oGthe in- E-mail: pmzanchi @bluewin.ch • July 2011 41 tor, I do not think we let any escape.) With so few coins to examine, I had lots of free time to help out in other areas of the excavation. Since I am a bit old to re­ main bent over digging and sweeping din for 3 or 4 consecuti ve Digging the Orna­ hours, I did not do much o f that, ment of Galilee though I did spend some time clean­ The Talmud says that the air at Sep­ ing up areas of dirt pharis (also called Zippori) is "salu­ where the ground brious," so I looked il up. Salubrious was too dirty to means "health-giving." And the Rab ­ excavate or to be bis were right. In spite of a couple of seen properly in Figure 1- Rhodian jar handle excavated at Sepphoris dated weeks of digging dirt, carrying dirt, photos o r draw­ to 127-125 BeE. sifling dirt, skinning my knees and el­ ings. (Surely bows in dirt, and breathing dirt ... [ felt "cleaning" dirt from the top of dirt is a higher mathematics has allowed me to in great health when I returned home. new concept \0 many!) Bul the main jobs calculate that our lillie group moved It must have been the air! 1 undertook were carrying dirt and sift­ around 960 cubic feet of d irt and Certainly it was not the coins, be­ ing dirt. Most or the excavated dirt was stones (about 36 cubic yards) in just cause at the 20 I [ Sepphoris Research sifted, but some of it was simply tossed. under two weeks of six-hour work­ Project, we found only nine of them. When we began the excavation, we days. I learned by way of Google that Not one would have made me look carefully selec ted a dumpsite; ours a cubic yard of gravel/dirt weighs twice if I saw it in a dealer's tray; nev­ was a previously excavated area where around 2,400 pounds, so our little ertheless, they provided insight into nothing significant had been found. It group has, in order 10 further the un­ the excavations. I did my job as numis­ was right on the edge of the western derstanding of ancient Sepphoris , matist, and I was able to put accurate acropolis where we were digging, so moved a bit more th an 86,000 pounds bUI tentali ve identifications on each of it would not become an eyesore. We (40+ tons!) of dirt and rocks. This is them rather quickly, with the exception began wi th a nearly square, previous­ roughl y the equiv alent of 12-13 small of one that was too corroded to even ly excavated pit that was aboul 10 by dump truck loads of dirt. Because the define its original shape. (One cannot 12 feet and around 6 feet deep. It con­ site was not a flat surface, we could give fu ll attributions until the coins are tained a fcw stones. and tree branch­ not use a wheelbarrow except as some­ cleaned. Unlike coins that arc found on es, bu t it was mostly empty. When we thing over which to sift dirt. So all of beaches or on the surface of the ground, began, it never occurred to me Ihal we the large stones were carried by hand, coins from excavati ons are usually might ti l! it even half way. Day by day, and smaller rocks and dirt were car­ heavily encrusted, and often cannot even however, the dump pit was fiUed, and ried in 10 liter buckets. be easily recognized as coins. Lucki ly, by our last day it had not only been Ours was a limited excavation, with al! of our Sepphoris gang had very fi l!ed to the brim, bUI we had smoothed modest goals. Imagine how much dirt sharp eyes, and combi ned with the it over approximately 2 feet ABOVE might be moved over a 4-5 week period advance warnings of the metal detec- ground level. My li mited ability with with more than a hundred participants. Archaeological excavations are not treasure hunts, and the most signifi ­ ffiH. D. RAUCH GmbH Vienna cant treasure we discovered was info r­ mation and friendship based on com­ RAUCH Numismatist and Auctioneer since 1969 mon interests. I think that al! of us who For Ancient, World Coins & Historical Medals participated in th is excavation found

th th a certain pleasure in getting to work Next Auction: July 14 -15 at 6: 15 a.m. and working (playing) in Bid live from your location by computer! Prill ted the dirt until I :30 p.m . (Although no­ catalogue also available. body who saw any of our group work­ ing in the Gali lean dust and heat would have considered it play.) The banter Please contact us: 0 114315333312 and joking between everyone was a E-mail: [email protected] great part of the experience. A lot of sweat was expended, and the hundreds Visit our shop: www.hdrauch.com of tourists who visited the sple ndid Write La: A- lOla Wien, Graben 15 (Europe) Slate park at Sepphoris we re no doubt

