DOCSLIB.ORG

Thermal Design and Analysis of Conceptual Flight Model of Lunar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thermal Design and Analysis of Conceptual Flight Model of Lunar THERMAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTUAL FLIGHT MODEL FOR A LUNAR EXPLORATION ROVER *Takuto Oikawa1, Toshiki Tanaka2, John Walker1, Kentaro Uno1, Paulo Costa3, Nathan Britton2, Kazuya Yoshida1 1 Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan, E-mail: foikawa, john, unoken, [email protected] 2 ispace inc., Azabudai 3-1-6, Iikura katamachi Annex 601, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: ft-tanaka,[email protected] 3 Centro Federal de Educac¸ao˜ Tecnologica´ de Minas Gerais, Av. Amazonas, 5.253, Nova Suic¸a, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Antennae Magnesium alloy Currently, Team HAKUTO is developing the Flight CFRP Body Model version of a lunar micro rover. This rover is de- Camera signed to operate during the lunar day to complete the Solar Panel Google Lunar XPRIZE mission requirement. Compared ULTEM to the previous rover iterations, we updated the rover’s Aluminum leg thermal and power performance by incorporating passive Wheel and thermal interface designs within the restricted dimension Motor and mass budget. As part of the qualification for space readiness, alternative Commercial Off-the-Shelf avion- ics are implemented to replace several Pre-Flight Model phase hardware. With the fusion of a new platform, we perform thermal simulation of the rover to justify its per- Figure 1. : Flight model lunar rover formance within the temperature tolerant range. materials and its interface design in preparation for FM 1 INTRODUCTION development. Based on the experimental results, we were able to identify needed improvements, where the temper- In recent years, space missions led by private ven- ature critical components (micro-controller, battery, etc.) tures have increased significantly. The currently ongoing required extra cooling in the projected lunar mission en- Google Lunar XPRIZE (GLXP) is a competition devel- vironment [4]. Various conceptual designs for potential oped as an incentive to promote low cost access to the FM thermal interfaces, based on the PFM experimental lunar surface, using an independent source outside of gov- results and lunar conditions, were conducted using trade ernment funds. As of 2016, there are 16 teams participat- studies [5]. A space system design approach introduced ing in the competition with HAKUTO as the sole Japanese by E.W. Hammond was used as a guideline to conduct de- team. HAKUTO is currently in the design phase of a sign tradeoffs in a clear and concise format to optimize the Flight Model (FM) lunar micro rover, codenamed Moon- design for maximum thermal performance [6]. raker, which we are planning to send to the Moon in the We present the underlying principle for the thermal second half of 2017 (Figure 1). Moonraker has undergone design using previous satellite development’s knowledge many phases of rover development since 2009 [1, 2]. It from Tohoku University on this paper [7]. As an ini- is built with space ready and heritage Commercial Off- tial step, a thermal model is developed, where the rover the-Shelf (COTS) hardware to minimize the development is broken into six different radiating surfaces. Based on and launch cost while increasing its reliability in a space the rovers orientation in reference to the solar radiative environment [3]. In an effort to improve the thermal flux, its surface temperature is determined. Other thermal performance, HAKUTO has developed an unique multi- inputs such as lunar radiation, solar albedo, and conduc- node passive thermal control system in order to use this tion from lunar regolith are also accounted for. By using hardware in the anticipated thermal lunar environment. such heat conditions, a feasible mounting location for the This research covers the thermal interface design of the avionics and the solar panel is determined to optimize the HAKUTO FM rover. rovers thermal performance while retaining its compact In a previous study, we conducted thermal vacuum size (∼4 kg). Once the avionics placement is fixed, the testing on a Pre-Flight Model (PFM) prototype of the lu- thermal isolation concept is studied to separate the radia- nar rover to verify the thermal performance of structural tive surfaces (avionics side) and