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Home , Agathokleia, Artaxias I, Asander (Bosporan king), Azilises, Eumenes I, Hippostratos

STUDIA HELLENISTICA

51

MORE THAN MEN, LESS THAN GODS

STUDIES ON ROYAL CULT AND IMPERIAL WORSHIP PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ORGANIZED BY THE BELGIAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS (NOVEMBER 1-2, 2007)

edited by

Panagiotis P. IOSSIF, Andrzej S. CHANKOWSKI and Catharine C. LORBER

PEETERS LEUVEN - PARIS - WALPOLE, MA 2011

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Preface ...... IX List of Contributors ...... XI List of Abbreviations...... XIII

INTRODUCTION Le culte des souverains aux époques hellénistique et impériale dans la partie orientale du monde méditerranéen: questions actuelles. . . 1 Andrzej S. CHANKOWSKI

I. THE PRE-HELLENISTIC DIVINE KINGSHIP By the Favor of Auramazda: Kingship and the Divine in the Early Achaemenid Period...... 15 Mark B. GARRISON

Identities of the Indigenous Coinages of Palestine under Achae- menid Rule: the Dissemination of the Image of the Great King . 105 Haim GITLER

La contribution des Teucrides aux cultes royaux de l’époque hellé- nistique ...... 121 Claude BAURAIN

II. THE : ROYAL CULT AND DIVINE KINGSHIP The Ithyphallic Hymn for Demetrios Poliorketes and Hellenistic Religious Mentality...... 157 Angelos CHANIOTIS

Never Mind the Bullocks: Taurine Imagery as a Multicultural Expression of Royal and Divine Power under Seleukos I Nikator. . 197 Oliver D. HOOVER

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Apollo Toxotes and the Seleukids: Comme un air de famille . . . . . 229 Panagiotis P. IOSSIF

Theos Aigiochos: the Aegis in Ptolemaic Portraits of Divine Rulers 293 Catharine C. LORBER

Ptolémée III et Bérénice II, divinités cosmiques ...... 357 Hans HAUBEN

The Iconography of Assimilation. Isis and Royal Imagery on Ptolemaic Seal Impressions ...... 389 Dimitris PLANTZOS

The Pattern of Royal Epithets on Hellenistic Coinages ...... 417 François DE CALLATAY & Catharine C. LORBER

III. THE EMPEROR WORSHIP: ROMAN IMPERATORS AND EMPERORS Des honneurs divins pour Marc Antoine à Thessalonique? . . . . . 457 Emmanuel VOUTIRAS

The Creation of Imperial Gods: Not only Imposition versus Spontaneity...... 475 Fernando LOZANO

Étude comparative de l’introduction du culte impérial à Pergame, à Athènes et à Éphese ...... 521 Maria KANTIRÉA

Honorific and other Dedications to Emperors in the Greek East 553 Mika KAJAVA

Le culte impérial en Phénicie: culte civique ou culte provincial? . 593 Ziad SAWAYA

Celebrating Supermen: Divine Honors for Roman Emperors in Greek Papyri from ...... 619 Janneke DE JONG

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IV. THE PERIPHERY OF THE GREEK AND ROMAN ROYAL CULT: THE ARSAKIDS Royal Cult in Arsakid ...... 649 Antonio INVERNIZZI

SUMMATION More than Men, Less than Gods: Concluding Thoughts and New Perspectives ...... 691 Panagiotis P. IOSSIF & Catharine C. LORBER

Indices...... 711

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François DE CALLATAY and Catharine C. LORBER*

Introduction

Any book on the Hellenistic period provides some comments about the royal epithets used by rulers of that time1. They are generally inserted in a chapter about ruler cults or representations of kingship2. These epi- thets can be found in both literary and epigraphic written sources, as well as on coins. The views and conclusions which may be drawn from each of the three sets of documents may prove to be very different. Antiochos I of Kommagene struck bronze coins with only the sober legend [nomisma] basileos Antiochou (of King Antiochos), whereas inscriptions left at Nemrud Dag, on the back of the thrones of the seated colossal statues, proclaim that he is the “Great King Antiochos, divine, just, manifest (visible), friend of the Romans and the .”3 The same inscription adds that he is the grandson of Antiochos epiphanes philometor kallinikos, that is, the Seleucid Antiochos VIII, who is only epiphanes on his coinage4. Conversely, some grandiloquent legends on Parthian coins, which have easily four or five epithets, are not attested in our epigraphic record. By definition, nicknames (sobriquets) are not to be confused with epi- thets, since this last word literally means êpíqeton (imposed, placed upon). Nicknames unofficially promoted by popular perception are found only in literary sources. Here is a (non-exhaustive) list of some nicknames placed in modern alphabetical order, excluding geographical names (e.g., Asiatikos or Sidetes): Auletes (flute-player, oboist) for

* Warm thanks to Bethany Isenberg who revised an earlier version of this paper. 1 All dates are B.C. unless otherwise indicated. 2 Green 1993, 402-3 (ruler cults); Shipley 2000, 65-6 (representations of kingship). 3 OGIS 383. For an English translation, see Burstein 1985, 63-5. 4 The title philometor is attested on an extremely rare issue (see Table I).

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Ptolemy XII; Doson (doubtful meaning: “the one who will give,” since he constantly promised and never gave?) for Antigonos III; Gonatas (doubtful meaning: “from Gonnoi” or “knock-kneed,” from a piece of armor covering the knee) for Antigonos II5, Grypos (hook-nose) for Antiochos VIII; Hierax (falcon) for Antiochos, the son of Antiochos II; Keraunos (thunderbolt) for Ptolemy, stepson of Ptolemy I, and for Seleukos III; Lathyros (chickpea) for Ptolemy XI; Monophthalmos (one- eyed) for Antigonos I; Physkon (fat-belly) for Ptolemy VIII; or Pogon (bearded) for Seleukos II6. It is not surprising that these nicknames are completely absent from the epigraphic and numismatic records. Royal epithets referred to in epigraphic inscriptions and on coins are presumed to reflect the official will of the kings, the way they chose to be qualified, as an important part of the way they wanted to be perceived (a view that may be disputed). Apart from numerous studies concerning specific epithets or cases, few historians have attempted to propose a general pattern of explanation for these royal epithets. Among those, Alfred von Gutschmid (1831-1887), a specialist of the Parthians and ancient , built an ingenious theory in which each epithet was personally linked to the ruler for a specific and bio- graphical reason7. As was quickly recognized, we can accept that these epithets were chosen intentionally when they first occurred, but habits must have played a role thereafter, especially with the Parthians8. Another pivotal question addressed by Gutschmid was to investigate if kings were free to designate themselves as they wished or if this was left to a sacerdotal decree, as proposed by Gutschmid himself (an idea that never received strong support). Ancient authors are not very help- ful since some of them quite erroneously attribute both royal epithets and nicknames to the vox populi 9. For the Seleukid kingdom, Elias

5 See Brown 1979. 6 Bikerman 1938, 236-7; Shipley 2000, 65. Tryphon is to be placed in another category since it was the name consciously taken by Diodotos (142-138) to reign. Literally, it means “the licentious.” Modern historians have shown how the concept of tryphe (luxury) was promoted in these hard days of constant internal fighting. 7 von Gutschmid 1893. 8 Bouché-Leclercq 1914, 610-1. 9 The “Syrians” according to App. Syr. 45 (Antiochos V), 67 (Demetrios II), 69 (Antiochos X); the “army” for Antiochos I Kallinikos according to Zeuxis 11 (but Antiochos I is never presented as kallinikos elsewhere). See Bikerman 1938, 237.

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Joseph Bikerman (1897-1981) strongly advocated that there was no uni- form use of these royal epithets. In royal correspondence with cities, kings did not make use of the epithets they were given by civic com- munities. Yet there were clear instances where royal epithets were given by cities. The Milesians called Antiochos II theos because he delivered them from the tyrant Timarchos10. The Babylonians did the same with Demetrios I when they acclaimed him soter11. Moreover, the same king may have been designated differently on coins of various cities. Con- centrating on the coins of Antiochos IV, Bikerman noticed that leg- ends changed through his reign at Antioch and that these changes, which were consistent with the epigraphic record at Antioch, were not applied everywhere. In his view, royal epithets (both on coins and in epigraphic inscriptions) were very often given by cities to kings who never tried to make uniform the various names they were offered. In all cases, they were official epithets and not merely the result of some personal fantasy of the engravers. Consequently, epithets could differ from one city to another. In Bikerman’s view, epithets can be best understood as a civic phenomenon12. The aim of this paper is to offer a broad view of the numismatic evi- dence for all of the Hellenistic kings ranging from Sicily to . We must be reminded that this evidence may be deceptive and misleading: (1) with few exceptions, royal epithets on coins began to appear only in the second quarter of the second century, thus more than a century later than what we know from literary and epigraphic sources (this is per se interesting); (2) although abundant on coins, these royal epithets are mute since they give no information about the reasons for their choice and use. On the other hand, traditional advantages of numismatic evi- dence are fully appreciated here: (1) coins are likely to be trustworthy documents since they seem to be the consequence of the highest level of power (they are the king’s first prerogative in the royal economy as described by the Pseudo-Aristotle); (2) having been massively produced, they give us nowadays a good chance to obtain an uninterrupted sequence of all types struck. Hence, the classic opposition between numismatics and epigraphy: a dry but continuous information here in

10 App. Syr. 65. 11 App. Syr. 47. 12 Bikerman 1938, 238-41; also Préaux 1978, 251.

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contrast to a sophisticated but random information there13. Although in recent times the epigraphic material grew significantly for Parthian kings (and even for the Graeco-Baktrians and Indo-Greeks), numismatic evi- dence still forms the most informative record for these areas. What is more, coins almost certainly reached a wider audience in antiquity than either literature or inscriptions, so that they can be considered as a mass medium carrying the epithets of the rulers to the public. Royal Hellenistic epithets on coins have not received much attention thus far. We do have an old but still applicable and useful list of all royal epithets by Evaristo Breccia, who put no special emphasis on numis- matic evidence14. We also have some studies with special attention placed on coins of the Seleukids, admittedly the most fascinating king- dom under consideration15. In addition, we also have two recent and fairly comprehensive records, one for all Persian names on coins and the other for all Greek coin inscriptions16. As a general phenomenon most typical for the late Hellenistic period, royal epithets on coins have not been properly analyzed. Otto Mørk- holm gave a brief but informative sketch17. Like others, he noticed the extension of the phenomenon with Antiochos IV, from 172 onwards, and ironically added: “It is symptomatic that this practice was intro- duced at a time when the political power of the Hellenistic kingdoms was being undermined by Rome. Often one gets the impression that the more powerless a king felt, the more he tried to compensate by adopting a string of high-sounding epithets.”18 This proliferation of royal epithets, which continued under Roman rule, has been classified among the vari- ous fashions of the time19.

