Lunar COTS: Using the Moon’S Resources to Enable an Economical and Sustainable Pathway to Mars and Beyond
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Spring 2018 Undergraduate Law Journal
SPRING 2018 UNDERGRADUATE LAW JOURNAL The Final Frontier: Evolution of Space Law in a Global Society By: Garett Faulkender and Stephan Schneider Introduction “Space: the final frontier!” These are the famous introductory words spoken by William Shatner on every episode of Star Trek. This science-fiction TV show has gained a cult-following with its premise as a futuristic Space odyssey. Originally released in 1966, many saw the portrayed future filled with Space-travel, inter-planetary commerce and politics, and futuristic technology as merely a dream. However, today we are starting to explore this frontier. “We are entering an exciting era in [S]pace where we expect more advances in the next few decades than throughout human history.”1 Bank of America/Merrill Lynch has predicted that the Space industry will grow to over $2.7 trillion over the next three decades. Its report said, “a new raft of drivers is pushing the ‘Space Age 2.0’”.2 Indeed, this market has seen start-up investments in the range of $16 billion,3 helping fund impressive new companies like Virgin Galactic and SpaceX. There is certainly a market as Virgin Galactic says more than 600 customers have registered for a $250,000 suborbital trip, including Leonardo DiCaprio, Katy Perry, Ashton Kutcher, and physicist Stephen Hawking.4 Although Space-tourism is the exciting face of a future in Space, the Space industry has far more to offer. According to the Satellite Industries 1 Michael Sheetz, The Space Industry Will Be Worth Nearly $3 Trillion in 30 Years, Bank of America Predicts, CNBC, (last updated Oct. -
The Lost Indian Chandrayaan 2 Lander Vikram and Rover Pragyaan Found Intact in Single Piece on the Moon
ISSN (Online): 2350-0530 International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ISSN (Print): 2394-3629 December 2020, Vol 8(12), 103 – 109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2608 THE LOST INDIAN CHANDRAYAAN 2 LANDER VIKRAM AND ROVER PRAGYAAN FOUND INTACT IN SINGLE PIECE ON THE MOON Jag Mohan Saxena 1 , H M Saxena *2 , Priyanka Saxena 3 1 Bldg. 1-E-19, Jai Narayan Vyas Nagar, Bikaner 334003, India *2 Geetanjali Aptts. 9FF, E Block, Rishi Nagar, Ludhiana 141001, India 3 Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur 342037, India DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2608 Article Type: Research Article ABSTRACT The Lunar Lander Vikram of the Moon Mission Chandrayaan 2 of the Article Citation: Jag Mohan Saxena, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) lost communication with the H M Saxena, and Priyanka Saxena. Lunar Orbiter and the mission control nearly 2.1 kms above the lunar (2020). THE LOST INDIAN surface during its landing on the Moon on 7th September, 2019. The exact CHANDRAYAAN 2 LANDER VIKRAM AND ROVER PRAGYAAN FOUND location and the sight of the lost lander and rover are still elusive. We INTACT IN SINGLE PIECE ON THE present here the exact location and first images of the lander Vikram and MOON. International Journal of rover Pragyaan sighted on the lunar surface. It is evident from the Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, processed images that the lander was intact and in single piece on landing 8(12), 103-109. away from the scheduled site and its ramp was deployed to successfully https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaa release the rover Pragyan on to the lunar surface. -
Conceptual Human-System Interface Design for a Lunar Access Vehicle
Conceptual Human-System Interface Design for a Lunar Access Vehicle Mary Cummings Enlie Wang Cristin Smith Jessica Marquez Mark Duppen Stephane Essama Massachusetts Institute of Technology* Prepared For Draper Labs Award #: SC001-018 PI: Dava Newman HAL2005-04 September, 2005 http://halab.mit.edu e-mail: [email protected] *MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Cambridge, MA 02139 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................ 1 1.2 ORGANIZATION.................................................................................................... 2 2 H-SI BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION ........................................................ 3 2.1 APOLLO VS. LAV H-SI........................................................................................ 3 2.2 APOLLO VS. LUNAR ACCESS REQUIREMENTS ...................................................... 4 3 THE LAV CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE............................................................ 5 3.1 HS-I DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................ 5 3.2 THE CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE ............................................................................ 6 3.3 LANDING ZONE (LZ) DISPLAY............................................................................. 8 3.3.1 LZ Display Introduction................................................................................. -
Gao-21-330, Nasa Lunar Programs