heat absorbing surfaces (solar panel side). This design keeps the avionics cool using reflective radiative surfaces while isolating against the heat conduction from the solar power side, which is a common technique in satellite thermal control [8]. For this ΋71R :75 8 RV$8 paper, the final rover design configuration is discussed, Ί and further detailed analysis is conducted using simula- 78 R:7:` V` %J`1 V58 RV$8 tion software. Ή78 R:7 :` V` %J`1 V5 8RV$8 Έ78 R:7 :` V` %J`1 V5 R 8 RV$8 2 LUNAR ENVIRONMENTS AND ·78 R:7 :` V` %J`1 V5R 8 RV$8 CONDITIONS 2.1 Surface temperature model The lunar surface temperature is modeled by Hurley Figure 2. : Lunar surface temperature profile at 45 de- et.al. [9] using the dayside Diviner data [10]. The tem- grees latitude with the mission description perature model is represented in the equation below: n ◦ Tl( ) = 392cos ( ) > 130K ( < 90 ) (1) 2 Expected mission start time. 3 1 day elapsed after the mission start time. where is defined as the solar zenith angle between the 4 Expected mission end time. Moon-Sun line and the vector from the center of the Moon 5 The peak surface temperature on the Moon. to the point on the lunar surface, n is the power factor to shape the temperature profile in the lunar day, and 130 K From the mission timeline, we are concerned mainly is the temperature at the terminator between the day and with two factors regarding thermal performance: 1) the appropriate start time for the competition and 2) can the the night side. Furthermore, is rearranged into a time- ◦ variant function (t) to calculate the time of day in refer- rover operate through lunar mid day (81.5 ). As the ence to the sun’s position. Parameters such as the surface GLXP mission is expected to be completed in two days (assuming that the rover runs at 15 meters every hour), it temperature at a target lunar latitude (ϕlat), overall lunar is critical at a minimum to satisfy the rover’s performance inclination angle (ϕinc), and lunar synodic period (Tp) are introduced to formulate the relationship. requirement during the two-day time period. Most of the COTS hardware implemented into the rover is capable of withstanding lunar temperatures between 1.5 days after 2π − Tp (t) = t cos(ϕlat + ϕinc) (2) the sunrise and mid day. However, a detailed simulation is Tp 4 required to verify the rover’s thermal performance. As an n Hurley et. al. use = 0.25 to curve fit the function additional mission objective, we plan to explore the sky- close to the Diviner’s lunar temperature data [9]. How- light near Lacus Mortis during the science mission, and ever, this coefficient produce some significant tempera- survivability at mid day is critical to operate the rover for ture error between the model and the Diviner data. We an extensive period of time [1]. incorporate the proposed correction factor of n = 0.29 from Walker to reduce the error to within 10◦C accuracy between the temperature model function and the Diviner 2.3 Surface properties data [11]. This temperature curve holds true at a condi- Lunar surface thermal modeling requires three basic pa- ◦ tion of 45 latitude and between 25 hours after the sunrise rameters: albedo (b), solar absorptivity (α), and emissiv- and before the sunrise. The resulting temperature plot at ity (ϵ). Assuming that the terrain at the target site, La- ◦ 45 latitude is shown in Figure 2. cus Mortis, is covered with regolith, lunar albedo is de- Moon Fact Sheet 2.2 Mission milestone termined using NASA’s [12]. Using this value, lunar solar absorptivity is calculated, as shown in The mission for the HAKUTO rover at the Moon is sepa- Equation 3. Note that this equation is valid if the surface rated into two categories: the GLXP and the science mis- is opaque. sion. All of the missions are expected to be completed within a two-week timespan during the daytime. On the α + b = 1 (3) other hand, the lunar night side is not accounted into the mission as the rover is not expected to survive the extreme Lastly, emissivity is the ability of lunar surface to emit cold. Figure 2 shows the timeline of the rover’s activity on its heat via infrared energy. Since the emissivity differs by the Moon, where each mission stage description is shown the wavelength as emitted by spectral radiation, we chose below: a value of 0.9 as a good approximation due to the small 1 Expected landing time on the Moon. particle size of the lunar regolith