13 It would be useful — but beyond the scope of this paper — to give an up-to-date summary of all the royal epithets attested in epigraphic documents. 14 Breccia 1903, 95-8 and 126-31. 15 Bikerman 1938, 236-41; Mørkholm 1963, 68-74. 16 Alram 1986; Leschhorn and Franke 2002. 17 Mørkholm 1991, 30-1. 18 Mørkholm 1991, 31. See also Rebuffat 1996, 193; Chamoux 1985, 241 (“Avec le temps, le nombre des épithètes a crû, dans la mesure où le prestige réel du souverain décroisssait comme si l’un rachetait l’autre”). French children use to say: “C’est celui qui dit qui ne l’est pas.” 19 Carradice and Price 1988, 135.

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The Catalogue

The first aim of this paper was to create a table with all possible occurrences of epithets on the coins of Hellenistic rulers (Table 1). Such a table did not prove very easy to create. We decided not to take into account what must have been engraver’s errors or incorrect spellings20. In other respects the table is inclusive. It primarily lists epithets as they are normally understood, that is, descriptions of some quality inherent in the ruler. Such epithets often express godlike qualities and in some cases, especially with the Ptolemies, they correspond to cult titles attested in other documents. A few legends (epiphanous tou uiou and tou eggonos kamnaskirou) advertise a dynastic relationship that perhaps had cultic significance. Still other legends provide titles of office: of these, basileos basileon was venerable and probably had religious implications, whereas others, like archon Bosporou, are included just for the sake of complete- ness. Like the epigraphic evidence, the numismatic corpus is not static; several unknown legends appeared in recent years and have been dis- seminated in modern literature. Moreover, some monetary issues with fascinating legends no longer exist since all the coins were promptly melted down or overstruck, as is the case with Tiridates, a Parthian king (admittedly, a usurper) who (surely the only one of his kind!) qualified himself as philoromaios. However, some weak overstrikes fail to oblite- rate the original type whose legend is still visible under the new type of Phraates IV. First and foremost, we are all in need of up-to-date cata- logues for some major coinages. Chronologies for the Parthians and the Graeco-Baktrians/Indo-Greeks are notoriously difficult to establish. The standard catalogues have been revised on several points (more than enlarged) by modern research and the regnal years are still open to dis- cussion and debate. Differences in our actual knowledge lead to unequal treatment: metal and denominations were thought to have been important for the Parthi- ans, as well as for the Graeco-Baktrians and for the Indo-Greeks. As a rule, Ptolemaic coinages made no use of royal epithets. Consequently,

20 E.g., for I Balas, the keeps a hemidrachm with the legend Alexatoros instead of Alexandrou (Newell 1917, 53, no. 190), a possible reminiscence of the epithet theopatoros which is found on higher denominations.

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the catalogue was restricted to the rare occurrences for which epithets were attested. Information about mints is only provided for the Seleu- kids and the Ptolemies. We hope that, for all its uncertainties, Table 1 will prove to be useful to researchers21. For each Hellenistic ruler, it gives the different epithets attested in our numismatic records. A ruler with- out an epithet is not a ruler without a name, the sole exception being the Lakedaimonian kings, whose names are missing on the reverse while their portraits are on the obverse. The generalized habit for Hellenistic rulers was to put the legend basileos + their names (in the genitive form) on their coins22. The word basileus is truly Hellenistic since it appeared for the first time after the death of in June 323. Three additional tables have been created from the evidence of Table 1. These three tables generally concentrate on epithets in the classical sense, that is, epithets that express a kingly quality, associate the ruler with a deity or even imply his divinity. An index of the occurrences for each epithet, classified in chronological order, can be found in Table 2. This helps to visualize the first use and the dissemination of each epithet. The information is even more condensed in Table 3 which only states the first occurrence, while Table 4 is an attempt to classify these epithets thematically.

General Comments

1. Several phases of innovation Taking into account first occurrences only, several phases of innova- tion may be observed.

First phase. An Egyptian process (c. 270-198) Royal epithets on coins remained rare during the third century and are only to be found on Ptolemaic coinage, with the unique exception

21 Note for the reader: we are grateful to be informed should you note any omissions or inaccuracies in this table ([email protected] and [email protected]). 22 Exceptions to this rule are few and mainly concern the first Parthians with the sole mention of the dynastic name Arsakou (of Arsakes). For the sake of space, some Parthian legends have been abridged b.b.A.m., meaning basileos basileon Arsakou megalou (of the King of Kings Arsakes the Great).

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of the Parthian Arsakes I (see Table 3). With Ptolemy II Philadelphos came the titles theoi adelphoi 23, philadelphos and . It is worth notic- ing that the epithets philadelphos and soter were not used for living rulers but in order to commemorate a deceased king and queen. Coins with the epithet of Ptolemy IV and Arsinoe III, philopator, are usually attrib- uted to Ptolemy V, but very likely some were issued by Philopator him- self. is the first king who undoubtedly placed his own epithet on his lifetime coinage. The epithets theoi adelphoi and philadelphos were applied in Alexan- dria on extremely valuable coinage, leaving few chances for an Egyptian peasant to ever see any of them. The title soter was employed only briefly at the mint but had a long life in the provinces. The other titles were only struck in Phoenicia — philopator (, Tyre and Ptolemais), epiphanes (Tyre) and theos philometor (Ptolemais) — and remain scarce to extremely rare. We may conjecture about the excep- tional circumstances which favored such issues, but, struck outside Egypt in such limited quantities, they never played any grand role in the propaganda ideals of the king. So far, the six Egyptian epithets only belong to two thematic categories: domestic/dynastic or divinizing (see Table 4).

Second phase: a) the Graeco-Baktrian innovations (c. 174?) The first non-Ptolemaic rulers to innovate seem to have been Agath- okles (c. 185-170) and Antimachos (c. 174-165), the Graeco-Baktrian kings who, in 174 (?)24, struck fascinating commemorative tetradrachms to honor their predecessors, each of them with an appropriate epithet. The Seleukid king Antiochos II (261-246) is thus nikator, Diodotos I (c. 250-230) is soter, Euthydemos I (c. 230-200) is theos and Demetrios I (c. 200-185) is aniketos. Leaving aside soter and theos, already used by the Ptolemies, the two new epithets are both military: nikator and aniketos. On the obverse, Agathokles proclaimed himself dikaios, another novelty in our numismatic records. When put into perspective, this set of com- memorative issues is a most innovative and amazing enterprise. These

23 In some of the tables, and for purposes of the quantitative study, epithets com- posed of two words (e.g., theos epiphanes) are treated as separate words. 24 This date, used by Bopearachchi 1991, is Antimachos’ year of accession. For a study of these coins, see Holt 1984.

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tetradrachms, apparently produced on a fairly large scale and for which an updated study is eagerly awaited, never circulated in the west and, as such, remain an isolated case.

Second phase: b) a Seleukid process (c. 173/2-142) In 173/2, the Seleukid Antiochos IV took a decisive step, producing a full range of silver denominations (tetradrachms, drachms, hemidrachms, diobols and bronzes) with the legend basileos Antiochou theou epiphanous (of King Antiochos, god manifest) at the mint of Antioch. Tetradrachms only required a minimum of 17 obverse dies (which may mean half a million pieces!). To be proclaimed alive theos epiphanes was in no way a timid move. It comes as no surprise that numismatists tend to give to Antiochos IV a prominent place in the whole phenomenon of the royal epithets. Things went fast: “About the middle of the second century the practice was quite common.”25 The elements of the epithet used in 173/2 were not new (theos appeared in the plural in theoi adelphoi, the title of Ptolemy II Philadelphos and Arsinoe II, attested in written documents from 273/2; and epiphanes appeared in c. 199/8 with Ptolemy V Epiphanes). A couple of years later, in c. 169/8, Antiochos IV extended the existing legend with nikephorou, a new epithet at that time, never found on epigraphic documents and likely to be related to his Egyptian victory26. This ultimate legend was used with three different types of tetradrachms (with the head of , the king and on the obverse [35 obverses]) and even one issue of gold staters (head of the king). We notice that these epithets were mainly used in Antioch (also in Ptole- mais, Seleukeia on the Tigris and Ekbatana) but were absent in Seleu- keia in Pieria, Tarsos, Mallos, Byblos, Berytos, Sidon, Tyre, Askalon, and Antioch on the Persian Gulf 27. It is important to remember as well that coinage of Antiochos IV did not circulate west of the Tauros but went far to the east28.