42 The Gelator amused to see such dirty people work­ ing at the place Josephus described as "the ornament of all Galilee." Tim W ilkes One of the interesting objects Specialist in Medireval and Islamic Coins pulled from-the earth by members of our group W;l." a Hellenistic p~riod jar handle th!Llo·could be dated precisely (by Donald"T. Ariel of the Israel An­ tiquities Authority) to 127- [25 BeE. Jar handles are generally plentiful at excavated_sitcs, but this one bears a PO Box 150 stamp showing that it originated at Battle Rhodes. It is well known that ancient e-mail: [email protected] East Sussex Rhodes was an exporter of fine wine www.wilkescoins.eom TN330FA throughout the ancient Mediterranean, www.veoins.eom/aneicnt/timwilkes UK and it is .interesting that even though wine must have been manufactured locally, the community was wealthy enough to also import it. (The Jerusa­ lem Talmud states that "Sixteen miles all around Sepphoris is a land flowing Early with milk and honey.") This type of Rhodianjar handle can Is1amic & Oriental frequently be purchased in the legal antiquities market of Israel for a rela­ Coins tively small sum. And the handles themselves are fascinating. But what gives this particular handle special value is the fac t that it was excavated www.vcoins.colll/najafcoins at a known location by archaeologists who are able to better understand the www.najafcoins.colll place where it was found because of the object itself. When even a minor object such as jar handle is removed from its archaeological contcxt with­ out being properly recorded, an ines­ timable amount of information about earlier cu ltures and civilizations may Guide to BIBLICAL COINS be lost forever. Each of us were pleased whenever we found an interesting shard or ob­ FIFTH EDITION j ect, on the other hand, some archae­ ologists enjoy other aspects. Ben Gor­ by David Hendin don, our excavation supervisor, ex­ claimed over anot her discovery: "There is nothing quite so exciting as MOST POPULAR REFERENCE EVER WRIITEN finding a new wall," he said, as he sur­ FOR BIBLICAL AND JEWISH COINS veyed and traced the lines of a wall, probably from an early to middle Ro­ 640 pages; 56 pages of high-quality plates; man period, that had been more fully sturdy hardcover ; dust j acket exposed and delineated on our final day of excavations. Order from your favorite numismatic book dealer, We excavated on t he western Amazon. com, or direct from the publi sher acropolis at Sepphoris-a fascinating, at $85 plus $6 shipping. flourishing, and largely Jewish city from the Hellenistic Period th rough its devastation by a massive earthquake in 363 CEo This area of ancient Sep­ www.AmphoraCoins.com pharis contained around 5 or 6 homes. These were generally fairly large Ro­ man style homes that surrounded a central courtyard. It is a bit difficult to ascertain the exaet nature of each dwelling, but they appear to have be-

continued on page 46.. July 2011 43 gers, both collectors and dealers. We present a small sample for your ed ifi­ New York cation and enlightenment: ht t p: // c1 a ssi e a I eo i n s . International bl ogspot.coml Owned by dealer David Welsh, this Numismatic blog's title says it all; .• Musings by a dealer in ancient coins concerning his Convention unusual profession, cultural property law, efforts by archaeologists to make Expands Waldorf collecting illegal , and related issues". Phew .. Room Block http :// a n c i c n t p c d d I e r. NEW YORK, NY- The New York In­ blogspot.coml Weblogs ternational Numismatic Convention Owned by collector Jerry Jones, (NYINC) has expanded its room block Our Internet trivia for this month: this is a blog dedicated to ancient at the Waldorf=Astoria event Site, ac­ Web Log = Web\og = Blog. Rough ly coin cleaning and restoration. Jerry cording to Bourse Chairman Kevin Fo­ thirteen years ago, the first, true, bing is also very interested in anc ient ley, who said, "We've experienced ex­ came into existence and by now peo­ coin photography. which shows in ceptionally strong demand for rooms ple are at least familiar with the term. his blog images. over the dates of our 40th Annual New Going a lillIe further inlo the http://digitalhn.blogspot.com/ York International Numismatic Conven­ terminology ... creating a bing makes Owned by collector Ed Snible, "A tion, December 31, 201 1-January 8, one a blogger (more or less), and the Gift for Pol ydektes" is a blog that is a 2012. There has been extraordinary act of writing in a bing is known as bit more wide-ranging than most, cov­ interest in our upcoming event, indica­ blogging. So, if you were to write ering many aspects of coin collecting tive of a generally rising level of activ­ about the entire hJogging community, in general. (We arc sure that Polydek­ ity in world and ancient numismatics. then you would be blogging about the tes was none too pleased with his We've found it necessary to add rooms Blogosphere. Simple? 'gift.') A wonderful blog and worth to our commitment at the Waldor!, We According to Wikipedia, there are your attention. are ahead of even the record pace that oycr 156 million blogs online since http://www.dirtyoldcoins.co m/ characterized hotel reservations at last February of 200 I. Of course, only a A ncicnt·Coins-Blogl year's NYINC. Our expanded room very small fraction of that number are Owned by our old friend Rasiel block will enable more of our partici­ active or even updated regularly. And, Suarez , this is a fairly new blog that pants to stay at our headquarters ho­ an even smaller piece of that number str ives to teach the reader a bit more tel and site of all NYINC events, the belongs to people who actually make about ancient coins and history. Waldorf=Astoria." a living out of blogging. Most blogs Room reservations can be made at That's about all for this month. In are highly focused on a single theme. the Waldorf by calling (212) 355-3000 a future column, we will dive into what such as pol it ics or wedd ings, or even and mentioning rate code "NYQ" forthe you will need to create your own blog. cupcakes. special group rates of $290 or $312. Each blog represents the author's Until then ... have a great summer! The NYINC wil l have auction ses­ viewpoint and interpretation of facts. sions over eight days, beginning on Unfortunately, facts can sometimes Sunday, January 1 ", and concluding on take a beating when it comes to blogs. th Do it the Easy Way­ Sunday, January 8 • The four-day We recommend that, when trolling the bourse will open from 2PM-7PM on blogosphere, you should always keep RENEW ONLINE! th Thursday, January 5 , for the Profes­ in mind a phrase coined by Ronald sional Preview, where dealers without Reagan, "Trust, but verify." at www.vcoins.coml booths and collectors will be able to As you have probably guessed by celator have early access to the bourse deal­ now, we also have out share of b l og~ ers for a $1 00 registration fee. The reg­ ular public bourse hours will be 10AM- 7PM on Friday and Saturday, January 6-7 and 10AM-3PM on Sunday, Janu­ th ary 8 • A three-day pass to the bourse area for Friday-Sunday is $10. For further information on the 2012 NYINC, please see the press release on page 40 of th is issue or visit the Learn All About Collecting Ancient Coins NYINC website, www.nyinc.info. for the complete Schedule of Events. www.ancientcoinmarket.com ~ Say that you read it in N ew Articles Monthly ~ The Celator