Report to Congressional Committees May 2021 NASA LUNAR PROGRAMS Significant Work Remains, Underscoring Challenges to Achieving Moon Landing in 2024 GAO-21-330 May 2021 NASA LUNAR PROGRAMS Significant Work Remains, Underscoring Challenges to Achieving Moon Landing in 2024 Highlights of GAO-21-330, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found In March 2019, the White House The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has initiated eight directed NASA to accelerate its plans lunar programs since 2017 to help NASA achieve its goal of returning humans to for a lunar landing by 4 years, to 2024. the Moon. NASA plans to conduct this mission, known as Artemis III, in 2024. Accomplishing this goal will require NASA has made progress by completing some early lunar program development extensive coordination across lunar activities including initial contract awards, but an ambitious schedule decreases programs and contractors to ensure the likelihood of NASA achieving its goal. For example, NASA’s planned pace to systems operate together seamlessly develop a Human Landing System, shown below, is months faster than other and safely. In December 2019, GAO spaceflight programs, and a lander is inherently more complex because it found that NASA had begun making supports human spaceflight. decisions related to requirements, cost, and schedule for individual lunar Notional Human Landing System programs but was behind in taking these steps for the Artemis III mission. The House Committee on Appropriations included a provision in 2018 for GAO to review NASA’s proposed lunar-focused programs. This is the second such report. -
For Immediate Release: TWO GOOGLE LUNAR XPRIZE
Media Contact: Kyoko Yonezawa [email protected] For Immediate Release: TWO GOOGLE LUNAR XPRIZE TEAMS ANNOUNCE RIDESHARE PARTNERSHIP FOR MISSION TO THE MOON IN 2016 Team HAKUTO (Japan) and Team Astrobotic (U.S.) Plan Cooperative Launch in Pursuit of $30 Million Prize to Land a Private Spacecraft on the Lunar Surface TOKYO, Japan (February 24, 2015) – HAKUTO, the only Japanese team competing for the $30 million Google Lunar XPRIZE, has announced a contract with fellow competitor, Astrobotic, based in Pittsburgh, Pa., to carry a pair of rovers to the moon. Astrobotic plans to launch its Google Lunar XPRIZE mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Fla., during the second half of 2016. HAKUTO’s twin rovers, Moonraker and Tetris, will piggyback on Astrobotic's Griffin lander to reach the lunar surface. Upon touchdown, the rovers will be released simultaneously with Astrobotic’s Andy rover, developed by Carnegie Mellon University, travel 500 meters on the moon’s surface and send high-definition images and video back to Earth, all in pursuit of the $20M Google Lunar XPRIZE Grand Prize. Last month, both teams were awarded Google Lunar XPRIZE Milestone Prizes: HAKUTO won $500,000 for technological advancements in the Mobility category, while Astrobotic, in partnership with Carnegie Mellon University, won a total of $1.75M for innovations in all three focus areas—Landing, Mobility and Imaging. Throughout the judging process, all three rovers, Moonraker, Tetris and Andy, demonstrated the ability to move 500 meters across the lunar surface and withstand the high radiation environment and extreme temperatures on the moon. -
Space Act Agreement Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Moon Express Inc. for Lunar Catalyst Article 1
SPACE ACT AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION AND MOON EXPRESS INC. FOR LUNAR CATALYST ARTICLE 1. AUTHORITY AND PARTIES In accordance with the National Aeronautics and Space Act (51 U.S.C. § 20113), this Agreement is entered into by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, located at 300 E Street SW, Washington, DC 20546 (hereinafter referred to as "NASA") and Moon Express, Inc. located at 100 Space Port Way, Cape Canaveral, Florida 32920 (hereinafter referred to as "Partner" or "Moon Express"). NASA and Partner may be individually referred to as a "Party" and collectively referred to as the "Parties." ARTICLE 2. PURPOSE This agreement is an amended version of Space Act Agreement #18251, which went into effect on September 30, 2014. NASA recognizes that private-sector investment in technologies intended to enable commercial lunar activities has been increasing. In addition to recognizing these activities NASA wants to encourage and enable commercial successes to cultivate the increased innovation and entrepreneurship in the commercial space transportation sector. The “Lunar Cargo Transportation and Landing by Soft Touchdown” (Lunar CATALYST) initiative, is consistent with the National Space Transportation Policy. Per this policy, NASA is “committed to encouraging and facilitating a viable, healthy, and competitive U.S. Commercial space transportation industry”. This initiative also supports the internationally shared space exploration goals of the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) that NASA and 11 other space agencies around the world released in August 2013. The GER acknowledges the value of public-private partnerships and commercial services to enable sustainable exploration of asteroids, the Moon and Mars. -
Concept for a Crewed Lunar Lander Operating from the Lunar Orbiting Platform-Gateway