25 Mørkholm 1962, 408. At that time, the argument was used to militate against a high chronology for the Kappadokian king whose monetary legend is read: basileos Ari- arathou eusebous. Against Bono Simonetta, who gave it to Ariarathes IV, Mørkholm rightly attributed these issues to the last years of Ariarathes V, from 135 onwards. 26 Mørkholm 1963, 37 and 72. 27 Not taking into account the many uncertain mints we are unable to locate precisely. 28 Out of the 26 hoards recorded in the Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards, no less than 17 have an eastern provenance (Thompson, Mørkholm and Kraay 1973, 389).

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Innovation remained Seleukid during the following decades (Table 3). Out of the eight new epithets registered for the years c. 164–c. 142, six were promoted by a Seleukid king. The important part taken by usurp- ers or illegitimate kings in this process should be noticed: Timarchos (c. 162) is declared megas in his eastern mints (Seleukeia on the Tigris and Ekbatana). Alexander Balas was not afraid to be proclaimed for the first time on coins euergetes and theopator. Tryphon (142-138) system- atically put the title autokrator on his coins minted in Antioch and Phoenicia. In these troubled years, Ptolemy VI introduced the domestic epithet philometor, which had a Ptolemaic flavor; and after the capture of Seleukeia on the Tigris in 141, Mithradates I of Parthia declared him- self philellen.

Third phase: Kappadokia and the lesser kingdoms (c. 134-36) The epithet eusebes only appears in c. 134 with Ariarathes V. Kappa- dokia proved to be innovative at the end of the Hellenistic period. Ariobarzanes I (95-63) was the first to put the title philoromaios on his drachms, while Archelaos (36 B.C. – A.D. 17) was first with the legend philopatridos tou ktistou29. At about the same time and not far from there, in Kilikia, Tarkondimotos (39-31) chose (im)prudently to appear as philantonios (the friend of Antony). Near to the east, in Kommagene, Samos (c. 130-100) was qualified as theosebes on his coinage (echoing the eusebes of Ariarathes V of Kappadokia) while Artavazdes, king of Arme- nia (55-34), was theios (not exactly god but still divine). During the second half of the first century, Kappadokia, Kilikia, Kommagene and were not leading powers but fearful king- doms looking for protectors. Invention was no more the seal of the powerful but the avowal of the weak. That was the time for political epithets like philoromaios which also flourished on coins in (Brogitaros, c. 58-53), in Kommagene (Mithradates II, c. 36-20) and even — for a while — in Parthia (Tiridates I, c. 26). It is now easy to disapprove of the choice of being called philantonios as short-sighted.

29 It may be that the first occurrence of the epithet ktistes was made by the Parthian Pakoros I in c. 40-38 (see also Sellwood and Simonetta 2006). For a recent analysis of the notion of Patria and the use of the epithet in Hellenistic times, see Muccioli 2006.

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Tarkondimotos (39-31) was not that wise and he died bravely on the battlefield at Actium. To conclude, back to Baktriane, the epithet theotropos made its appearance with Queen at the end of the second century while the epithet kallinikos made a late and somehow incongruous appearance on some remote bronzes struck at Seleukeia in Pieria by Demetrios III, one of the last Seleukids, at the end of the 90s30, as well as — systematically — on rare bronze coins of the Kommagenian king Mithridates I (c. 100-70).

2. Frequency of use of the royal epithets Differences among kingdoms Western rulers made no use of royal epithets on their coins. This is true for Sicily, for mainland and for the areas of the Black Sea, where around the middle of the first century (55/54) the first to qualify himself was Pharnakes II (63-47), with a grandiloquent basileos basileon megalou, initially used by Mithradates II of Parthia (c. 123-88). Conversely, Parthian kings made the most extensive use of royal epi- thets on their coins. This culminated in legends with no less than eight lines of text, as can be seen on the drachms of Mithradates III (58-55). The longest legend on record says: basileos basileon Arsakou megalou theou eupa- toros kai philellenos dikaiou epiphanous (of the King of Kings Arsakes the great, god, of noble descent and friend of the Greeks, just, manifest)31. This grand titulature for Mithradates III, with a total of six royal epithets, is paralleled by the inscription in Nemrud Dag for Antiochos I of Kom- magene (Great King Antiochos, divine, just, manifest (visible), friend of the Romans and the Greeks) already quoted in this paper. Also at about the same time, Artabazos of Charakene (49/8) decided to extend the royal legend to a point never seen before or after him in this kingdom: basileos Artabazou theopatoros autokratoros soteros philopatoros kai philellenos (of King Artabazes, [son] of a divine father, ruler by his own authority, savior, father-loving and friend of the Greeks). The middle of the first century can be seen as a climax for these lengthy titulatures. Interestingly enough, the only common epithet of the three cases quoted is philellen.

30 Houghton 1983, 28, no. 414. 31 Shore 1993, 119, nos. 200-4.

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In this general context, it is worth noticing that royal epithets remained rare on Ptolemaic coins, despite the fact that the Ptolemies first introduced such epithets and, for nearly a century (270-174), they remained the only ones to use them. As noted, the epithets philopator, epiphanes and philometor appear as curiosities in the Ptolemaic corpus, restricted to a few dies; in the case of philometor, the epithet is attested by a unique tetradrachm.

Differences within the Seleukid kingdom For Bikerman, the use of royal epithets differed from one city to another. On coins, it was not dictated by the size of the denomination. Both statements, intended to describe the Seleukid reality, cannot be applied to the entire Hellenistic world. Indeed, taking into account all of the numismatic evidence for the Hellenistic world, it would be erroneous to state that, as a general rule, epithets varied from one city to another. Instead, the main practice we may observe implies a constant use of one or more epithets, whatever the number of mints in activity. Moreover, as is made clear by Table 1, differences between Seleukid mints existed but possibly not at the level attested by the epigraphic evidence. On the other hand, size sometimes mattered, even for Seleukid coin- ages. Tetradrachms of Antiochos IV (175-164) from Seleukeia on the Tigris do not use his epithets, but on a bronze series almost certainly of Seleukeia we read theou epiphanous 32. During the reign of Demetrios I (161-150) the same mint proclaimed the king soter on his precious metal coinage, but rarely cited this epithet on his bronzes33. In the Antiochene coinage of Alexander I Balas (152-145), gold staters, tetradrachms and drachms include theopatoros euergetou in their legends, while smaller silver denominations and bronzes do not; the same contrast exists at Seleukeia on the Tigris34.

Local specificities Some epithets were extensively used in some places, while they were unknown in others. Table 5 gives the frequencies for the most docu-

32 Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 103-7, nos. 1505-6 and 1513-5. 33 Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 183-8, nos. 1683-705. 34 Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 219-27 and 249-50, nos. 1780-96 and 1858-63.

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mented kingdoms. Specifities have been noted in bold characters. Some kingdoms were clearly more innovative than others. With only 12 different epithets (row A) for 37 kings (first row), the Graeco-Baktrian and Indo-Greek kings look rather repetitive in their way of qualifying themselves and, indeed, no less than 18 of them choose to call themselves soter and 9 dikaios. Interestingly too, the epithet ani- ketos was used only by these kings. With its Latin counterpart invictus, the word itself prompts us to suspect some Mithraic context. However, the catalogue leads us in a more political and military direction since the same kings also made an extensive use of the epithets nikator and nike- phoros (especially in the years 100-80, with three occurrences for anike- tos, two for nikephoros and one for nikator). The last row (C) gives the average number of epithets used by kings who put at least one epithet on their coins. With a ratio of 4.6, the Parthians markedly differ from the others. They are the ones who made the most abundant use of royal epithets. On their drachms, the accumu- lation of words makes the legends difficult and sometimes illegible, all the more since the letters were engraved with dotted ends. Alone among the Hellenistic rulers, Parthian kings liked to be proclaimed on their coins as philellen (11 occurrences out of 12) or theopator (7 occurrences out of 9)35. And they liked to be qualified as megas as well (9 out of 15). Other peculiarities may be observed. It turns out that the epithet eusebes has a strong Kappadokian flavor (4 out of 5 occurrences) while theos was primilarily used by the Seleukid kings (5 out of 9 occurrences). With 15 different epithets on their coins, the Seleukid kings offer the most diversified gallery of royal adjectives, equal only to the Parthians.

Conclusion

The survey of royal epithets presented here inspired a few observa- tions, but fundamentally it is intended to aid future research. We emphasize that these epithets should be studied in their numismatic context, taking account of the entire epithet, the coin types with which it is associated, the mint(s) of origin and the circulation pattern of the

35 On the introduction and meaning of the epithet under Mithradates I, see D∏browa 2009, especially 45-8.

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coinage, etc. Only then can an epithet be situated in its proper political and religious context. The possibilities for the Graeco-Baktrian and Graeco-Indian kings are especially promising: many of these kings pro- duced parallel coinages with inscriptions in Indic languages, so that the coinage itself provides fertile ground for cross-cultural comparison. It would be fascinating to produce a similar survey of epithets for the epigraphic material. Such a task may prove more difficult to achieve since the evidence is more disseminated and less coherent. Precisely speaking, the comparison of the two sets of data is likely to give a good idea of how these documents, both held by many as “official,” may diverge. Except for limited categories of material such as prostagmata, civic inscriptions dealing with kings reflect civic terminologies that were submitted for royal approval. This was not the case with coins whose legends normally originated with the Hellenistic rulers and their courts. For now, we would like to conclude on what appears to be a final step and ultimate promotion for these royal epithets: the transformation of one epithet into a royal name as it occurred in Kilikia with the king Philopator, arguably the loving son of Tarkondimotos36.

Bibliography

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36 RPC 1, no. 3872.