44 The Gelator A Roman Plow Roman style plow dated to the I II1t century - Ballymoney Museum, Ireland in Ireland dimotos II. If this coin is contemporary Perhaps the appearance one day of a new Among the earliest of " Roman" to the two types mentioned above, then coin type, or stele from this place and li me coins fro m Anazarbu s is an 18mm it should also bear a wreath. So what do will shed more li ght. The site of Anazar­ bronze bearing the he lmeted head of we make of that? Is it a later issue? The bus has never been excavated, and will Athena on the obverse and a Roman key element of this design is the plow, certainl y have many interesting stories to plow on the reverse. The plow. cit y which was an ubiquitous symbol of Ro­ tell when and if that happens. ethnic, and [l Philopator monogram are man city foundation. For an excellent In May of this year, my wife Doris set within a wreath . article about this phenomenon. see "The and 1 visited Ircland, and by chance Roman plough: a measure of history" by fou nd ourselves in a small village mu­ Kevin Ferguson in the December 1997 seum a t the town of Ballymoney in issue of The Celator. The ancient sourc­ County Antrim. This is the area of Ul­ es fortunately record that Augustus re­ ster where the fam ous Glens abound. instated the Tarkondimotid dynasty as a There is a very long tradition of farm­ c li e nt kingdom in 19 BC. The sons and ing in the region as these Glens are lush Ziegler 1.2 :: Lindgren 1420 successors of Tarkondimotos (who had river valleys rich in alluvial soil. supported Antony) were welcomed back As I rounded a corner in the muse­ There is a contemporary coin from into the Roman fam il y, and the primary um, there in front of me appeared a mag­ Anazarbus (perhaps a double denom· city under their control, Anazarbus, was nificent display of what I had long seen ination of the same series) bearing the refounded as Caesarea with a new foun­ on the foundation coins of Anazarbus. laureate head of Zeus on the obverse dation date that starts in 19 Be and ex­ It was a Roman-style plow carved from and standing Tyche on the reverse. tcnds to the Sasanian conquests. wood. This art ifact is regarded as the Ziegler reports four known dies of Ihis From this set of circumstances, we oldest wooden plow to be found in Ire­ type. A ll of them bear the monogram are led to the conclusion that the Zie­ land. Radiocarbon dating assigns it to of Philopat o r. There can be little doubt gler type 1 and Ziegler type 5 coins are the period of AD l05(}..1230. One can that the plow within wreath and Tyche contemporary and are comme morative imagine that this tool was as important within wreath arc contemporary. of the refoundation. Indeed, the type 5 to the farmers of Ireland as the Wright Dr. Nicholas Wright has suggested coin is dated to year 5 1 of the Tarkon­ brothers' inve ntion was to America in that the wreath may allude 10 the dimotid dynastic era, which would be 19 the 20'1\ century. It may have come Tarkondimotid victory over a band of Be. It seems unlikely that the Philopa­ from Scotland, where similar plows gladiators loyal to Antony who were tor monogram coin with wreath post have been found. This seems 10 be one making their way overland back to dates this Ziegler ty pe 5 coin. Why the more example of the many benefits Egypt following the Battle of Acti um wreath appears on the coin naming that Roman civilization brought to (Journal of the Num ismatic Associa­ Philopator and not on the coin miming northe rn Euro pe a.long wi th their con­ tion of Austral ia 20, pp. 73-8 1). This Tarkondimotos II remains a mystery. quests and colonization. would seem plausible, but the plow is somewhat of a problem. There ex ists another coin from Anazarbus of the Are you looking for someone you can trust same Athena/plow type that lacks the wreath and has a Tarkond i mOIOS to sell your collection for you? monogram as opposed to a Philopator monogram. Consign with confidence to Sayles and Lavender hHp :llvcoins.com/saylesandlavende r