mock up [13]. HAKUTO THERMAL ENVIRONMENT ON LUNAR SURFACE *No Convection ~T *No R~1 · R~2 R~1R δij convection cosγ = = 2 (5) Radiation (Q ) Solar Radiation (Q ) sp s kR~1k kR~2k kR~1k kR~2k Electronics (Qe) Using Equation 5, γ is calculated by taking the in- verse cos of the dot product operation. Finally, in some rover orientations, the sun vector does not face the rover’s Solar Albedo (Qa) surface (i.e. γ is determined as a negative value). To ac- count for this condition, Equation 6 is used. The sin of this value represents an effective view factor from the sun to the rover’s respective planar surface. Conduction (Q ) Surface Radiation (Qr) c ©HAKUTO ( 1 Space Robotics Lab γ; if γ≥ 0 Figure 3. : Thermal model and its corresponding heat γ = (6) input of the lunar rover 0; if γ< 0 3.2 Surface albedo (Qa) 3 THERMAL MODELING Thermal flux due to albedo (b) of solar radiation is deter- A general thermal model of lunar rover is described in mined by multiplying the albedo factor to Equation 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spring 2018 Undergraduate Law Journal
    SPRING 2018 UNDERGRADUATE LAW JOURNAL The Final Frontier: Evolution of Space Law in a Global Society By: Garett Faulkender and Stephan Schneider Introduction “Space: the final frontier!” These are the famous introductory words spoken by William Shatner on every episode of Star Trek. This science-fiction TV show has gained a cult-following with its premise as a futuristic Space odyssey. Originally released in 1966, many saw the portrayed future filled with Space-travel, inter-planetary commerce and politics, and futuristic technology as merely a dream. However, today we are starting to explore this frontier. “We are entering an exciting era in [S]pace where we expect more advances in the next few decades than throughout human history.”1 Bank of America/Merrill Lynch has predicted that the Space industry will grow to over $2.7 trillion over the next three decades. Its report said, “a new raft of drivers is pushing the ‘Space Age 2.0’”.2 Indeed, this market has seen start-up investments in the range of $16 billion,3 helping fund impressive new companies like Virgin Galactic and SpaceX. There is certainly a market as Virgin Galactic says more than 600 customers have registered for a $250,000 suborbital trip, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Katy Perry, Ashton Kutcher, and physicist Stephen Hawking.4 Although Space-tourism is the exciting face of a future in Space, the Space industry has far more to offer. According to the Satellite Industries 1 Michael Sheetz, The Space Industry Will Be Worth Nearly $3 Trillion in 30 Years, Bank of America Predicts, CNBC, (last updated Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp
    Project Selene: AIAA Lunar Base Camp AIAA Space Mission System 2019-2020 Virginia Tech Aerospace Engineering Faculty Advisor : Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Team Members : Olivia Arthur, Bobby Aselford, Michel Becker, Patrick Crandall, Heidi Engebreth, Maedini Jayaprakash, Logan Lark, Nico Ortiz, Matthew Pieczynski, Brendan Ventura Member AIAA Number Member AIAA Number And Signature And Signature Faculty Advisor 25807 Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Brendan Ventura 1109196 Matthew Pieczynski 936900 Team Lead/Operations Logan Lark 902106 Heidi Engebreth 1109232 Structures & Environment Patrick Crandall 1109193 Olivia Arthur 999589 Power & Thermal Maedini Jayaprakash 1085663 Robert Aselford 1109195 CCDH/Operations Michel Becker 1109194 Nico Ortiz 1109533 Attitude, Trajectory, Orbits and Launch Vehicles Contents 1 Symbols and Acronyms 8 2 Executive Summary 9 3 Preface and Introduction 13 3.1 Project Management . 13 3.2 Problem Definition . 14 3.2.1 Background and Motivation . 14 3.2.2 RFP and Description . 14 3.2.3 Project Scope . 15 3.2.4 Disciplines . 15 3.2.5 Societal Sectors . 15 3.2.6 Assumptions . 16 3.2.7 Relevant Capital and Resources . 16 4 Value System Design 17 4.1 Introduction . 17 4.2 Analytical Hierarchical Process . 17 4.2.1 Longevity . 18 4.2.2 Expandability . 19 4.2.3 Scientific Return . 19 4.2.4 Risk . 20 4.2.5 Cost . 21 5 Initial Concept of Operations 21 5.1 Orbital Analysis . 22 5.2 Launch Vehicles . 22 6 Habitat Location 25 6.1 Introduction . 25 6.2 Region Selection . 25 6.3 Locations of Interest . 26 6.4 Eliminated Locations . 26 6.5 Remaining Locations . 27 6.6 Chosen Location .