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TABLE 1. List of Royal Hellenistic Epithets on Coinage (in geographical and chronological order)

Sicily Royal Epithets References Agathokles (317-209) — Hiketas (288-279) — Pyrrhos (278-276) — Hieron II (c. 275-215) — Hieronymos (215-214) — Macedon Royal Epithets References Demetrios Poliorketes — (294-288) Antigonos II Gonatas — (277-239) Antigonos III Doson — (229-221) V (221-170) — Perseus (179-168) — Lakedaimonians Royal Epithets References Areos I (c. 309-265) — (not even the name of the king) Kleomenes (c. 235-221) — (id.) Nabis (c. 207-192) — (id.) Royal Epithets References Kanites (second c.) — Alram 1986, nos. 1-8 Charaspes (second c.) — Alram 1986, no. 9 Skilouros (second half — Alram 1986, nos. 10-3 of second c.) Sarias (first c.) — Alram 1986, no. 14-8 Bosporos Royal Epithets References Akes (start of second c.) — Alram 1986, no. 37 Pairisades (second c.) — Alram 1986, no. 38 Saumakos (c. 108-107) — Alram 1986, nos. 39-41

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Pharnakes II (63-47) b. b. megalou (from 55/4) Golenko & Karyszkowski 1972 Asander (c. 46-16/5) archontou Bosporou (title of office, years 1-4) Nawotka 1992 — (years 4-29) Thrace Royal Epithets References Seuthes III (c. 330-295) — Peter 1997, 3.1 Lysimachos (297-281) — Spartokos (first quarter — Peter 1997, 3.2 of third c.) Rhoigos (first half of — Peter 1997, 3.4 third c.) Skostokos (second — Peter 1997, 3.5 quarter of third c.) Adaios (c. 275-225) — Peter 1997, 3.6 Orsoaltios (third c.) — Peter 1997, 3.7 Kersibaulos (third c.) — Peter 1997, 3.8 Royal Epithets References Philetairos (282-263) — I (263-241) — Attalos I (241-197) — Eumenes II (197-160) — Eumenes III/ — Aristonikos (c. 130) Pontos Royal Epithets References Mithradates III — (c. 220-200) Pharnakes (c. 200-169) — Mithradates IV — (c. 169-150) philopatoros kai philadelphou Mithradates IV & philadelphon Laodike (c. 160-150) Laodike (c. 169-150) — Tkalec, 19 Feb. 2001, 971 (epiphanou kai philadelphou)

1 This unique stater is most likely a modern forgery.

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Mithradates V euergetou (c. 150-119) Mithradates VI eupatoros (119-63) Polemo (c. 37-8) eusebous RPC 1, nos. 3801-2 Royal Epithets References Pylaimenes (end euergetou (bronze) second c.) Deiotaros (c. 35-31) philadelphou RPC 1, no. 3508 philadelphou philopatoros RPC 1, no. 3509 Bithynia Royal Epithets References Nikomedes I — (c. 279-255) Prusias I (c. 228-185) — Prusias II (c. 185-149) — Nikomedes II (149-128) epiphanous (from 148/7) Nikomedes III (128-94) epiphanous Nikomedes IV (94-74) epiphanous Galatia Royal Epithets References Deiotaros (c. 64-40) — Brogitaros (c. 58-53) philoromaiou Amyntas (36-25) — RPC 1, nos. 3501-7 Kilikia Royal Epithets References Tarkondimotos (39-31) philantoniou RPC 1, no. 3871 Kappadokia Royal Epithets References Ariaramnes — Alram 1986, nos. 127-31 (c. 280-230) Ariarathes III — Alram 1986, nos. 132-7 (c. 230-220) Ariarathes IV (223-164) — Alram 1986, nos. 138-9, 141-50 Ariarathes V (163-130) eusebous (from 135) Orophernes (158-157) nikephorou

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Ariarathes VI & Nysa epiphanous tou uiou (unique drachm) Paris, BnF (c. 130) Ariarathes VI (130-116) epiphanous ?philopatoros CNG 75, 23 May 2007, 451 theou philopatoros Alram 1986, no. 140 Ariarathes VII (116-101) philometoros Ariarathes VIII epiphanous or eusebous (101-100) Ariarathes IX (101-87) eusebous philopatoros (tetradrachm) eusebous (drachm) Ariobarzanes I (95-63) philoromaiou Ariobarzanes II (63-52) philopatoros Ariobarzanes III eusebous kai philoromaiou (52-42) Ariarathes X (42-36) eusebous kai philadelphou Archelaos philopatridos tou ktistou (36 B.C.–A.D. 17) Kommagene Royal Epithets References Arsamos (before 130) — Alram 1986, no. 239 Samos (c. 130-100) theosebous kai dikaiou Alram 1986, nos. 240-1 Mithradates I — Alram 1986, no. 246 (c. 100-70) kallinikou Alram 1986, no. 242-5 Antiochos I (c. 69-40) — RPC 1, nos. 3845-7 Mithradates II megalou Alram 1986, no. 247 (c. 36-20) philoromaiou Alram 1986, no. 248 Royal Epithets References Arsames (end of — Alram 1986, nos. 170-3 third c.) Abdissares (start of — Alram 1986, nos. 174-8 second c.) adiabenou Callatay 1996 Xerxes (c. 170) — Alram 1986, nos. 179-82 Arsakes (first c.) — Alram 1986, no. 184 Armenia Royal Epithets References (c. 123-96) megas Alram 1986, no. 186

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megas philellenos (bronze, Nisibis)2 Alram 1986, nos. 187-9 Tigranes II (95-55) — (tetradr. & dr., Antioch & Damaskos) Nercessian 2006, 26-83 basileos basileon (4dr. & dr., , Nercessian 2006, 85-103 78–72) Artavasdes II (c. 55-34) basileos basileon (drachms) Nercessian 2006, 109-11 basileos basileon theiou (tetradrachms) Nercessian 2006, 108-9 (c. 34-20) theiou (drachms) Nercessian 2006, 112-3 megalou Alram 1986, no. 185 Tigranes III (c. 20-8) megalou Alram 1986, nos. 212-5 megalou theou Alram 1986, nos. 216-9 m. philopatoros kai philellenos (drachms) Nercessian 2006, 113-4 Royal Epithets References Artavasdes (c. 30) basileos basileon megalou Alram 1986, no. 236-7 Seleukids Royal Epithets References Seleukos I (312-280) — Antiochos I (280-261) — soteros (posthumous, under Seleukos II)3 Le Rider 1999, 74-54 Antiochos II (261-246) — Seleukos II (245-225) — Antiochos Hierax (c. 242(?)-227) Seleukos III (225/4-222) — Antiochos III (222-187) — (222-220) — Achaios (220-214) — Seleukos IV (187-175)5 —

2 The date of these bronzes is debated: Tigranes I or Tigranes II? See Nercessian 2000. 3 Gold oktadrachms and silver tetradrachms, from a mint “near Antioch.” 4 Le Rider (1999a, 74-5) knows 34 tetradrachms (4 obverse dies) and one gold octadrachm (sharing its obverse with the tetradrachms). He leaves the chronology between 246-5 and 240 (1999a, 84). 5 There is a bronze coin with the legend Basileos Seleukou Philopatoros in the Fitz-

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Antiochos (c. 175-170) — Antiochos IV (175-164) —6 theou epiphanous7 theou epiphanous nikephorou8 theou (Ekbatana)9 epiphanous (posthumous, Antioch) Antiochos V (164-162) —10 eupatoros11 Timarchos (162) megalou (Seleukeia on the Tigris, Ekbatana) Demetrios I (162-150) —12 soteros13

william Museum, attributed to Seleukos IV; Mørkholm expressed doubts about its authenticity, not about the reading (Mørkholm 1963, 73 n. 122). Hougton, Lorber and Hoover (2008, 34) suggest it is a modern confection based on an issue of Seleukos VI. 6 For Antioch, see Le Rider 1999a, 192-222 (Series 1: 4 obverse dies for 32 tet- radrachms, 1 obverse for 5 drachms); Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1407 (bronze). Other mints include Seleukeia in Pieria, Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos, Soloi, Tarsos, Mallos, Byblos, Berytos, Sidon, Tyre, Ptolemais (Mørkholm 1963, 1-3; Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1477-79, 1483-6 [bronze]), to the mint of the western goddess bronzes, Askalon, Egypt, Seleukeia on the Tigris, Antioch on the Persian Gulf, Antioch in , Susa, Ekbatana, other eastern mints. 7 For Antioch, see Le Rider 1999a, 33-218 (Series 2: 18 obverse dies for 186 tet- radrachms, 4 obverse dies for 19 drachms, 1 obverse die for 15 hemidrachms, 1 obverse die for 2 diobols); Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1408-15 (bronze). The epithet also appears on Syrian bronze issues (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1434-39), at Seleu- keia on the Tigris on one series of bronze coins (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1513-5) and at Ekbatana (epithets added to one drachm reverse die, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1549). 8 For Antioch, see Le Rider 1999a, 1-3 (Series III: 3 obverse dies for 3 gold staters, 36 obverse dies for 343 tetradrachms); Ptolemais (Mørkholm 1963, 4-14). 9 Tetradrachms and drachm (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1539, 1541-2, 1547). 10 Berytos, Tyre, Ptolemais (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1581), Antioch on the Persian Gulf. 11 For Antioch, see Le Rider 1999a, 234-47 (1 obverse die for 1 gold oktadrachm [no. 209], 21 obverse dies for 261 tetradrachms, 2 obverse dies for 3 drachms). Other mints include Tarsos, Byblos, Ptolemais (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1582-3), and an uncertain mint in Media (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1585-6). 12 For Antioch, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1633-8 (tetradrachms), 1644-7 (bronze). Other mints include Soloi, Tarsos, Mallos, Sidon, Tyre, Ptolemais, Seleukeia on the Tigris (most bronze, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1691,