Ziegler 5. 1 =Levante 1365 SAYLES AND LAVENDER Call or Email P.o. Box 926, Watkinsville, GA 30677 about Ancient sources tell us that Tarkon­ [email protected]·(417)679-2142 consigning your dimotos I had two sons, concluded by [email protected]·(321)946-4633 coins or books historians to be Ph ilopator and Tarkon- July 2011 45 Rendin Coot. from pg. 43 Some o f the houses have el­ longed to prosperous famil ies. Each ements from an domicile seems to have several stages original house, of building, in wh ich initial structures and the n ele­ were modified and expanded as time ments added or passed. There are MANY underground modified a l lat­ storage areas and water cisterns that cr dates. Some­ honeycomb the entire area under this times water stor­ portion of Sepphoris. Many of them age ciste rns have clear hard basalt wellheads (see were capped, photo below) that made it convenient and new o nes for people to raise and lower water jugs opened. at other into them to draw water. times the open­ Jewish ritual baths, called "mik ­ ings to water vahs" (mikvahol in Hebrew) literally cistcrns were dO l the ent ire area, and orten homes raised signi fi­ have 3 or even 4 ofthero. It seems that cantly to account they were not necessarily used simu l­ for the new ele­ taneously, and when one became fil led vation of a bui ld­ with silt or otherwise unusable, another ing structurc. would be built. The Jewish mikvah has Our g roup certain ri tua l requi rements, one o f and prev ious which is a source of fresh, runn in g excavators at water into it. The mikvahs at Seppho­ Scpphoris have ris are neatly made, plastered in stalla­ discovered pot­ tions, sometimes carved out of the bed­ tery and other artifacts goi ng rock, and at other times built indepen­ Figure 2-The author scanning a plaster floor with metal detec­ back to the Iron dently. Their very presence in this city tor prior to excavation. gives a very lewish identity to the city. Age, ca. 800 To look at the plan of the western BCE. us well as acropolis of Sepphoris where we exca­ pottery from the Persian Period (cnd­ Meyers. of Duke University. who are ing 586 BCE), Hellenistic. Roman, today very possibly the most experi­ vated is reall y remarkable. It is a huge Late Roman. Byzantine. Islamic, and enced American archaeologists of Is­ sheet of paper with thousands of tin y, rael. They have been excavating at intricate lines, numbers, and other details Crusader times. Even though the pOt­ meticulously added as notations.o By tery shows there was occupation of Sepphoris since 1985 and excavated many important sites earlier. getting all of this information onto a sin­ Sepphoris during the Iron Age and (Readers interested in reading my gle sheel, it becomes easier to piece to­ Persian Periods, so far no ac tual sites day-by-day reports and seeing more gether plans of buildings, SIr"Cc ts, and al­ from these periods have been found. photographs can check my blog at leys of ancient cities. although one can predi ct that some time in the future another generation www.davidhendin.blogspot.com . ) Sepphoris is a rather complicated of archaeologists will locate them. site because it was bui lt and rebuilt Copyri ght © 20 II over a period of nearly a thousand years. The Sepphoris excavations were di rected by Professors Eric and Carol by David Hcndi n