69th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Bremen, Germany, 1-5 October 2018. Copyright © 2018 by Lockheed Martin Corporation. Published by the IAF, with permission and released to the IAF to publish in all forms. IAC-18.A5.1.4x46653 Concept for a Crewed Lunar Lander Operating from the Lunar Orbiting Platform-Gateway Timothy Cichana*, Stephen A. Baileyb, Adam Burchc, Nickolas W. Kirbyd aSpace Exploration Architect, P.O. Box 179, MS H3005, Lockheed Martin Space, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. 80201, [email protected] bPresident, 8100 Shaffer Parkway, Unit 130, Deep Space Systems, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, 80127-4124, [email protected] cDesign Engineer / Graphic Artist, 8341 Sangre de Christo Rd, Deep Space Systems, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, 80127, [email protected] dSystems Engineer, Advanced Programs, P.O. Box 179, MS H3005, Lockheed Martin Space, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A. 80201, [email protected] * Corresponding Author Abstract Lockheed Martin is working with NASA on the development of the Lunar Orbiting Platform – Gateway, or Gateway. Positioned in the vicinity of the Moon, the Gateway allows astronauts to demonstrate operations beyond Low Earth Orbit for months at a time. The Gateway is evolvable, flexible, modular, and is a precursor and mission demonstrator directly on the path to Mars. Mars Base Camp is Lockheed Martin's vision for sending humans to Mars. Operations from an orbital base camp will build on a strong foundation of today's technologies and emphasize scientific exploration as mission cornerstones. Key aspects of Mars Base Camp include utilizing liquid oxygen and hydrogen as the basis for a nascent water-based economy and the development of a reusable lander/ascent vehicle. -
Lunar Lander Educator Edition
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Geometry and Algebra II Grade Level THE LUNAR LANDER – Ascending from the Moon 9-12 Instructional Objectives Subject Area Mathematics: Geometry Students will and Algebra II • use trigonometric function rules to solve problems • graph and analyze functions to determine a relationship between Key Concept two variables Application of trigonometric functions Prerequisites Teacher Prep Time Students should have a good knowledge of right triangle trigonometry and 15 minutes how to solve problems using trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions. Students should also be able to manipulate and Problem Duration evaluate functions. 45-60 minutes Background Technology Graphing Calculator This problem is part of a series of problems that apply Algebra and Geometry principles to U.S. Space Exploration policy. Materials Exploration provides the foundation of our knowledge, technology, Student Edition resources, and inspiration. It seeks answers to fundamental questions about our existence, responds to recent discoveries and puts in place Degree of Difficulty revolutionary techniques and capabilities to inspire our nation, the world, Moderate to Difficult and the next generation. Through NASA, we touch the unknown, we learn and we understand. As we take our first steps toward sustaining a human Skill presence in the solar system, we can look forward to far-off visions of the Operations with past becoming realities of the future. trigonometric functions; manipulating and The vision for space exploration includes returning the space shuttle evaluating functions; safely to flight, completing the International Space Station, developing a graphing; calculator use new exploration vehicle and all the systems needed for embarking on extended missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. -
KPLO, ISECG, Et Al…
NationalNational Aeronautics Aeronautics and Space and Administration Space Administration KPLO, ISECG, et al… Ben Bussey Chief Exploration Scientist Human Exploration & Operations Mission Directorate, NASA HQ 1 Strategic Knowledge Gaps • SKGs define information that is useful/mandatory for designing human spaceflight architecture • Perception is that SKGs HAVE to be closed before we can go to a destination, i.e. they represent Requirements • In reality, there is very little information that is a MUST HAVE before we go somewhere with humans. What SKGs do is buy down risk, allowing you to design simpler/cheaper systems. • There are three flavors of SKGs 1. Have to have – Requirements 2. Buys down risk – LM foot pads 3. Mission enhancing – Resources • Four sets of SKGs – Moon, Phobos & Deimos, Mars, NEOs www.nasa.gov/exploration/library/skg.html 2 EM-1 Secondary Payloads 13 CUBESATS SELECTED TO FLY ON INTERIM EM-1 CRYOGENIC PROPULSION • Lunar Flashlight STAGE • Near Earth Asteroid Scout • Bio Sentinel • LunaH-MAP • CuSPP • Lunar IceCube • LunIR • EQUULEUS (JAXA) • OMOTENASHI (JAXA) • ArgoMoon (ESA) • STMD Centennial Challenge Winners 3 3 3 Lunar Flashlight Overview Looking for surface ice deposits and identifying favorable locations for in-situ utilization in lunar south pole cold traps Measurement Approach: • Lasers in 4 different near-IR bands illuminate the lunar surface with a 3° beam (1 km spot). Orbit: • Light reflected off the lunar • Elliptical: 20-9,000 km surface enters the spectrometer to • Orbit Period: 12 hrs distinguish water -
Designing a Lunar Lander