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Alexander I (150-145) —14 theopatoros (kai) euergetou15 Demetrios II16 —17 first reign (145-140) theou philadelphou nikatoros18 philadelphou nikatoros19 theopatoros philadelphou20 theou nikatoros21 nikatoros22 Antiochos VI —23 (144-142/1) epiphanous Dionusou24

1693-1702), Antioch on the Persian Gulf, Antioch in Persis, Susa, Ekbatana (some drachms and bronze, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1731-2, 1738-9). 13 For Antioch, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1627-32 (gold), 1639-41 (tetradrachms) 1642-3 (drachms and hemidrachms). Other mints include an uncertain Syrian mint (bronzes with animal heads), Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos, Nisibis? (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1681-2), Seleukeia on the Tigris (gold oktadrachms, gold staters, tetradrachms, some bronze, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1692, 1703-5), Ekbatana (gold staters, tetradrachms, most drachms, most bronze). 14 Antioch (hemidrachms, diobol and bronze), Seleukeia in Pieria, Apameia, Eupatria, Byblos, Berytos, Sidon (Phoenician standard and bronze), Tyre, Ptolemais (Phoenician standard and bronze), Askalon, Marisa, Gaza, Seleukeia on the Tigris (bronze), Orchoi, Antioch on the Persian Gulf, Susa. 15 Antioch (gold stater, tetradrachms, drachms), Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos, Soloi, Tarsos, Mallos, Sidon (Attic standard), Ptolemais (Attic standard), Seleukeia on the Tigris (silver), Ekbatana. 16 On the epithets of Demetrios II, see Muccioli 1995. 17 Antioch (diobol and bronze) and Syria, Berytos, Sidon (Phoenician standard and bronze), Tyre (Phoenician standard and bronze), Gaza, Nisibis (bronzes), Antioch on the Persian Gulf, Susa 18 Antioch, Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 208, 1888), Soloi, Mopsos, Sidon (Attic standard), many unidentified western mints. 19 Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1889, 1891), Soloi, Tarsos, Mallos, Tyre (Attic standard), many unidentified western mints, Seleukeia on the Tigris. 20 Drachm with affinities to Seleukeia on the Tigris (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1995B). 21 Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1890), Seleu- keia on the Tigris. 22 Nisibis (bronze), uncertain mints (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 1924-8, 1940-1, 1945-8). 23 Probably Apameia (hemidrachm, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 2013), Byblos, Ptolemais (Phoenician standard), Askalon, Marisa. 24 Antioch, Apameia, Chalkis by Belos, Tarsos, Mallos, probably Ptolemais (bronze).

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Tryphon (141-138) autokratoros25 Antiochos VII (138-129) —26 euergetou27 megalou euergetou (gold stater) Hoover 2007, 633 Demetrios II —28 second reign (129-125) theou nikatoros 29 Antiochus (128) epiphanous (Antioch) Alexander II (128-123) —30 epiphanous nikephorou (br., Seleukeia in Pieria) theou epiphanous nikephorou (st., Antioch) Kleopatra (125) theas eueterias (Ptolemais) Kleopatra & Antiochos —31 VIII (125-121) theas 32 Antiochos VIII —33 (121-96) epiphanous 34 philometoros 35

25 Antioch and Syria, Byblos, Ptolemais, Askalon. 26 Antioch (smallest bronze denomination), Byblos, Berytos, Sidon (Phoenician standard and bronze), Tyre (Phoenician standard and bronze), Ptolemais (Phoenician standard), Askalon, Marisa, Orchoi, Susa. 27 Antioch, Syria, Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos, Soloi, Tarsos, Mallos, Damaskos, Sidon (Attic standard), Tyre (Attic standard), Ptolemais (Attic standard and bronze), Jerusalem, Seleukeia on the Tigris. 28 Berytos, Sidon (Phoenician standard), Tyre (Phoenician standard and bronze), Ptolemais (Phoenician standard), Askalon. 29 Antioch, Seleukeia in Pieria, Syria, Tarsos, Mallos, Damaskos, Sidon (Attic stand- ard), Tyre (Attic standard), Ptolemais (Attic standard). 30 Antioch, perhaps Apameia, Syria, Tarsos and , Damaskos, Berytos, Askalon. 31 Antioch, Syria (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 2266), Tarsos, Kilikia (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 2261), Sidon (Phoenician standard), Ptolemais (Phoenician standard and bronze), Askalon. 32 Syria (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 2265), Kilikia (Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 2259), Damaskos, Sidon (Attic standard), Ptolemais (Attic standard). 33 Tarsos (civic workshop, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 2284, 2287), Berytos, Sidon (Phoenician standard), Ptolemais (Phoenician standard), Askalon. 34 Antioch, Seleukeia in Pieria, Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos, Tarsos (royal work- shop), Tarsos (civic workshop, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 2285-6, 2288-9), Mallos, uncertain Kilikia, Damaskos, Sidon (Attic standard), Ptolemais (Attic standard). 35 Antioch (single bronze issue dated S.E. 202 = 111/0, see Houghton, Lorber and Hoover 2008, 2308).

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Antiochos IX (113-95) —36 philopatoros 37 Seleukos VI epiphanous nikatoros 38 (c. 96 - c. 94) nikatoros (drachm & hemidrachm, Antioch) Antiochos X eusebous philopatoros (Antioch, Syria) (c. 94 - probably c. 88) Antiochos XI & Philip — (c. 94-94/3) Antiochos XI (c. 94/3) epiphanous philadelphou (Antioch) Demetrios III philometoros euergetou (Tarsos) (97/6-88/7) theou philopatoros soteros 39 philometoros euergetou kallinikou40 Houghton 1983, no. 414 Philip epiphanous philadelphou41 (c. 94/3 - perhaps 76/5) Antiochos XII epiphanous philopatoros kallinikou42 (87/6-83/2) dionusou epiphanous philopatoros kallinikou43 Kleopatra Selene (with Selenes (probably Damaskos) Antiochos XIII, 83/2-before 75) Antiochos XIII (with — (probably Damaskos) Kleopatra Selene, philometoros (probably Damaskos) 83/2-before 75) Antiochos XIII (sole philadelphou (Antioch) reign, 69/8-7 or 65/4) Chalkis Royal Epithets References Ptolemaios (c. 85-40) tetrarchou kai archiier (titles of office) Lysanias (40-36) tetrarchou kai archiereos (titles of office) RPC 1, nos. 4768-70 Zenodoros (30-20) tetrarchou kai archiereos (titles of office) RPC 1, nos. 4774-6

36 Sidon (Phoenician standard), Ptolemais (Phoenician standard). 37 Antioch, Syria, Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos, Tarsos, Mallos, Mopsos, Kilikia, Damaskos, Tripolis, Sidon (Attic standard), Phoenicia, Ptolemais (Attic standard), Sama- ria (where the epithet is abbreviated philo, phil, or phi), Askalon. 38 Antioch, Syria, Seleukeia on the Kalykadnos, Elaeusa, Tarsos, Kilikia. 39 Antioch, Damaskos. 40 Bronze, Seleukeia in Pieria. 41 Antioch, Syria, Tarsos. 42 Damaskos. 43 Damaskos.

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Judea Royal Epithets References Herod (40-4) — RPC 1, no. 4901-11 Nabatea Royal Epithets References Aretas (84-71) philellenos Parthia Royal Epithets References Arsakes (c. 238-211) Arsakou (drachm) Shore 1993, no. 2 Arsakou autokratoros Shore 1993, no. 2 Arsakes II (c. 211-191) Arsakou (drachm) Shore 1993, nos. 3-4 Mithradates I Arsakou (drachms & bronze) Shore 1993, nos. 5-6, 23 (c. 171-138) basileos Arsakou (drachms, obol) Shore 1993 nos. 7-11, 20 basileos Arsakou megalou (drachms) Shore 1993, nos. 12-7 basileos megalou Arsakou (dr., ob. & br.) Shore 1993, nos. 18, 24-34, 38-9 basileos theou Arsakou (drachm) Shore 1993, no. 18 basileos megalou Arsakou theopatoros (dr.) Shore 1993, no. 19 basileos megalou Arsakou philellenos (tetradr.) Shore 1993, nos. 35–7 Phraates II (c. 138-127) b. m. Arsakou theopatoros (dr., br.) Shore 1993, nos. 41-56 Artabanos I b. m. Arsakou theopatoros (dr.) Shore 1993, nos. 57-8 (c. 127-124) b.m. Arsakou philadelphou (dr.) Shore 1993, nos. 59-62 b.m. Arsakou philadelphou philellenos (dr.) Shore 1993, no. 63 b. Arsakou philadelphou philellenos (dr.) Shore 1993, no. 64 Mithradates II b. m. Arsakou epiphanou(s) (tetra., dr. & br.) Shore 1993, nos. 66-84, 91-2, (c. 123-88) 108-9 b. b. m. A. epiphanou (dr. & br.) Shore 1993, nos. 85-8, 93-101 b. b. A. dikaiou euergetou kai philellen (dr.) Shore 1993, nos. 102-7 Gotarzes I (c. 95-87) b. m. A. theopatoros nikatoros (dr. & br.) Shore 1993, nos. 110-9 Orodes I (c. 90-77) b. m. A. autokratoros philopatoros epiphanous Short 1993, nos. 120-30 philellenos (tetra., dr. & br.) b. m. A. theopatoros euergetou (dr.) Shore 1993, nos. 131-40 Sinatrukes (c. 77-70) b. m. A. epiphanous philellenos euergetou Shore 1993, nos. 145-7 (dr.)