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HD ENTERPRISES f~AGt\elTS Of Ot\t 'fI'J{'lJ JI.'J{CI'E'J{'T >- Antiquities >- Indian Artifacts & Pottery MUSEUM-QUALITY ANCIENT ART PR...'EJI.5'l1'l('ES ~ Pre-Columbian Artifacts Specializing in Greek, Roman, ~ Ancient Coins ... and more! Egyptian and Etruscan ~ Buy-Sell-Tr ade-Consign Antiquities /'!l Attn: Han k Johnson P.O. Box 22082CL, Denver, CO 80222 P.O. Box 376 The Time Ph: 303·695-1301 Medfield , MA 02052-0376 Online Catalog: wwwbQ!:-in!;;!;;Q!!l Machine Co. E-mail: [email protected] Tel, (508) 359 - 0090 eBay Seller Name: hd enterprises E-mail: Fragments @aol.com Fine Archaeological Art and Coins Contact us for our complimentary Harlan J.Berk, Ltd. catalogue of fine antiquities P.O. Box 282 - Flushing Sla. Queens, NY 11367 Visit us on the Internet at: Chicago's Full Service Dealer (718) 544-2708 http://www.antiquities.net Since 1964 - Our 47th Year Orig in ato r o f the " 11 11'\,iI ' Buy or Bid Sales Approx. $l ,OC'(),OC'().(J) of Coins & I ~ i\Jl ' \, 1,, \ ',.\':(, Antiquiti€>S In Every.. Sale 31 North Clark Street • Greek _ Biblical • Roman • Judaean Chicago, lllinoi·s 60602 • ByzarJIine _ Antiquities PH (312) 609-0018 Fax (3 i·2) 609- 1309 info@ harlanjberk.com Company Web Sire: E-Mail: www.herakles-inc.com • www.harlanjberk.com~ VCoins Store: ....!::"NG www.vcoins.com/hcraklcs PcnySiegd PO Box 480611 Char/olle, NC 28269 ANTIQUARIUS /704) 99z.2707 Robert Loosley

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July20 11 47 Professional Directory

( Books & Coins ) ( Coins ) (~ _ _ _ C",o:..:;in=s,--_~) ANCIENT COIN LIBRARIES Brian Kritt RUb~IK NUMIS MATI CS Dealer in Ancient & Medieval Coins WANTED Specializil/g ill AI/cient ANCIENT GREEK 50 ROMAN We purchase important numismatic Greek, Romall & Judtlic Coills BYZANTINE publications in all field s and also EARLY RUSSIAN conduct frequent auctions. Send MEDIEVAL BALKAN $10.00 for our next catalogue or visit P.O.R. 69S5. SanJ""'. CA 9}15-0-6955. USA OUf web si te to find books for sale e·mail: rudni k@ rudnlk.rom ...,..... rudnlk.rom listed and upcoming auction sales.

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July 2011 49 Professional Directory

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Kenneth W. Dorney I!!:laliliical :Ji}umilimatilit COIN AUCTIONS Fnot ClllaIac_ ...... Greek. Roman, Byzantine Roman Italian Coins B yzan· Papal Coin s Coins & Antiquities Papal Medals £Ill bJitb CI1:ertificates of £Iutbel1ticitp On the Web Since 1995: www.artemideaste.com www.coolcoins.com & ,lifetime ri .... l' . 1lIQ~HO)H"j (530) 222-8207 E: ",.l"O~~9'l")__..... www.TrustedCoins.com July 2071 51 Professional Directory

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Ancient Coins, WEISS Antiquities, Literature COllECTABLE & Related Collectibles! SALES Dought, Sold and Auctioned! ANCIENToMEDIEVAL'EARLY FOREIGN DUALITY COINS FOR EVERY BUDGET 0_ <>f'M OkhSI Fj""s '" ,h~ u. .... kolitIJI ill Anci.. ,u CoiltS! VISIT OUR TABLE AT THESE SHOWS: I~"'~ "l~ of"rof<~ N.".._,Ul, __,~/91O . Aug. 16·20-American Numismmic Assoc .. d Illl[ I!:I![ ~~t lil!!1 !:"!;J,llll:llQ. I!IXtli llaUm! and upcoming auctjoQ jnrormation COllvention Clr .. Rosemont.IL (Chicago) unilable for fm: OP·!.jut! CELTIC, GREEK, ROMAN Sept. 2-4- 0hio State Coin Show. Crownc Plaza Hotel. Duhlin. 01-1 a nd HAMMERED COINS M alter Galleries Inc. (Col umbus) 17003 Ve ntura Bl vd., Sic. 20S, bough I &: sold Sept. !5-17-WhitmanCoin Expo. • Encino, CA 913 16 P.O. Box. 32. Hockwold, Convention Center. Philadelphia. PA &: Ph, (818) 784·7772 Brandon. U.K.IP264HX - Fax (818) 7844726 TcllFax: + 44 (0) 1842 828292 ~ TOLL FREE (888) 784·2131 email: mike. \'[email protected] POST OFFICE BOX 400476 LAS VEGAS. NV E-mail: mike@mall ergal~rns.com website: http://www.vospcr4cuins.co.uk 89140 www.malt.er-galle.-ics .•.' om (702) 202-4300