    [Show full text]
  • For Immediate Release: TWO GOOGLE LUNAR XPRIZE
    Media Contact: Kyoko Yonezawa [email protected] For Immediate Release: TWO GOOGLE LUNAR XPRIZE TEAMS ANNOUNCE RIDESHARE PARTNERSHIP FOR MISSION TO THE MOON IN 2016 Team HAKUTO (Japan) and Team Astrobotic (U.S.) Plan Cooperative Launch in Pursuit of $30 Million Prize to Land a Private Spacecraft on the Lunar Surface TOKYO, Japan (February 24, 2015) – HAKUTO, the only Japanese team competing for the $30 million Google Lunar XPRIZE, has announced a contract with fellow competitor, Astrobotic, based in Pittsburgh, Pa., to carry a pair of rovers to the moon. Astrobotic plans to launch its Google Lunar XPRIZE mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Fla., during the second half of 2016. HAKUTO’s twin rovers, Moonraker and Tetris, will piggyback on Astrobotic's Griffin lander to reach the lunar surface. Upon touchdown, the rovers will be released simultaneously with Astrobotic’s Andy rover, developed by Carnegie Mellon University, travel 500 meters on the moon’s surface and send high-definition images and video back to Earth, all in pursuit of the $20M Google Lunar XPRIZE Grand Prize. Last month, both teams were awarded Google Lunar XPRIZE Milestone Prizes: HAKUTO won $500,000 for technological advancements in the Mobility category, while Astrobotic, in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University, won a total of $1.75M for innovations in all three focus areas—Landing, Mobility and Imaging. Throughout the judging process, all three rovers, Moonraker, Tetris and Andy, demonstrated the ability to move 500 meters across the lunar surface and withstand the high radiation environment and extreme temperatures on the moon.
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Lunar and Planetary Base Architectures
    Space 2003 AIAA 2003-6280 23 - 25 September 2003, Long Beach, California Mobile Lunar and Planetary Bases Marc M. Cohen, Arch.D. Advanced Projects Branch, Mail Stop 244-14, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 TEL 650 604-0068 FAX 650 604-0673 [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper presents a review of design concepts over three decades for developing mobile lunar and planetary bases. The idea of the mobile base addresses several key challenges for extraterrestrial surface bases. These challenges include moving the landed assets a safe distance away from the landing zone; deploying and assembling the base remotely by automation and robotics; moving the base from one location of scientific or technical interest to another; and providing sufficient redundancy, reliability and safety for crew roving expeditions. The objective of the mobile base is to make the best use of the landed resources by moving them to where they will be most useful to support the crew, carry out exploration and conduct research. This review covers a range of surface mobility concepts that address the mobility issue in a variety of ways. These concepts include the Rockwell Lunar Sortie Vehicle (1971), Cintala’s Lunar Traverse caravan, 1984, First Lunar Outpost (1992), Frassanito’s Lunar Rover Base (1993), Thangavelu’s Nomad Explorer (1993), Kozlov and Shevchenko’s Mobile Lunar Base (1995), and the most recent evolution, John Mankins’ “Habot” (2000-present). The review compares the several mobile base approaches, then focuses on the Habot approach as the most germane to current and future exploration plans.