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Phraates III (c. 70-58) b. m. A. epiphanous philellenos euergetou (dr. Shore 1993, nos. 148, 168-88 & br.) b. m. A. epiphanous (tetra. & dr.) Shore 1993, nos. 66-76, 149 b. m. A. kai philellenos epiphanous Shore 1993, nos. 150-63 philopatoros euergetou (dr.) b. m. A. theopatoros euergetou epiphanous Shore 1993, nos. 164, 167 philellenos (dr., & br.) b. m. A. kai philellenos epiphanous Shore 1993, nos. 165-6 theopatoros euergetou (dr.) Mithradates III b. m. A. theou eupatoros philellenos dikaiou Shore 1993, nos. 189-99, (c. 58-55) epiphanous (dr.) 206–7 b. b. A. m. theou eupatoros kai philellenos Shore 1993, nos. 200-4, 208 dikaiou epiphanous (dr.) b. b. A. theouiou theopatoros dikaiou Shore 1993, no. 205 epiphanous philellenos (dr.) b. A. tou epikaloumenou Mithradatou Sellwood & Simonetta 2006, philellenos (overstruck tetra.) 284 Orodes II (c. 58-37) b. b. A. euergetou dikaiou epiphanous Shore 1993, nos. 209-13, 232 philellenos (tetra. & dr.) b. b. A. epiphanous philellenos philopatoros Shore 1993, nos. 214-31, 233-66 dikaou (dr.) Pakoros I (c. 40-38) b. b. A. euergetou dikaiou epiphaous Shore 1993, no. 267 (= Triton philellenos VII, 12 Jan. 2004, 455) b. b. m. A. kai ktistou (tetra.) Sellwood & Simonetta 2006, 289 Phraates IV (c. 38-2) b. b. A. euergetou dikaiou epiphanous Shore 1993, nos. 268-305 philellenos (tetra. & dr.) b. b. A. diou euergetou Phraatou epiphanous Sellwood & Simonetta 2006, epikaloumenou philellenos (dr.) 293-4 Tiridates (c. 29–26) b. b. A. euergetou dikaiou epiphanous Shore 1993, nos. 306–11 philellenos (tetra.) b. b. A. autokrator philoromaiou epiphanous Sellwood 1980, no. 55.7 philellenos (overstruck tetra.) Royal Epithets References Kamnaskires I (c. 147) megalou soteros Alram 1986, no. 429 — Alram 1986, no. 430

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Kamnaskires II nikephorou Alram 1986, nos. 431-3 (c. 145-139) — Alram 1986, nos. 434-44 Okkonaspes (c. 139) soteros Alram 1986, no. 445 — Alram 1986, no. 446 Tigraios (c. 138/7-133/2) — Alram 1986, nos. 447-53 Kamnaskires III & — Alram 1986, nos. 454-7 Anzaze (c. 82/1-75) Kamnaskires III & Makedon? Alram 1986, no. 454; Gorny Anzaze (first century) & Mosch 129, 8 March 2004, 191 Kamnaskires IV tou eg(gonou) Kamna. Alram 1986, nos. 458-62 (c. 62/1 or 59/8-56/5) Kamnaskires V tou eg(gonou) Kamna. Alram 1986, nos. 463-6 (c. 36 B.C.) Charakene Royal Epithets References Hyspaosines — Alram 1986, nos. 491-4 (125/4-122/1) Apodakos (110/9-104/3) — Alram 1986, nos. 495-7 Tiraios I euergetou Alram 1986, nos. 498-502 (c. 95/4-90/89) Tiraios II soteros kai euergetou Alram 1986, no. 503 (c. 79/8-49/8) — Alram 1986, no. 504 Artabazos (49/8) theopatoros autokratoros soteros philopatoros Alram 1986, no. 505 kai philellenos 44 Attambelos I (c. 47-24) soteros kai euergetou Theonesios I (c. 40-39) soteros kai euergetou Graeco-Baktrians and Royal Epithets References Indo-Greeks Antiochos II nikatoros (tetra. under Agathokles) Bopearachchi 1998, no. 258 (c. 261-246)

44 Only one known tetradrachm (Paris, Bnf): see Le Rider 1999b, 996. On this most atypical legend for a Charakenian king and its Parthian style, see Le Rider 1999b, 998-9.

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Diototos I & II — Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 75-119 (c. 250-230) soteros (tetra. under Agathokles & Bopearachchi 1998, Antimachos) nos. 259-60, 296 Euthydemos I (c. — Bopearachchi 1998, 230-200) nos. 120-85 theou (tetra. under Agathokles & Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 261, Antimachos) 297-8 Demetrios I — Bopearachchi 1998, (c. 200-185) nos. 186-215 aniketou (tetra. & br. under Agathokles) Bopearachchi 1991, pl. 8, J Euthydemos II — Bopearachchi 1998, (c. 185-180) nos. 216-29 Agathokles (c. 185-170) — (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 230-1, 234-55 dikiou (tetra. & dr.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 232-3 (c. 185-180) — (br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 262-73 Antimachos I (c. theou (tetra., dr., ob. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, 174-165) nos. 274-95 Apollodotos I (c. — (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1991, pl. 11, A 175-165) soteros (dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 299-390 Demetrios II (c. — (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 391-5 175-170) Antimachos II (c. nikephorou (dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, 174-165) nos. 396-429 Eukratides I (c. — (tetra., dr., ob. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, 170-145) nos. 430-60, 612-7 megalou (st., tetra., dr. & br—posthumous) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 461-525, 530-611 megas (tetra.—posthumous) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 526-9 Eukratides II (c. — (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1998, 145-140) nos. 618-24 soteros (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1998, no. 625

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Plato (c. 145-140) epiphanous (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 627-31 Heliokles I (c. 145-130) dikaiou (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 632-81 Menandros I soteros (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, (c. 155-130) nos. 682-965 Zoilos I (c. 130-120) dikaiou (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 966-80 Agathokleia (c. 135-125) theotropou (dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 981-6 Strato I (c. 125-110) soteros Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 989-93, 1012–7 soteros (kai) dikaiou (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 994-8 epiphanous soteros (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 999-1011, 1018-24 Lysias (c. 120-110) aniketou (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998. nos. 1025-55 Antialkidas (c. 115-95) nikephorou (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, no. 1056-137 Heliokles II dikaiou (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, (c. 110-100) nos. 1139-57 Polyxenos (c. 100) epiphanous soteros (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, no. 1158 Demetrios III (c. 100) aniketou (br.) Bopearachchi 1998, no. 1159 Philoxenos (c. 100-95 aniketou (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998. nos. 1160-214 Diomedes (c. 95-90) soteros (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1215-40 Amyntas (c. 95-90) nikatoros (dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1241-53 Epander (c. 95-90) nikephorou (dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1254-9 (c. 90) autokratoros (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1991, pl. 48, I-J dikaiou (tetra. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1260-62 Peukolaos (c. 90) dikaiou kai soteros (tetra. & br.) Bopearachchi 1991, pl. 48, I Nikias (c. 90-85) soteros (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1263-8

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Menandros II dikaiou (dr.) Bopearachchi 1998. (c. 90-85) nos. 1269-71 Artemidoros (c. 85) aniketou (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1272-84 Archebios (c. 90-80) dikaiou nikephorou (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1285-316 Hermaios (c. 90-70) soteros (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1326-521 Telephos (c. 75-70) euergetou (tetra. & br.) Bopearachchi 1991, pl. 60, B-F Apollodotos II soteros (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, (c. 80-65) nos. 1522-33, 1574-92, 1603-13 soteros kai philopatoros (dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1534-69, 1593-1602 megalou soteros kai philopatoros (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1570-3 (c. 65-55) soteros (tetra., dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1614-23, 1631-46 megalou soteros (tetra.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1624-30 Dionysios (c. 65-55) soteros (dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1647-53 Zoilos II (c. 65-35) soteros (dr. & br.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1654-86 Apollophanes (c. 35-25) soteros (dr.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1687-95 Strato II (c. 40/35-25) soteros (dr.) Bopearachchi 1998, nos. 1696-1745 Royal Epithets References Vonones (first c.) basileos basileon megalou Alram 1986, nos. 937-44 Spalrises (first c.) adelphou Alram 1986, nos. 945-6 dikaiou adelphou (br.) megalou Alram 1986, nos. 947, 949-51 basileos basileon megalou Alram 1986, no. 948 Arsakes (first c.) theou Alram 1986, no. 953 (first c.) — Alram 1986, no. 962 etc. basileos basileon megalou Alram 1986, nos. 954-9 etc.

