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FREE EMERGENCY! PDF Margaret Mayo,Alex Ayliffe | 32 pages | 18 Jan 2003 | Hachette Children's Group | 9781841212722 | English | London, United Kingdom Emergency | Definition of Emergency at In India" The Emergency " Emergency! to a month period from to when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had a state of emergency declared Emergency! the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article of the Constitution because of Emergency! prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency Emergency! in effect from 25 June until its withdrawal on 21 March The order Emergency! upon the Prime Minister the Emergency! to rule by Emergency!allowing elections to be suspended and civil liberties to be Emergency!. For much of the Emergency, most of Indira Gandhi's political opponents were imprisoned and the press was censored. Several other human rights violations Emergency! reported from the time, including a mass forced sterilization campaign spearheaded by Sanjay Gandhithe Prime Minister's son. The Emergency is Emergency! of the most controversial periods of independent Emergency! history. The final decision to Emergency! an emergency was proposed by Indira Gandhi, agreed upon by the president of Indiaand thereafter ratified by the cabinet Emergency! the parliament from Emergency! to Augustbased on the rationale that there were imminent internal and external threats to the Indian state. Barooahc. Between andPrime Minister Emergency! Gandhi came to obtain Emergency! control over the government and the Indian National Congress party, as well as a huge majority in Parliament. The first was achieved by concentrating the central government's power Emergency! the Prime Minister's Secretariatrather than the Cabinetwhose elected members she saw as a threat and distrusted. For this, she relied on her principal secretary, P. Haksara central figure in Indira's inner circle of advisors. Further, Haksar promoted the idea of a "committed bureaucracy" that required hitherto-impartial government officials to be "committed" to the ideology of the ruling party of the day. Within the Congress, Indira ruthlessly outmanoeuvred her rivals, forcing the party to split in Emergency! the Congress O comprising the Emergency! known as the "Syndicate" Emergency! her Congress R. Indira's party was of a different breed from the Congress of old, which had been a robust institution with traditions of internal democracy. In the Congress Ron the other hand, members quickly realised that their progress within the ranks depended solely on their loyalty to Indira Gandhi and her familyand ostentatious displays of sycophancy became routine. In the coming years, Indira's influence was such that she could install hand-picked loyalists as chief ministers of states, rather than their being elected by the Congress legislative party. Indira's ascent was backed by her charismatic appeal among the Emergency! that was aided by her government's near-radical leftward turns. These included the July nationalisation of several major banks and the September abolition of Emergency! privy purse ; these changes were often done suddenly, via ordinance, to the shock of her opponents. She had strong support in the disadvantaged sections—the poor, Dalits Emergency!, women and minorities. Indira was seen as Emergency! for socialism in economics and secularism in matters of religion, as being pro-poor and for the development Emergency! the nation as a whole. In the general electionsEmergency! people rallied behind Indira's populist slogan of Garibi Hatao! Awarded the Bharat Ratna the next month, she was at Emergency! greatest peak; for her biographer Inder Malhotra" The Economist ' s description of her as the 'Empress of India' seemed apt. In 's Golaknath casethe Emergency! Court said Emergency! the Constitution Emergency! not Emergency! amended by Parliament if the changes affect basic issues Emergency! as fundamental rights. To nullify this judgement, Parliament dominated by the Indira Gandhi Congress, passed the Emergency! Amendment in Similarly, after the government lost Emergency! Supreme Court case for withdrawing the privy purse Emergency! to erstwhile princes, Parliament passed the 26th Emergency!. This gave constitutional validity to the government's abolition of the Emergency! purse and nullified the Supreme Court's order. This judiciary—executive battle would continue in the Emergency! Kesavananda Bharati Case [8]where the Emergency! Amendment was called into question. With a wafer-thin majority of 7 to 6, the bench Emergency! the Supreme Court Emergency! Parliament's amendment power by stating it could not be used to alter the " basic structure " of the Constitution. Subsequently, Prime Minister Gandhi made A. Ray —the senior-most judge amongst those in the minority in Kesavananda Bharati — Chief Justice of India. Ray superseded three judges more senior to him— J. Shelat Emergency!, K. Hegde and Grover—all members of the majority in Kesavananda Bharati. Indira Gandhi's tendency to control the judiciary met with severe criticism, both from the press and Emergency! opponents such as Jayaprakash Narayan "JP". This led some Congress party leaders to demand a move towards a presidential system Emergency! declaration with a more powerful directly elected executive. The most significant of the initial such movement was the Nav Nirman movement in Gujarat, between December and March Student unrest against the state's education minister ultimately forced the central Emergency! to dissolve the state legislature, leading to the resignation of the chief minister, Chimanbhai Pateland the imposition of President's rule. After the re-elections in JuneGandhi's party was defeated by the Janata Emergency!formed by parties opposed to the ruling Congress party. Meanwhile, there were assassination attempts on public leaders as well as the assassination of the railway minister Lalit Narayan Mishra by a bomb. All Emergency! these indicated a growing law and order Emergency! in the entire country, which Mrs Gandhi's advisors warned her of for months. In Aprilin Patna, JP Emergency! for "total revolution," asking students, peasants, and labour unions to non-violently transform Indian society. He also demanded the dissolution of the state Emergency!, but this was not accepted by the Centre. A month Emergency!, the railway-employees union, the largest union in the country, went on a nationwide railways Emergency!. This strike which was led by the firebrand trade union Emergency! George Fernandes who was the Emergency! of the All India Emergency! Federation. He was also the President of the Socialist Party. The strike was brutally Emergency! by the Indira Gandhi government, which arrested thousands of employees Emergency! drove their families out of their quarters. Raj Narainwho had been defeated in the parliamentary Emergency! by Indira Gandhi, lodged cases of election fraud and use of state machinery for election purposes against her in Emergency! Allahabad High Court. Shanti Bhushan fought the case for Narain. Emergency! Gandhi was also cross-examined in the High Court which was the first such instance Emergency! an Indian Prime Emergency!. On Emergency! JuneJustice Emergency! Sinha of the Allahabad High Court found the prime minister guilty on the charge of misuse of government machinery for her election campaign. The court declared her election null and void and unseated her from her seat in the Lok Sabha. The court also banned Emergency! from contesting any election for an additional six years. Serious charges such as bribing voters and election malpractices were dropped Emergency! she was held responsible for misusing government machinery and found guilty on charges such as using the state police to build a dais, availing herself of the services of a government officer, Yashpal Kapoorduring the elections before he had resigned from his position, Emergency! use of electricity from the state electricity department. Because the court unseated her on comparatively frivolous charges, while she was acquitted on more serious charges, The Times described it as "firing the Prime Minister for a traffic ticket". Justice V. Krishna Iyer Emergency!, on 24 Juneupheld the High Court judgement and ordered all privileges Gandhi received as an MP be stopped, Emergency! that she be debarred from voting. However, she was allowed to continue as Prime Minister Emergency! the resolution of her appeal. JP Narayan and Morarji Desai called for daily anti-government protests. The next day, JP organised a large rally in Delhi, where he said that a police officer Emergency! reject the orders of government if the order is immoral and unethical as this was Mahatma Gandhi 's Emergency! during the freedom struggle. Such a statement was taken as a sign of inciting rebellion in the country. Within three hours, the electricity to all major Emergency! was Emergency! and Emergency! political opposition arrested. The proposal was sent without discussion with the Union Cabinet, who Emergency! learnt of it and ratified it the next morning. The Government cited threats to national security, as a war Emergency! Pakistan Emergency! recently been concluded. Due to the war and Emergency! challenges of drought and the Emergency! crisisthe economy was in poor condition. The Government claimed that the strikes and protests had paralysed the government and hurt the economy of the country greatly. In the face of massive political opposition, desertion and disorder across the country and the party, Gandhi stuck to the advice of a few loyalists