Age Research cards 7-11 years Moon landings - Luna 9 About Credit-Pline On the 3 February 1966, Luna 9 made history by being the first crewless space mission to make a soft landing on the surface of the Moon. It was the ninth mission in the Soviet Union’s Luna programme (the previous five missions had all experienced spacecraft failure). The Soviet Union existed from 1922 to 1991 and was the largest country in the world; it was made up of 15 states, the largest of which was the Russian Republic, now called Russia. The Space Race is a term that is used to describe the competition between the United States of America and the Soviet Union which lasted from 1955 to 1969, as both countries aimed to be the first to get humans to the Moon. Working scientifically The Luna 9 spacecraft had a mass of 98kg (about outwards to make sure the spacecraft was stable the same as a baby elephant) and it carried before it began its scientific exploration. communication equipment to send information back to Earth, a clock, a heating system, a power The camera on board took many photographs of source and a television system. The spacecraft the lunar surface including some panoramic included scientific equipment for two enquiries: images. These images were transmitted back to one to find out what the lunar surface was like; Earth using radio waves. Although the Soviet and another to find out how much dangerous Union didn’t release these photographs to the rest radiation there was on the lunar surface. of the world, astronomers working at the Jodrell Bank Observatory near Manchester noticed that The engineers planning the mission had to find the signal was similar to the one used at the time ways to make sure that the spacecraft had a soft by newspapers for transmitting pictures. The Daily landing so that the equipment wouldn’t be Express brought their equipment up to the Jodrell damaged. As the Luna 9 spacecraft was falling Bank telescope and managed to decode the towards the Moon’s surface, four jets of gas were images from Luna 9 and published the fired downwards to push the spacecraft upwards photographs worldwide. and slow it down. Just before it reached the surface, a huge airbag was inflated to reduce the Scientists were able to use the images collected to impact force. The spacecraft bounced several times find out many things about the lunar surface, before eventually coming to rest, but the including the size and number of craters as well as equipment managed to withstand the impact. whether the ground would support a spacecraft Shortly after landing, four petal shaped shields landing without it sinking into the dust. that covered the top half of the spacecraft opened Age Research cards 7-11 years Moon landings - Apollo 11 About Credit-NASA On 20 July 1969, Apollo 11 became the first crewed spacecraft to land on the surface of the Moon. The Apollo 11 mission was part of the United States of America’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Project Apollo. Commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo lunar lander known as Eagle on the lunar surface while Michael Collins flew the command module known as Columbia in orbit around the Moon. Armstrong was the first human to step on the surface of the Moon; as he made that historical step, he said the famous phrase: “That’s one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind”. Working scientifically Eagle, the Apollo lunar lander, had a number of One of these minerals was named armalcolite after different pieces of equipment onboard so that the three astronauts; all three of these minerals Armstrong and Aldrin could collect data and make have since be discovered on Earth. observations for a number of different enquires. This included a television camera that collected Buzz Aldrin set up the Early Apollo Surface footage of the lunar surface and recorded the Experiments Package (EASEP) which included astronauts carrying out tasks and working equipment for two more enquiries. One of the scientifically. The black and white footage of the pieces of equipment was called a seismometer and first lunar extravehicular activity (EVA) was was used to observe and measure moonquakes broadcast to over 600 million people on Earth. (vibrations in the ground) over time. Armstrong and Aldrin explored the lunar surface in Armstrong and Aldrin also had great fun an area up to 90 metres from the Eagle lander, investigating what was the best way to move in collecting soil and rock samples to take back to lunar gravity. The astronauts would have only felt Earth for closer observations and testing. a sixth of the weight that they felt on Earth which Armstrong collected two core samples from the made moving very different. They carried out edge of a crater; he used a geologist’s hammer to comparative tests to find out which was the best strike tubes 15cm into the ground and collect a way to move around quickly without falling over. sample in the shape of a cylinder so that layers in They tried different ways of walking, skipping and the rock and soil could be observed. The mission even two footed kangaroo hops. I the end, they brought back over 20kg of lunar rock and soil. concluded that loping was the best way to move Geologist’s back on Earth identified familiar rocks around and keep their balance, this involved in the sample – basalt and breccia – but they also taking long, bounding strides. discovered three new minerals. Age Research cards 7-11 years Moon landings - Apollo 15 About Credit-NASA On 30 July 1971, Apollo 15 became the fourth crewed spacecraft to land on the surface of the Moon. The Apollo 15 mission was part of the United States of America’s National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Project Apollo. It was the first extended mission and astronauts David Scott, Alfred Worden and James Irwin spent three days exploring the Moon. Scott and Irwin explored the surface of the Moon using the first lunar rover while Worden orbited the Moon in the command module, Endeavor. On the way home, Worden was the first astronaut to perform a spacewalk in deep space. Working scientifically Having a lunar rover enabled the astronauts to Apollo experiments still being used today. They are explore a much larger area than on previous used to make measurements that allow missions. The rover carried television cameras so astronomers to carefully track the Moon’s that geologists on Earth could follow Scott and movement and its distance from Earth. Irwin’s exploration. On their first extravehicular activity (EVA) they drove to two different craters to The ALSEP also included at magnetometer which collect rock and soil samples to bring back to Earth. measured the lunar magnetic field. The mission discovered that the Moon’s magnetic field is much After they returned to the spacecraft to drop off weaker than the Earth’s magnetic field. Scientists the samples, they set up the Apollo Lunar Surface believed that the magnetic field detected by the Experiments Package (ALSEP) which was a magnetometer was due to magnetic rocks on the collection of experiments that would stay on the Moon’s surface. Moon after the astronauts returned to Earth. One of the experiments was to find out how quickly the While on the Moon, Scott also performed the centre of the Moon was cooling down. It involved famous gravity experiment discussed by Galileo the astronauts drilling two holes 2.5m deep and 400 years ago. He dropped a feather and a inserting two temperature probes to measure hammer to prove that all objects in the same changes in temperature over time. gravity field fall at the same rate, no matter what mass they have. The Moon was a good place to Another experiment in the ALSEP was a laser carry out this experiment because there was no retroreflector which was used to reflect a laser atmosphere to create air resistance forces to slow beam from Earth. These reflectors were left behind the objects down. The hammer and feather hit the at all of the Apollo landing sites and are the only ground at the same time. Research cards SELENE (Kaguya) Moon landings - Age 7-11 years JAXA About Credit- SELENE was a crewless, lunar orbiter that was developed by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The spacecraft was launched on 14 September 2007 and after successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months, it impacted into the lunar surface on the 10 June 2009. In Japan, the spacecraft is better known by its nickname Kaguya which is also the name of the lunar princess in the ancient Japanese folktale ‘The tale of the Bamboo cutter’. Working scientifically The Kaguya spacecraft carried many different angles of objects on the Moon’s surface. It was this pieces of equipment for making measurements. equipment that help the mission discover an enormous cave, 50km long and 100m wide. JAXA By analysing the light that was reflected from the said that they thought the cave could be turned Moon’s surface, Kaguya was able to collect data so into an exploration base for astronauts. Kaguya that the rocks that cover the entire lunar surface collected lots of data from the cave and scientists could be identified. This equipment was able to are quite sure that the structure is solid and safe. accurately identify the different chemicals that can The cave would protect astronauts from extreme be found on the lunar surface.