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52 The Celator Celator Classifieds 01 Tbe Road - Rates: $5.00 for the first 20 words, 20\1; each additional word. I ' Tbl Cellla,'s . '" Show & Cllb ArtisOpusGallery.com. Ancient Coins FOR SALE: 1,000+ Ancient, Medieval and Antiquities. Antiquarian Engravings and World Coins and medals at Schedule www.civitasgallcries.com. We also buy ~ and Books. [10111] August 15-22-ANA World's collections. Please offer: 608-836- 1777. Fair of Money, Donald E. Stephens STILL IN PRINT: The Pocket Guide [1011 1] to Saint Paul: Coinsencolillfered by Convention Center, 5555 No. River the Apostle on his travels, by Peter WANTED: Byzantine Gold and Etec­ Road, Rosemont, IL Lewis and Ron Bolden, is still avail­ trum Tetartera. M & R Coins 708-36 1- Sept. 16-Whitman Coin & Col­ able from the publisher for only about 9523 or write to P.O. Box 7, Palos Park, lectibles Philadelphia Expo, Con­ US$30 plus postage. The website is TL 60464-0007. r0611 t 1 vention Center, Philadelphia, ·PA www.wakefieldpress.com.au. Readthe Sept. 17-Red Rose Coin Club review of the book at Amazon.com. (0611 1) Show, Farm & Home Center, 1383 Arcadia Rd., Lancaster, PA ~ VISIT THE CELATOR ~ ANCIENT COIN RESOURCE CENTER at www.celatoLcom Display Adver­ for information that is useful to the collector! tising Rates Targeted directly to collectors Professional Directory Ad Rates: of ancient and 1x3 size = 2-3/16"w x 2-7/8"h = only $30 medieval coins 1x2 size = 2-3/16"w x 1-7/8"h = only $23 and antiquities. Signature ads only, no direct sale offerings. 10% Discount on annual contracts. 1/6 Page - $100 Professional Directory ads get results! 1/3 Page - $175 112 Page - $250 The Celator Full Page - $500 P.O. Box 10607, Lancaster, PA 17605 (single insertion prepaid rates) TeVFax: (717) 656-8557' E-mail: [email protected] Annual contract & multiple insertion Notes for Authors & Contributors discounts available

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July 2011 53 Club & Society Directory

Ancient Coin Club Twin Cities Orange Count!) of Chicago Ancient Coin Club Meets the 4th ~ nd ay of the Meets the 4 th Thursday of the OCACC month (excepf. D S. a 6r.tn at month at 7:30PM at Immanuel A ndent Co;n Club the rereare l ibrary of Harlan J. Lutheran Church, 104 Snelling Ave. , one block south of Grand The OCACC m«IS on Lhoo 41b s._y of Ibe mo.,," Berk, Ltd. at 7'fW. WasHington, fn>m I :3O--t:)(lPM allbe FounWft Valley Public 13'h Floo r, in dow nlOw n Chi­ Ave. in SI. Paul, MN. For more lIbn.y. The libnry is located .. 116H Lot ...1_ information, please visit the club's St=! in FOWIIain VaUey. Please coota<:I Brett T"lfurd cago. Ror illf2ir;nation., please .. (909)965-2909 or .. ~ .«1111 (or website at www.ti nyurl.com/ doni II 011 fuNre I1ICIOIinp. write: AC/.CC w5wkn. www.5OWooins..comlOC ... CC.htm P.O. 0"-4. W33, Cbicago,\IL 60641· 1,933. wv.w.ancient-cOiJL-clu li{ago,com DAWN 71ncieni X um/sma/ic Pl ease j'Otir'our monthly di s­ Denver Area World ofWashin'lion, 7)0 cuss ion of Greek, Roman and Numismatists 0OC,eiy m Biblical coins and antiquities. Meets the 1&! Friday of each month Usually meets the 3 Sunday of each at 7PM at Calvary Chapel located month aI2:00pm. Please join us for our a19052W. Ken Caryl Ave near So. program'> and discussions of ancient nu­ Ancient Coin Club Garrison Street in Lillleton, Colo­ mismatics and history. For more infor­ rado. For collectors 01Ancient, Me­ Illation, please contact First Consul Mike ofLos Angeles dieval and World coins. AI! are wel­ Mehalick at 301-552-2214, GENIOAVGVSTI@comcaslne torvisil Meets the 2nd Sunday of the come! Call Bill Rosenblum at 720- 981-0785 for further information. http://answ.ancients.info. month at Ipm at the Com­ munity Room in the Sher­ man Oaks Galleria in Sher­ VANCOUVER ANCIENT man Oaks, CA. For more COIN CLUB information, please visit The Vaocouver, BC Ancient Coin http://www.acda.org. Club usually meets the second Sunday of each month from 2- 4 pm at the MeGill Branch of the Burnaby Library. 4595 San Francisco Ancient Alocn Streel. Bu rnaby, near Numismatic Socllty . and Hastings. For Meets the 2" Saturday of each emai l month at 2: 1Spm at Fort Ma­ son, San Francisco. Guests arc welcome. For further infonna­ Classical Numismatic AssoclMiOJ1 of Dc~ic"t¢~ tion, please contact the club at Society of the U\jz""tlJ1e Collectors SF ANS@ancient·coins.com. Delaware Valley Meets Saturday at 11:00 AM at major Meets the 2nd Saturday of each event s: January NYINC, Summer ANA, with guest speakcr and mutual PAN - The Pacific month at 1:OOpm at Camden display of treasures. Annual ducs arc County Library, 15 MacArthur $ 10. Contact the Empress at Ancient Numismatists Blvd., Westmont, NJ 08108. For [email protected]. Dues to Meets the 2nd Sunday information, please call Dick ADBC, P.O. Box 585, Okemos, MI ~ 'i)A.. afthe month all :OOpm Shultz at (856) 667·0346. 4880S·0S8S: (S I7) 349·0799. ~:5'. .ry at the Bellevue Public ~~'r Library in Bellevue, JV WA. For further infor­ Wayne G. Sayles. mation write to PAN at Ancient Coin Executive D irector P,O. Box 1384, Langley, WA 98260. www.pnna.org/pan Collectors Guild 417·679·2142 hltp:/Jw.vw.accg.us P.o. Box 911 Dues are $35 per year. please Join a Club & Enjoy Gainesv ille, MO 65655 send to ACCG. P.O. Box 911. Your Hobby Even More! Ga in esville. MO 65655