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(Queen Maxines) theotropou Alram 1986, no. 960 Azes (first c.) basileos basileon megalou Alram 1986, nos. 987-1010 (first c.) basileos basileon megalou Alram 1986, nos. 1040-53 Ptolemies Royal Epithets References Ptolemy I (305/4-283) soteros (posthumous, from 261/0, under Ptolemies II–VI) Ptolemy II & Arsinoe II theon adelphon (from 273/2) Arsinoe II († 270) philadelphou (posthumous, from 270) Ptolemy IV (222-205/4) philopatoros Svoronos 1904-1908, nos. 1139, 1177-9, 1185, 1187 Arsinoe III philopatoros (gold mnaeion) Svoronos 1904-1908, nos. 1159 Ptolemy V (204-180) epiphanous (Tyre) Svoronos 1904-1908, nos. 1249; Lorber 2006 Ptolemy VI (180-145) theou philometoros (Ptolemais) Svoronos 1904-1908, nos. 1486 Ptolemy VIII (145–116) euergetou (Cyrene) Svoronos 1904-1908, nos. 1640, 1642, 1640-56 Ptolemy IX (116-80) soteros Kleopatra (& Antony) thea neotera (Antioch) thea neotera (Chalkis and Cyrene) RPC 1, nos. 4771-3 (Chalkis) RPC 1, nos. 924-5 (Cyrene)

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TABLE 2. Alphabetical Index of Royal Epithets on Coins (arranged in chronological order) Adelphos (brother or sister): Sakas, Spalirises (first c.). Adiabenos (from Adiabene): Abdissares (beginning of second c.). Aniketos (unconquered, invincible): Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Demetrios I (posthumously, under Agathokles, c. 174), Lysias (c. 120-110), Demetrios III (c. 100), Philoxenos (c. 100-95), Artemidoros (c. 85). Autokrator (ruler by his own authority, source of his own power): Parthia, Arsakes I (c. 238-211); Seleukids, Tryphon (141-138); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Theophilos (c. 90); Parthia, Orodes I (c. 90-77); Charakene, Artabazos (49/8); Parthia, Tiridates (c. 26). Bosporos (from Bosporos): Pharnakes II (55/4-51/0). Dikaios (just): Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Agathokles (c. 174), Heliokles I (c. 145-130), Zoïlos I (c. 130-120), Strato I (c. 130-110); Kommagene, Samos (c. 130- 100); Parthia, Mithradates II (c. 123-88); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Heliokles II (c. 110-100), Archebios (c. 90-80), Peukolaos (c. 90), Theophilos (c. 90), Menandros II (c. 90-85); Parthia, Mithradates III (58-55), Orodes II (c. 58-37), Pakoros (c. 40-38), Phraates IV (c. 38-2), Tiridates I (c. 29-26). Dios (Zeus): Parthia, Phraates IV (c. 38-2). Dionusos (Dionysos): Seleukids, Antiochos VI (144-142/1), Antiochos XII (87/6-83/2). Dionusos Epiphanes (Dionysos manifest, visible Dionysos): Seleukids, Antiochos XII (87/6-83/2) Eggonos – “(eg)gon(os)” (grandson): Elymais, Kamnaskires IV (c. 62/1 or 59/8-56/5) and Kamnaskires V (c. 36-5). Epiphanes (manifest, visible): Ptolemies, Ptolemy V (199/8); Seleukids, Antiochos IV (173-164); Pontos, Laodike (c. 169-150); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Plato (c. 145-140); Bithynia, Nicomedes II (149-128); Seleukids, Antiochos VI (144-142/1); Kappadokia, Ariarathes VI (130-116); Seleukids, Antiochos (128), Alexander II (125 and perhaps later); Bithynia, Nikomedes III (128-94); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Strato (c. 125-110); Parthia, Mithradates II (123-88); Seleukids, Antiochos VIII (121-96); Kappadokia, Ariarathes VIII (101-100); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Polyxenos (c. 100); Seleukids, Seleukos VI (c. 96 - c. 94); Bithynia, Nikomedes IV (94-74); Seleukids, Antiochos XI (c. 94/3), Philip (c. 94/3 - perhaps 76/5); Parthia, Orodes I (c. 90-77); Seleukids, Antiochos XII (87/6-83/2); Parthia, Sinatrukes (c. 77-70), Phraates III (c. 70-58), Mithradates III (58-55), Orodes II (c. 58-37), Pakoros (c. 40-38), Phraates IV (c. 38-2), Tiridates I (c. 29-26). Epiphanes Dionusou (manifest Dionysos, visible Dionysos): Seleukids, Antiochos VI (144-142/1). Euergetes (benefactor, the one who does good deeds): Seleukids, Alexander I (150-145); Ptolemies, Ptolemy VIII (145-116); Pontos, Mithradates V (c. 150-119); Seleukids, Antiochos VII (138-129), Kleopatra (c. 125); Parthia, Mithradates II (c. 123-88); Paphlagonia, Pylaimenes (end second c.); Seleukids, Demetrios III (97/6-88/7); Par- thia, Orodes I (c. 90-77); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Telephos (c. 75-70); Parthia, Sinatrukes (c. 77-70), Phraates III (c. 70-58), Orodes II (c. 58-37), Pakoros

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I (c. 40-38), Phraates IV (c. 38-2), Tiridates I (c. 29-27); Charakene, Tiraios I (c. 95-89), Tiraios II (c. 79-49), Attambelos I (c. 47-24), Theonesios I (c. 40-39). Eupator (of noble descent): Seleukids, Antiochos V (164-162); Pontos, Mithradates VI (119-63); Parthia, Mithradates III (58-55). Eusebes (pious): Kappadokia, Ariarathes V (135-130), Ariarathes IX (101-87); Seleukids, Antiochos X (c. 94 - probably 88); Kappadokia, Ariobarzanes III (52-42), Ariarathes X (42-36). Kallinikos (winner of a noble victory): Kommagene, Mithridates I (c. 100-70); Seleu- kids, Demetrios III (97/6-88/7), Antiochos XII (87/6-83/2). Ktistes (founder): Parthia, Pakoros I (40-38)?; Kappadokia, Archelaos (36 B.C.–A.D. 17). Makedon (from Macedonia): Elymais, Kamnaskires III & Anzaze (first c.). Megas (great): Seleukids, Timarchos (162); Parthia, Mithradates I (c. 171-138) (and all the following to Mithradates III [c. 58-55]), Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Eukratides I (c. 170-145); Elymais, Kamnaskires I (c. 147); Graeco–Baktrians & Indo–Greeks, Apollodotos II (c. 80-65), Hippostratos (c. 65-55); Sakas, all the kings of the first c. (Vonones, Spalirises, Arsakes, Maues, Azes, Azilises); Bosporos, Phar- nakes II (55/4-51/0); Kommagene, Mithradates II (c. 36-20); Armenia, Artaxias (c. 34-20); Media Atropatene, Artavazdes (c. 30). Nikator (victor): Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Antiochos II (posthumously, under Agathokles, c. 174); Seleukids, Demetrios II (145-138 and 129-125), Seleukos VI (c. 96 - c. 94); Parthia, Gotarzes I (c. 95-87); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo– Greeks, Amyntas (c. 95-90). Comment: c. 95/4, this rare epithet was used by three major kings. Nikephoros (bearer of victory, i.e., victorious): Seleukids, Antiochos IV (169-164); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Antimachos II (174-165); Elymais, Kam- naskires II (c. 145-139); Kappadokia, Orophernes (158/7); Seleukids, Alexander II (125 and perhaps later); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Antialkidas (c. 115-95), Epander (c. 95-90), Archebios (c. 90-80). Comment: 4 out 8 occurrences are for the Graeco–Baktrian and Indo–Greek rulers. Philadelphos (brother or sister–loving): Ptolemies, Arsinoe II (from c. 270); Pontos, Mithradates IV (c. 169-150), Mithradates IV and Laodike (c. 169-150), Laodike (c. 169-150); Seleukids, Demetrios II (145-138); Parthia, Artabanos I (c. 127-124); Seleukids, Antiochos XI (94/3), Philip (c. 94/3 - perhaps 76/5), Antiochos XIII (69/8-67 or 65/4); Kappadokia, Ariarathes X (42-36); Paphlagonia, Deiotaros (c. 35-31). Philantonios (friend of Antony): Kilikia, Tarkondimotos (39-31). Philellen (friend of the Greeks): Parthia, Mithradates I (from c. 141), Mithradates II (c. 123-88), Artabanos I (c. 127-124); Armenia, Tigranes I (c. 123-96); Nabataea, Aretas (84-71); Parthia, Sinatrukes I (c. 77-70), Phraates III (c. 70-58), Mithradates III (58-55), Orodes II (c. 57-38); Charakene, Artabazos (49-48); Parthia, Pakoros I (c. 40-38), Phraates IV (c. 38-2), Tiridates I (c. 29-6); Armenia, Tigranes III (c. 20-8). Philometor (mother–loving): Ptolemies, Ptolemy VI (145); Kappadokia, Ariarathes VII (116-101); Seleukids, Antiochos VIII (111/0), Demetrios III (97/6-88/7), Antiochos XIII (joint reign with Kleopatra Selene, 83/2–before 75).