    [Show full text]
  • A Lunar Micro Rover System Overview for Aiding Science and ISRU Missions Virtual Conference 19–23 October 2020 R
    i-SAIRAS2020-Papers (2020) 5051.pdf A lunar Micro Rover System Overview for Aiding Science and ISRU Missions Virtual Conference 19–23 October 2020 R. Smith1, S. George1, D. Jonckers1 1STFC RAL Space, R100 Harwell Campus, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT the form of rovers and landers of various size [4]. Due to the costly nature of these missions, and the pressure Current science missions to the surface of other plan- for a guaranteed science return, they have been de- etary bodies tend to be very large with upwards of ten signed to minimise risk by using redundant and high instruments on board. This is due to high reliability re- reliability systems. This further increases mission cost quirements, and the desire to get the maximum science as components and subsystems are expected to be ex- return per mission. Missions to the lunar surface in the tensively qualified. next few years are key in the journey to returning hu- mans to the lunar surface [1]. The introduction of the As an example, the Mars Science Laboratory, nick- Commercial lunar Payload Services (CLPS) delivery named the Curiosity rover, one of the most successful architecture for science instruments and technology interplanetary rovers to date, has 10 main scientific in- demonstrators has lowered the barrier to entry of get- struments, requires a large team of people to control ting science to the surface [2]. Many instruments, and and cost over $2.5 billion to build and fly [5]. Curios- In Situ Surface Utilisation (ISRU) experiments have ity had 4 main science goals, with the instruments and been funded, and are being built with the intention of the design of the rover specifically tailored to those flying on already awarded CLPS missions.
    [Show full text]
  • PROJECT PENGUIN Robotic Lunar Crater Resource Prospecting VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY Kevin T
    PROJECT PENGUIN Robotic Lunar Crater Resource Prospecting VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE & STATE UNIVERSITY Kevin T. Crofton Department of Aerospace & Ocean Engineering TEAM LEAD Allison Quinn STUDENT MEMBERS Ethan LeBoeuf Brian McLemore Peter Bradley Smith Amanda Swanson Michael Valosin III Vidya Vishwanathan FACULTY SUPERVISOR AIAA 2018 Undergraduate Spacecraft Design Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Competition Submission i AIAA Member Numbers and Signatures Ethan LeBoeuf Brian McLemore Member Number: 918782 Member Number: 908372 Allison Quinn Peter Bradley Smith Member Number: 920552 Member Number: 530342 Amanda Swanson Michael Valosin III Member Number: 920793 Member Number: 908465 Vidya Vishwanathan Dr. Kevin Shinpaugh Member Number: 608701 Member Number: 25807 ii Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................vi List of Symbols ........................................................................................................................................................... vii I. Team Structure ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Astrobotic: Commercial Service for Lunar Resource Payload Delivery
    Lunar Exploration Analysis Group (2015) 2066.pdf ASTROBOTIC: COMMERCIAL SERVICE FOR LUNAR RESOURCE PAYLOAD DELIVERY. J. Thornton1, S. Huber2, K. Peterson3, D. Hendrickson4, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Astrobotic Technology, Inc. (2515 Liberty Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15222). ing resource instruments on mul- Introduction: This paper describes how Astrobot- ti-customer missions to the Moon, ic’s commercial lunar delivery service is enabling ac- resource development investiga- cess to the Moon for activities such as lunar resource tions can be launched and iterated development payloads. Topics addressed here include at multiple sites on the lunar sur- current impediments to lunar resource development, face. Small instruments can be commercial approaches to delivering resource devel- sent to numerous destinations, on opment payloads to the Moon, and traction already many small rovers. This ap- seen with the commercial market for payload delivery. proach allows resource payloads Impediments to Lunar Resource Development: Figure 1: Astro- to fly without complicated and The prospect of utilizing lunar resources for future botic’s lunar tenuous bilateral space agency space exploration is promising, and could reduce the payload delivery partnerships. Multi-user commer- cost of missions beyond Earth orbit by a factor of four. model is an end- cial missions can also provide [1] Realizing these savings however, requires first the to-end commer- important precursor feasibility determination of lunar resource availability, and the cial delivery ser- assessments of resource develop- demonstration of resource extraction, refinement, and vice ideal for ment without a major financial utilization. The prior high-cost of robotic missions to lunar resource- commitment by one or more the Moon has placed an extraordinary barrier to these focused pay- space agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Lunar COTS: Using the Moon’S Resources to Enable an Economical and Sustainable Pathway to Mars and Beyond
    Lunar COTS: Using the Moon’s Resources to Enable An Economical and Sustainable Pathway to Mars and Beyond Dr. Allison Zuniga, Dr. Dan Rasky, Bruce PiGman NASA Ames Research Center LEAG MeeIng, Nov. 1, 2016 1 Background • President Obama’s 2010 Naonal SPace Policy set the following goal for NASA: – By the mid-2030’s, send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. • As a result, NASA has established its Journey to Mars and Evolvable Mars CamPaign (EMC) to: - InvesIgate architectures to further define capabiliIes needed for a sustainable human presence on the surface of Mars. - Proving Ground Objecve: Understand the nature and distribuIon of volales and extracIon techniques and decide on their potenal use in future human exploraon architecture. • Under the EMC, NASA has also develoPed a Pioneering SPace Strategy with the following principles: - Opportuni)es for U.S. commercial business to further enhance the exPerience and business base; - Near-term mission oPPortuniIes with a cadence of human and roboIc missions Providing for an incremental buildup of capabilies; - SubstanIal new interna)onal and commercial partnerships, leveraging the current ISS PartnershiPs while building new cooPerave ventures. 2 Moon as a “Stepping Stone” to Mars • ProsPect and extract lunar resources to assess the From the Moon value proposion to NASA and our Partners. – Lunar resources may prove beneficial for inclusion in future Mars architectures, e.g., lunar-derived propellant • Apply the proven COTS model to develoP low-cost commercial capabiliIes and services, such as: – Lunar Landers and Rovers – Resource Prospecng Techniques – Lunar Mining and ISRU capabiliBes – Lunar Relay CommunicaBon Satellites – Power StaBons • Use campaigns of missions, instead of single missions, in a 3-Phase apProach to incrementally develoP capabiliIes and lower risks.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 SRR / PTMSS Final Program
    SEVENTH JOINT MEETING of the SPACE RESOURCES ROUNDTABLE and the PLANETARY & TERRESTRIAL MINING SCIENCES SYMPOSIUM Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado, USA June 7-9, 2016 SPACE RESOURCES ROUNDTABLE Message Welcome to the Seventh Joint Meeting of the Space Resources Roundtable (SRR) and the Planetary and Terrestrial Mining Sciences Symposium (PTMSS). This is undoubtedly an exciting time for the space resources community. Not since NASA’s Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) initiative in 2004, has so much attention being placed on this area. However, this time is markedly different. In contrast to the VSE, interest is coming from a variety of participants with a wider set of objectives. New studies and projects incorporating ISRU technologies are being conducted for missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids by space agencies around the world and the commercial space sector, while legislation has been passed for commercial space-resource exploration and utilization. Even the release of a popular movie last year highlighted the critical role of space resources in human exploration and generated much excitement in the general public around this topic. It is now sufficiently clear that the use of space resources is a critical-path activity for the exploration and commercialization of space. This increased attention brings many unique opportunities, but also a call for greater involvement from our community. Given the realities of limited financial resources and shifting priorities in space programs worldwide, our expertise is needed to provide the necessary scientific, technical, legal, and policy guidance to move our field from the movie screen to a real component of space exploration.