54 The Gelator INDEX OF DISPLAY ADV£KI1S£RS & AJJun. SIepheops.com ...... 27 Meoo!'ah COn SlOfe ._...... 17 Monon '" Eden lid...... 26 MUnzhandU'lg Ritter GmbH ...... 49 Murphy. Barry p...... ______...... 47 M'" M Numismatica. l ld ...... ______.. _...... 50 M & R CoinlI ...... 50 MOnz.m und M&daillen Companies ...... 10 Najal Coins ...... ______..... 43. 50 New Yorl< InternatioNl Numlsmat;c Conv...... " ... 9 NGCAncients ...... 13 N~lIS Co; Coins ...... __ ...... 31 . 51 • Collectors Pearlman. Richard ...... __ •___ ...... __ ...... 40. 51 - Librarians ~Nu~ ...... 5.51 -Teachers P~ "". com ...... ,," ___ ._ ...... 52 • Antiquarians ~D<_ ~~ ...... 1e Phillip$. Wayne C ...... 32 - Art Historians Prolessional Numis.mati$t$ Guild _ .... _...... 38 • Classicists Rauch GmbH. H.O...... 42 • Archaeologists • Gift Givers Rosellblum. LLC, WOllam M...... 6. 51 Rudd. Chris ...... ______,, ______...... 4. 49 RudniI< No..wnismIIIicI ...... ______-...... 018 Subscribe to the award-winning publICation, SAFE CoIer:ting ~ .•.•.•.• ...... 33 Sa)'les & Lavender ...... •.•.•.•.•.•. _.... 45 Sayles. ~ G.. AntIquarian ...... _ ...... 50 ~izing in ancient and medieval anns, online at Schnka. GIam ...... _...... ______-.-...... 48 Sear. David R...... 48 W'lUU/.VCoins .romIcelator or send in the below coupon. Sho«I, Fred 8...... 48 Spartan Numisma!ics ...... 49 ...-- Sphin. Numls"",!icli ______-._" .".""" 52 ------Spink 6. Son Ltd...... 23 Please include me as a subscriber to TIle Celator: Stack's·aowe,. at'ld Ponleric ...... " 3 S t ~ •. Inc ...... 49 Swiss Nurnsm.1ic SocHty ...... ______...... 41 Name Subscription Rates: r"""~eo...... , T__ I_ .... ~_ ...... 51 Address ______(1-yearl2-year) TrustedC0in5.c;om ...... _ .•.•.•.•.•.•.•. __ 51 VAuctions.com ...... __ ...... 15 $36 1 $60 United States VCosper. Mil:8 ...... ______,,_ .. ... ,," 52 Slate ______Zip _____ $75 1 $1 381nternational WaOI. LLC .. . ____ ,, ____ ,, ______...... SO (Visa/MasterCard Accepted; WeiS$ CoIect8.ble Sales ...... 52 W ildWinds.m ...... 55 D Enclosed is a check or money order CheCkS'Of Canada and Interna­ Wilkes. r .... _____ ...... 43 tional subscriptions must be in WI~ In Numllm.llicl ..... ,, ______-.-. .•.•.•.•.• 55 Please bill my MastercardIVisa US $ drawn on a US bank) V. (lido- Curiosilie Shoppe ...... ____ .•.•.•.•.•.•. _ ...... 35 o OverseBs aelw.ry by air-remail 'II:Nk Coins ...... _ ...... _.•.•.•.• 48 Zuzirn Judaaa .. __ ...... 36 Visa or Mastercard # Mail to: The Ce latOT P ~ O. Box 10607 ------Lancaster,PA Exp. Date _ _ I __ Signature 17605-0607, USA

~------~ JUly 2011 55 Unique Coin of Aitna Realizes £84,000 in June 9th Morton & Eden Auction LONDON-As expected, the "What is particularly interesting unique silver drachm Irom Aitna, is that the drachm predates by which was of/ered for sale by spe­ some 10 years one of the most fa­ cialist London coins and medals mous of all Greek coins, the tet­ auctioneers M orton & Eden on rad rachm of Aitna of circa 460 BG June 9"', 2011 in London, caused now in the Bibliotheque Royale de great excitement among collectors Belgique, Brussels. That coin's re­ and dealers when it rea lized verse was clearly inspired by the £84,000 ($137,760). This amount deSign of the present drachm was more than double its pre-sale whose late archaic style contrasts estimate. with the early classical style of the The silver drachm dates from a , 5- naked youth on horseback, precisely Brussels tetradrachm." year period between 475 and 460 Be copying the design of such coins at In 485 BG, Syracuse, the principal when the city of Katana (modern Cata­ Syracuse, but its reverse introduced a city of SiCi ly, was conquered by the ty­ nia) in eastern Sici ly was occupied by new type showing Zeus Aitnaios, the rant Gelon. Gelon was succeeded by the Syracusan s. Its indigenous popu­ patron god of Mount Etna, enthroned, his brother Hieron, and it was he who lation had been expelled and the city and holding a thu nderbolt and sceptre moved his capital from Syracuse to renamed Aitna because of its close surmounted by an eagle. Katana. Some five years after Hieron's proximity to Mount Elna. The coin, Tom Eden, expert in charge of an­ death in 466/5 BG, the Katanians suc­ weighing just over 4 grams and 16mm cient coins at Morton & Eden, explained ceeded in reclaiming their city, expel­ in diameter, depicts on its obverse a prior to the sale: "This drachm and an li ng the Syracusans, and returning it to equally unique tetradrachm are the its former name of Katana. only coins to have come down to us For further information about this Reach a targeted audiellce. from the first period in Aitna's history, auction and future Morton & Eden that is to say 475-470 BG. Each depicts sales, please contact Tom Eden at Professional Directory Zeus Altnaios but of the two, the Morton & Eden, telephone 020-7493- ads get results! drachm is the better preserved and 5344, or [email protected]. shows the design in its entirety. IP@,!}IP@O Now Available When you own a Good Boy. for dog like Mar1ey Subscription Bad Boy. you get both. Payments Now offering PayPal as an op­ t ion you can use to convenient­ ly pay for your subscr iption, Celator binders, or back is­ sues. J ust send payment t o: kerence@frontiernet net ,and you can pay using the credit - card of your choice or have the monies automatically de­ duct ed from your checking account. J ust go t o our secure site at www.vcoins.com/cela­ t or where you can use PaypaJ or your Visa/Mastercard. The Celator P.O. Box 10607, Lancaster, PA 17605 PhonelFax (717) 656-8557

~ ~ II 56 The Gelator .CNGCOINS.COM

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Classical Numismatic Group, Inc Post Office Box 479 • Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17608-0479 Tel: (7 17) 390-9194. Fax: (717) 390-9978 [email protected] GEMINI NUMISMATIC AUCTIONS IX JANUARY 8TH , 2012 ROMAN GOLD ALREADY CONSIGNED TO GEMINI _tt_ • GE MINI *

Augustus Q uinarius Antoninus Pius

Uranius Antoninus Constantine I

Li cinius II

SELECTIONS FROM THE HARRY SNEH COLLECTION

Titus Vespasian

Titus Harlan J. Berk Ltd. B&H Kreindler Harlan J. Berk Herb Kreindler 312-609-0018 631-427-0732 - ....-.... M [email protected] -P.N.G. www.geminiauction.com