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Philopator (father–loving): Ptolemies, Ptolemy IV, Arsinoe III; Pontos, Mithradates IV (c. 169-150); Kappadokia, Ariarathes VI (130-116); Seleukids, Antiochos IX (113-95); Kappadokia, Ariarathes IX (101-87); Seleukids, Antiochos X (c. 94 - probably c. 88), Demetrios III (97/6-88/7), Antiochos XII (87/6-83/2); Parthia, Orodes I (90-77); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Apollodotos II (c. 80-65); Parthia, Phraates III (c. 70-58); Kappadokia, Ariobarzanes II (63-52); Parthia, Orodes II (c. 58-37); Charakene, Artabazos (49/8); Paphlagonia, Deiotaros (c. 35-31); Arme- nia, Tigranes III (c. 20-8). Philopatris (lover of his fatherland): Kappadokia, Archelaos (36 B.C.–A.D. 17). Philoromaios (friend of the Romans): Kappadokia, Ariobarzanes I (95-63); Galatia, Brogitaros (c. 58-53); Kappadokia, Ariobarzanes III (52-42); Kommagene, Mithra- dates II (c. 36-20); Parthia, Tiridates I (c. 26). Selene (moon): Seleukids, Kleopatra IV (83/2 – before 75). Soter (savior): Ptolemies, Ptolemy I (posthumously, from 261); Seleukids, Antiochos I (posthumously, under Seleukos II, 246 - c. 244); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo– Greeks, Diodotos I and II (posthumously, under Agathokles and Antimachos, c. 174), Apollodotos I (c. 174-165); Seleukids, Demetrios I (162-150); Graeco– Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Menandros (c. 155-130), Eukratides II (c. 145-140); Elymais, Kamnaskires I (c. 147), Okkonaspes (c. 139); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Strato I (c. 125-110); Parthia, Mithradates II (c. 123-88); Ptolemies, Ptolemy IX (116-80); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Polyxenos (c. 100); Seleukids, Demetrios III (97/6-88/7); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Diomedes (c. 95-90), Peukolaos (c. 90), Nikias (c. 90-85), Hermaios (c. 90-70), Apollodotos II (c. 80-65), Hippostratos (c. 65-55), Dionysios (c. 65-55), Zoïlos II (c. 55-35), Apollophanes (c. 35-25), Strato II (c. 40-25); Charakene, Tiraios II (c. 79-48), Artabazos (49/8), Attambelos I (c. 47-24), Theonesios I (c. 40-39). Thea (goddess): Seleukids, Kleopatra I (125-121); Ptolemies, Kleopatra VII (37/6-30). Thea Eueteria (goddess of the fruitful season): Seleukids, Kleopatra I (125). Thea Neotera (younger goddess): Ptolemies, Kleopatra VII (c. 37/6-30). Theios (divine): Armenia, Artavazdes II (55-34), Artaxias I (c. 34-20). Theoi Adelphoi (sibling gods): Ptolemies, Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II (from 273/2). Theopator ([son] of a divine father): Seleukids, Alexander I (150-145); Parthia, Mithra- dates I (c. 171-138), Phraates II (c. 138-127), Artabanos I (c. 127-124), Gotarzes I (c. 95-87), Orodes I (c. 90-77), Phraates III (c. 70-58), Mithradates III (c. 58-55); Charakene, Artabazos (49/8). Theos (god): Ptolemies, Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II (from c. 273/2), Ptolemy VI (145); Graeco–Baktrians and Indo–Greeks, Euthydemos I (posthumously, under Agath- okles and Antimachos, from c. 174); Seleukids, Antiochos IV (from 173/2); Parthia, Mithradates I (c. 171-138); Seleukids, Demetrios II (145-138 and 129-125), Alexander II (125), Demetrios III (97/6-88/7); Parthia, Mithradates III (57-54), Sakas, Arsakes (first c.); Armenia, Tigranes III (c. 20-8). Theos Epiphanes (god manifest, visible god): Seleukids, Antiochos IV (from 173/2). Theosebes (god fearing): Kommagene, Samos (c. 130-100). Theotropos (god–like in character, or turned to god): Graeco–Baktrians and Indo– Greeks, Agathokleia (c. 135-125); Sakas, Maxines (first c.). Uios (son): Kappadokia, Ariarathes VI and Nysa (c. 130).

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TABLE 3. First Monetary Appearance of Royal Epithets (arranged in chronological order)

An Arsakid outlier Autokrator: Parthia, Arsakes I (c. 238-211)

First phase: a Ptolemaic process (c. 270-198) Theoi Adelphoi: Ptolemies, Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II (c. 273/2 – Parente 2002) Philadelphos: Ptolemies, Arsinoe II (c. 270 – Parente 2002) Soter: Ptolemies, Ptolemy II (261/0, for Ptolemy I) Philopator: Ptolemies, probably Ptolemy IV (mainly in Sidon, Tyre and Ptolemais) Epiphanes: Egypt, Ptolemy V (c. 199/8 – in Tyre, Lorber 2006 [superseding Kyrieleis 1973, 217-8])

Second phase: a) the Graeco-Baktrian innovations (c. 174?) Dikaios: Graeco-Baktrians, Agathokles or Antimachos (c. 174? – Bopearachchi 1991) Aniketos: Graeco-Baktrians, Agathokles (c. 174?, for Demetrios I – Bopearachchi 1991) Nikator: Graeco-Baktrians, Agathokles (c. 174?, for Antiochos II – Bopearachchi 1991) Soter: Graeco-Baktrians, Agathokles and Antimachos (c. 174?, for Diodotos I and II — Bopearachchi 1991) Theos: Graeco-Baktrians, Agathokles and Antimachos (c. 174?, for Euthydemos I — Bopearachchi 1991)

Second phase: b) a Seleukid process (c. 172-142) Theos Epiphanes: Seleukids, Antiochos IV (173/2) Nikephoros: Seleukids, Antiochos IV (c. 169/168 – in Antioch, Mørkholm 1963) Eupator: Seleukids, Antiochos V (c. 164 – in Antioch) Megas: Seleukids, Timarchos (c. 162 – in Ekbatana) Euergetes: Seleukids, Alexander I (150/149 – Antioch) Theopator: Seleukids, Alexander I (150/149 – Antioch) Philometor: Ptolemies, Ptolemy VI (145 – in Ptolemais) Philellen: Parthia, Mithradates I (c. 141 – in Seleukeia on the Tigris) Dionusos: Seleukids, Antiochos VI (144 – in Chalkis by Belus (?) and Apamea))

Third phase: Kappadokia and the lesser kingdoms (c. 134 - c. 36) Eusebes: Kappadokia, Ariarathes V (c. 134) Theosebes: Kommagene, Samos (c. 130-100) Theotropos: Graeco-Baktrians and Indo-Greeks, Agathokleia (end second c.) Kallinikos: Seleukids, Demetrios III (97/6-88/7 – in Seleukeia in Pieria) Philoromaios: Kappadokia, Ariobarzanes I (95-63) Theios: Armenia, Artavazdes II (55-34) Philantonios: Kilikia, Tarkondimotos (39-31) Philopatris: Kappadokia, Archelaos (36 B.C. – A.D. 17) Ktistes: Parthia, Pakoros I (40–38)? or Kappadokia, Archelaos (36 B.C. – A.D. 17)

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TABLE 4. Classification of Hellenistic Royal Epithets on Coins Domestic/Dynastic: philadelphos1, philopator, philometor, eupator2 Ethical: euergetes, eusebes3, dikaios, megas4, ktistes Military: nikator5, aniketos, nikephoros, kallinikos6, autokrator Divinizing: soter7, theos8, theios, epiphanes9, theotropos10, Dionysos, theopator, theosebes Political: philellen11, philoromaios12, philantonios13 Geographical14: Adiabenou15, Bosporou, Makedon

1 See Criscuolo 1990 and Muccioli 1994. 2 See Muccioli 1996. 3 See Van ’t Dack 1993. 4 From epigraphic evidence, we know that the title megas was given to Antiochos III after his return in 205 from the Upper Satrapies (Holleaux 1908). 5 Nikator may be used by gods as well (Cabanes 1995, 55). 6 Kallinikos is found for Herakles (see Préaux 1978, 250-1; Chaniotis 2004, 543). 7 This epiklesis is found for Zeus, Asklepios and the Dioskuroi (see Préaux 1978, 250- 1; Chaniotis 2004, 543). 8 Normally only a posthumous epithet for deceased kings (Chaniotis 2004, 543 – OGIS 246). Antiochos IV Epiphanes broke the rule. 9 There is an extensive literature on the epithet epiphanes, with special attention for a famous passage of Douris of Samos quoted by Athenaeus (6.62–3). Back from his Kerky- rean expedition in 291, Demetrios Poliorketes is acclaimed by the Athenians as a god manifest, “for the other gods are either far away or have not ears, or do not exist, or heed us not at all; but You we can see in very presence, not in wood and not in stone, but in truth” (Walbank 1993, 215; Cabanes 1995, 53; and see Chaniotis in this volume). First used on coins by a Ptolemy, it seems to derive from a hieroglyphic sign meaning “he who comes forth” (Tarn 1966, 54-5). For its use by Antiochos IV, see Mørkholm 1963, 68-74. 10 See Le Rider 1999b, 1014-6. So far only attested for queens. 11 On philellen, see Ferrary 1988, 497-504. See also Facella 2005; Fowler 2005, 152 (first in 141 at Seleukeia on the Tigris after the capture of the city in 145, then a habit). 12 “[…] the pathetic last cry of many of the smaller Hellenistic dynasties” (Mørkholm 1991, 31). See Green 1990, 402-6; Facella 2005. 13 See Fleischer 1996. 14 See also the name of the mints (Margiane, Traxiane, and Katastrateia) under Orodes I (Shore 1993, nos. 141–4). 15 See Callatay 1996.

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TABLE 5. Frequency Index of Royal Epithets on the Coinage of Hellenistic Kingdoms Kappa. Komma. Sel. Parth. Chara. Elym. Gr./In. Ptol. Number of kings 12 3 22 14 5 3 37 7 with an epithet Aniketos ------5 - Autokrator - - 1 3 1-1- Dikaios - 1-6--9 - Epiphanes 2 - 8 9 --31 Euergetes - - 3 84-11 Eupator - - 11---- Eusebes 4 - 1----- Kallinikos - 1 2----- Ktistes 1 - -1---- Megas - 1 1 9 -13- Nikator - - 21 --2- Nikephoros 1 - 2 - - 1 4 - Philadelphos 1 - 41---X Philellen --- 11 1--- Philometor 1 - 1----1 Philopator 3 - 431-11 Philoromaios 2 1 -1---- Soter - - 3 1 4 2 18 X Theopator - - 1 7 1--- Theos - - 5 2--2X Theosebes - 1 ------Theotropos ------1 - A. Number of 8 5151563127 epithets used (22) B. Cumul. number 15 5 39 64 12 4 50 – of epithets used C. Frequency 1.25 1.67 1.77 4.57 2.40 1.33 1.35 – “number of (64/14) (50/37) epithets/reigns”

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