    [Show full text]
  • ILWS Report 137 Moon
    Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Returning to the Moon Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Dirk HR Spennemann Guy Murphy Albury February 2020 © 2011, revised 2020. All rights reserved by the authors. The contents of this publication are copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention. No parts of this report may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in existence or to be invented, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the authors, except where permitted by law. Preferred citation of this Report Spennemann, Dirk HR & Murphy, Guy (2020). Returning to the Moon. Heritage issues raised by the Google Lunar X Prize. Institute for Land, Water and Society Report nº 137. Albury, NSW: Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. iv, 35 pp ISBN 978-1-86-467370-8 Disclaimer The views expressed in this report are solely the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views of Charles Sturt University. Contact Associate Professor Dirk HR Spennemann, MA, PhD, MICOMOS, APF Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury NSW 2640, Australia. email: [email protected] Spennemann & Murphy (2020) Returning to the Moon: Heritage Issues Raised by the Google Lunar X Prize Page ii CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1. INTRODUCTION 2 2. HUMAN ARTEFACTS ON THE MOON 3 What Have These Missions Left BehinD? 4 Impactor Missions 10 Lander Missions 11 Rover Missions 11 Sample Return Missions 11 Human Missions 11 The Lunar Environment & ImpLications for Artefact Preservation 13 Decay caused by ascent module 15 Decay by solar radiation 15 Human Interference 16 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Moon Landings - Luna 9
    Age Research cards 7-11 years Moon landings - Luna 9 About Credit-Pline On the 3 February 1966, Luna 9 made history by being the first crewless space mission to make a soft landing on the surface of the Moon. It was the ninth mission in the Soviet Union’s Luna programme (the previous five missions had all experienced spacecraft failure). The Soviet Union existed from 1922 to 1991 and was the largest country in the world; it was made up of 15 states, the largest of which was the Russian Republic, now called Russia. The Space Race is a term that is used to describe the competition between the United States of America and the Soviet Union which lasted from 1955 to 1969, as both countries aimed to be the first to get humans to the Moon. Working scientifically The Luna 9 spacecraft had a mass of 98kg (about outwards to make sure the spacecraft was stable the same as a baby elephant) and it carried before it began its scientific exploration. communication equipment to send information back to Earth, a clock, a heating system, a power The camera on board took many photographs of source and a television system. The spacecraft the lunar surface including some panoramic included scientific equipment for two enquiries: images. These images were transmitted back to one to find out what the lunar surface was like; Earth using radio waves. Although the Soviet and another to find out how much dangerous Union didn’t release these photographs to the rest radiation there was on the lunar surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Team Puli Reserves a Ride to the Moon
    For Immediate Release Contact for Astrobotic: Mandy Fleeger [email protected] Contact for Puli Space Technologies: Dr. Tibor Pacher [email protected] Team Puli Space is the Third Google Lunar XPRIZE Team to Reserve a Ride to the Moon with Astrobotic Hungarian Company, Seventh Nation on Astrobotic’s Maiden Voyage to the Moon, is to Send a “Memory of Mankind” Time Capsule August 31, 2016 Tel Aviv / Pittsburgh / Budapest– Astrobotic Technology, Inc. and Puli Space Technologies Ltd. announced today at the Google Lunar XPRIZE (GLXP) Summit in Tel Aviv, Israel that they have signed an agreement to fly the first Hungarian payload to the Moon on Astrobotic’s upcoming first mission. The Hungarian team, Puli Space, joins fellow GLXP Teams HAKUTO from Japan, and AngelicvM from Chile, in reserving a ride to the surface of the Moon on Astrobotic’s Peregrine lander with a “Memory of Mankind (MoM) on the Moon” time capsule and an option to add their rover. This new partnership with Team Puli further extends Astrobotic’s mission of making the Moon accessible to the world by adding a seventh nation to be represented on their inaugural flight. With this payload reservation, Puli Space will send a unique time capsule for the MoM on the Moon project. The capsule will hold ceramic tablets containing archival imagery and texts of up to 5 million characters per tablet, readable with a 10x magnifier. "To fly with Astrobotic to the Moon is a unique opportunity for our team to set another exceptional mark in the long success story of Hungarian scientific and technical achievements," explained Dr.
    [Show full text]