Designing a Lunar Lander Supplies You’ll Need: Any clean, recyclable items that you find around your house, for example: paper towel or bathroom rolls, paper plates and utensils, plastic cups, bottles, caps, etc...aluminum foil, paper and/or plastic bags, party supplies – like hats, balloons, streamers, wrapping paper; paper clips, envelopes, old stuff from your garage like string, rope, twist ties, wire, strong tape, glue – anything works – get creative!! Before You Begin: Think about your design, it helps if you make a plan, or drawing. Here are some things to think about. The NASA Artemis Mission – Return to the Moon by 2024! Imagine that you are part of the new Artemis Mission team, designing a Lunar Lander that will help astronauts return to the moon by the year 2024. Your Lander must: • Disconnect, and reconnect later, with the Command Module • Have a way of moving through space on its own • Have space for the crew to live (sleep, eat, work, and pilot the lander) while they are on the moon • Land safely on the moon and lift off again • Have at least 1 hatch where astronauts can get in and out after landing on the moon • Have a way for astronauts to safely get in and out of the lander while it’s connected the Command Module in space Take a few minutes to think about what your Lander will need. Imagine what it will look like. Draw the exterior (outside) of your Lander below, and label the important parts! Use this drawing to guide you as you build. -
Astrobotic: Commercial Service for Lunar Resource Payload Delivery
Lunar Exploration Analysis Group (2015) 2066.pdf ASTROBOTIC: COMMERCIAL SERVICE FOR LUNAR RESOURCE PAYLOAD DELIVERY. J. Thornton1, S. Huber2, K. Peterson3, D. Hendrickson4, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Astrobotic Technology, Inc. (2515 Liberty Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15222). ing resource instruments on mul- Introduction: This paper describes how Astrobot- ti-customer missions to the Moon, ic’s commercial lunar delivery service is enabling ac- resource development investiga- cess to the Moon for activities such as lunar resource tions can be launched and iterated development payloads. Topics addressed here include at multiple sites on the lunar sur- current impediments to lunar resource development, face. Small instruments can be commercial approaches to delivering resource devel- sent to numerous destinations, on opment payloads to the Moon, and traction already many small rovers. This ap- seen with the commercial market for payload delivery. proach allows resource payloads Impediments to Lunar Resource Development: Figure 1: Astro- to fly without complicated and The prospect of utilizing lunar resources for future botic’s lunar tenuous bilateral space agency space exploration is promising, and could reduce the payload delivery partnerships. Multi-user commer- cost of missions beyond Earth orbit by a factor of four. model is an end- cial missions can also provide [1] Realizing these savings however, requires first the to-end commer- important precursor feasibility determination of lunar resource availability, and the cial delivery ser- assessments of resource develop- demonstration of resource extraction, refinement, and vice ideal for ment without a major financial utilization. The prior high-cost of robotic missions to lunar resource- commitment by one or more the Moon has placed an extraordinary barrier to these focused pay- space agencies. -
INDIA's LUNAR PROGRAMMES Chandrayaan-1 and Beyond
INDIA’S LUNAR PROGRAMMES PRESENT & FUTURE Chandrayaan-1 and Beyond 2ND GLOBAL SPACE DEVELOPMENTAL SUMMIT 12TH NOVEMBER 2009 Deviprasad Karnik (Indian Space Research Organization) COUNSELLOR (SPACE) EMBASSY OF INDIA WASHINGTON DC Chandrayaan-1:Mission Objective • Design, develop and launch a spacecraft in a lunar polar orbit. • Develop expertise for planning and execution of mission and ground systems for future planetary exploration missions. • Chemical and mineralogical mapping of lunar surface to understand the origin and evolution of the moon. • Systematic topographic mapping of the whole surface of the moon. • To establish capability of planetary data analysis and also data archival and dissemination. • To enhance India’s image in the international scene by being part of a select group having capability for Planetary Missions. Chandrayaan-1, Payloads SARA Summary of Chandrayaan-1 Wavelength range coverage Prime Objectives Payload •· Search for water-ice MiniSAR, HEX, SARA •· Chemical Mapping C1XS, HEX •· Mineralogical Mapping HySI, SIR-2, M3 •· Topography Mapping LLRI,TMC •· Radiation Environment RADOM, HEX, C1XS •· Magnetic Field Mapping SARA •· Volatile Transport HEX •· Lunar Atmospheric constituent MIP Chandrayaan-1 : International Participation Chandrayaan-1 Mission Sequence 4 November at 8 November at 16:51 hrs IST 22 October 2008 04:56 hrs IST at 06:22 hrs IST 100 km circular polar orbit on November 12. 14 November at 20:06 hrs IST,MIP was ejected Back Impact Probe Mission Profile Orientation Maneuver Probe & Separation, Spin Up & De-orbit Orbiter 100 km X 100 km Imaging,altimeter,MS data during descent 490 5 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle Lift Off Mass: 319 tons Payload Lift off capability SSPO : 1750kgs GTO : 1140kgs EPO : 1320kgs (260km X 22860km) PSLV has four stages, using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately.