CHAPTER 4

History: Past and Present

Cumberland County has a rich history that continues to contribute to the heritage and identity of the county today. Events in the past have shaped the county as it has evolved over time. It is important to understand and appreciate the past in order to plan for the future.

Historical Development

Cumberland County's origin began in 1681 with the land grant to William Penn by King Charles II of England. Westward colonial expansion produced a flow of settlers into the Cumberland Valley, including many Scotch-Irish. James Letort established a trading post along the present-day Letort Spring Run in 1720. Prior to the American Revolution, large numbers of German emigrants moved into the area. The increasing number of settlers required the need for a more central governmental body to provide law and order. At that time, Lancaster City was the nearest seat of government to the Cumberland Valley. Through the Act of January 27, 1750, Governor James Hamilton directed the formation of Cumberland County (named after Cumberland County, England) as the sixth county erected in the Commonwealth. Its boundaries extended from the Susquehanna River and York County on the east to Maryland on the south, to the border of Pennsylvania on the west, and to central Pennsylvania on the north. Shippensburg was established as the county seat and the first courts were held there in 1750 – 51. The county seat was moved to Carlisle in 1752. Other counties were later formed from Cumberland County, including Bedford (1771), Northumberland (1772), Franklin (1784), Mifflin (1789), and Perry (1820).

Early relations with Native Americans in the County were peaceful, but they became strained as the result of the settlers' actions, such as corrupt trade deals, selling whiskey, and encroaching on Indian land. Cumberland County was on the extreme frontier and therefore vulnerable to Indian attacks. As the result, a large number of forts were built to provide refuge. These proved to be especially important during the French and Indian Wars and the 1763 uprising led by Chief Pontiac. The earliest fort was Fort Franklin, built in 1740 at Shippensburg. Fort Morris was later erected at the same site in 1755. Fort Lowther was built at Carlisle in 1753 and the Carlisle Barracks was founded in 1757. The British used Carlisle as the beginning point for military activities in western Pennsylvania, underscoring the significance of Carlisle Barracks as one of the oldest military posts in the country. Other outposts in the County were Forts Groghan, Dickey, Ferguson, Letort, and McCombs. Indian councils were held in Carlisle in 1753 and 1754 in efforts to secure peace. After 1765 relations with the Indians were again peaceful, due in large part to the beginning of their westward migration. By 1775, few Indians remained in the County.

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Up to the beginning of the Revolution, Cumberland County's economy remained basically agrarian. During the Revolutionary War several foundries were established, producing cannons from iron ore quarried from South Mountain. Carlisle played a prominent role in this effort as an armament and ordinance center where hundreds of workmen labored to make the needed arms and ammunition. This and other involvement in the War adversely affected the County's agriculture, to the point that fields often went unplowed and both plantings and harvests were missed. Following the end of the War the County returned to its agrarian ways. The economy prospered with agricultural produce exported to the east and new businesses began.

In 1790, the first U.S. Census showed Cumberland County with a population of 18,243. By the early 1800s, significant changes had occurred within the County. Public schools were established. Dickinson College opened its School of Law in 1834. Water and gas were being piped into Carlisle Borough. Newspapers were being published, and hotels and other businesses flourished. However, the local investment in agriculture still exceeded that which was devoted to manufacturing, which was quite varied and included metals and metal products, textiles, leather and leather goods, and milling. As thousands of settlers and frontiersmen passed through the Cumberland Valley en route West, Shippensburg and Carlisle became important way stations. Turnpike roads, which were built to connect southeastern Pennsylvania with the West, passed through the Valley, establishing the backbone for the County's transportation network and the pattern for future land use.

The Civil War had a mixed effect on Cumberland County. Daily life was disrupted because of the hundreds who went to fight. In addition, Confederate forces briefly occupied Shippensburg, Carlisle, and Mechanicsburg during the Gettysburg Campaign in 1863. A minor battle occurred at Sporting Hill in Hampden Township, which resulted in casualties on both sides. On June 30, 1863 the Confederates withdrew from the County and advanced toward Gettysburg. One day later a second Confederate force entered Cumberland County and shelled Carlisle after Union troops in town refused to surrender.

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5/7/03 This resulted in minimal damage to the town but Confederate forces burned the U.S. Barracks before leaving the County.

The war created a heavy demand for goods produced in the County and, as a result, the economy prospered further. This continued into the decades following the end of the war, as the settlement of the West created high demands for goods and services. This time period also saw the expansion of utilities, services, and facilities within the County. Telephone and electric services were established, sewer and water facilities were expanded, and transportation was broadened with the inclusion of trolley service. Higher education was facilitated with the founding of Shippensburg State Normal School in 1871 (now known as Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania) and Messiah College in 1909 in Grantham.

World War I had a significant impact on Cumberland County as thousands of its residents served in the military. Manufacturing diversified in response to the demand for war goods. Agriculture, however, remained a dominant part of the economy.

The establishment of military facilities in Cumberland County had a strong positive influence on the region’s economy. The New Cumberland Defense Distribution Center was established during World War I. Although located across the County boundary in York County, the Center contributes to the County's employment rate and other segments of the economy. The establishment of the U.S. Naval Support Station near Mechanicsburg during World War II and the U.S. Army War College east of Carlisle in 1951 had a similar effect.

World War II had the most pronounced social and economic impact on the County. Again, thousands served in the armed forces and the economy was focused almost entirely on the war effort. Vast amounts of food, tires, electronic equipment, and other materials were produced to meet the demands. Following the war, there were social changes that greatly altered the face of the County and established the growth pattern that continues today. A combination of the GI bill for housing and education, low mortgage interest rates, and increased automobile use resulted in unprecedented housing growth and personal mobility. The exodus from urban areas began with a growing population moving further into rural areas. Agricultural acreage was reduced to accommodate new housing. Infrastructure and services were necessary to accommodate this new housing, and the economy shifted from rural agricultural to urban/suburban commerce, industry, and services.

The rich history of the county is commemorated with its historic markers and historic landmarks listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Table 4-1 lists the historical markers in Cumberland County provided by the Pennsylvania Historical Commission. Table 4-2 consolidates the inventory of National Register (Listed and Eligible Properties) in PA maintained by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

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5/7/03 TABLE 4.1 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL COMMISSION: LIST OF HISTORICAL MARKERS IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY

1 Municipality: Camp Hill Marker Text: Legislator and official lived here in Lowther Manor on land Marker Name: Robert Whitehill conveyed by the Penns in 1771. At the state’s 1787 convention to ratify the Date Dedicated: Dec. 15, 1991 U.S. Constitution, Whitehill led the Antifederalist minority; he presented Location: 1903 Market Street amendments later embodied in the Bill of Rights. A drafter of the 1776 state constitution, he served terms with both the legislature and executive council; was in congress, 1805-13. 2 Municipality: Camp Hill Marker Text: Capt. William Hendricks led from nearby Cumberland Marker Name: Cumberland Riflemen County points a company of riflemen to Quebec, Canada. There they fought Date Dedicated: May 25, 1948 Dec. 31, 1775, at the side of Gen. Richard Montgomery. Hendricks was Location: Market Street between 24th and 25th Streets killed in action. 3 Municipality: Camp Hill Marker Text: Farthest advance of a body of Confederate troops toward Marker Name: Gettysburg Campaign Harrisburg. Southern units under General A.G. Jenkins of Ewell’s Corp Date Dedicated: June 28, 1963 reached Oyster Point on June 28, 1863. On the next day defending militia Location: 3025 Market Street faced them here in a skirmish in which both sides suffered casualties. 4 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: On a 116-acre tract here stood the model farm created 1857- Marker Name: Fredrick Watts 67 by this agricultural reformer. Watts was the first president of the Date Dedicated: June 11, 1994 Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, 1851; a founder of the Farmers’ High Location: Watts Business Park, Ritner Highway School (now Penn State); and U.S Commissioner of Agriculture, 1871-76. The farm remained until 1988. Its site selection, layout, and building designs reflected Watts’s pioneering ideas on farm efficiency. 5 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Formed January 27, 1750 from Lancaster County. Named Marker Name: Cumberland County for Cumberland County in England, it originally extended to Pennsylvania’s Date Dedicated: May 17, 1982 western limits. Carlisle, county seat, was founded 1751. Crossed by major Location: Old Courthouse, High and Hanover Sts. roads, county had a key role in western migration. 6 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: On June 28, 1863, General Richard Ewell received orders Marker Name: Gettysburg Campaign from Robert E. Lee to move Ewell’s southern troops out of Carlisle and on Date Dedicated: Nov. 2, 2000 to Gettysburg. By June 29th two divisions of Ewells troops marched over Location: PA 34, .3 mile S of Carlisle near Interstate 81 this road through Mt. Holly Springs, York Springs, and Heidlersburg towards Gettysburg

4-4 5/7/03 TABLE 4.1 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL COMMISSION: LIST OF HISTORICAL MARKERS IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY (Cont.)

7 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: June 27, 1863, Gen. Ewell’s Confederate army, marching over Marker Name: Gettysburg Campaign this road toward Harrisburg, reached Carlisle; Jenkins’ cavalry went on to Date Dedicated: July 29, 1947 reconnoiter. On June 29, Lee ordered Ewell to join the main army at Location: SR 2023, .5 mile SW of Carlisle near Interstate 81 Cashtown. 8 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Oldest law school in Pennsylvania; founded in 1834 by the Marker Name: Dickinson School of Law Honorable John Reed, eminent jurist, and author of “Pennsylvania Date Dedicated: Oct. 20, 1949 Blackstone” Andrew Curtin, Civil War Governor was one of earliest Location: S. College St. at Law School graduates. 9 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Here George Washington reviewed militia from Pennsylvania Marker Name: George Washington and New Jersey, rendezvoused at Carlisle, October 1794, before marching to Date Dedicated: Oct. 20, 1949 the Western part of State to quell the Whiskey Rebellion. Location: W. High St. at Denny Hall 10 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Grammar school founded in 1773. College charted in 1783, Marker Name: Dickinson College and named for John Dickinson. “Old West,” built 1804, was designed by Date Dedicated: July 1, 1947 Benjamin H. Latrobe, architect of the national Capitol. Location: W. High St. at campus in Carlisle 11 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: On this lot Thomas Butler had his home and gun shop about Marker Name: Thomas Butler 1764; the latter still stands to the rear. Butler and five sons, all officers served Date Dedicated: Oct. 21, 1949 in the Revolution. Often referred to as the “Fighting Butlers.” Location: W. High St. between Pitt & West Sts. 12 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Early Carlisle lawyer, and representative to Continental Marker Name: James Wilson Congress, occupied house that stood on this site. He was a signer of the Date Dedicated: Oct. 20, 1949 Declaration of Independence, and one of the framers of the Constitution of Location: SW corner, High & Pitt Sts. U.S. 13 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: First fort authorized by Pennsylvania. Laid out by Gov. Marker Name: Carlisle Fort Morris, July 1775, “in the middle of this town,” on news of Braddock’s Date Dedicated: Nov. 3, 1961 defeat. Col. John Armstrong’s headquarters till 1758. Called “Fort Lowther” Location: W. High Street between Pitt and Hanover Streets by some later writers. 14 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Mary “Ludwig” Hays McCauley, known as “Molly Pitcher,” Marker Name: Molly Pitcher heroine at Battle of Monmouth, is buried in Old Graveyard just east of here. Date Dedicated: Nov. 30, 1949 In this burial ground are graves of many distinguished citizens. Location: S. Hanover Street between Walnut and South Streets

4-5 5/7/03 TABLE 4.1 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL COMMISSION: LIST OF HISTORICAL MARKERS IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY (Cont.)

15 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: For a short time in 1776, Major Andre and Lt. Despard, British Marker Name: Major Andre prisoners of war, were detained in a tavern that stood on this site. Some years Date Dedicated: Dec. 6, 1949 later, after an exchange and recapture, Andre was executed as a spy. Location: S. Hanover Street between Sough and Pomfret Sts. 16 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: In 1753, Benjamin Franklin stayed at inn on this site while he, Marker Name: Green Tree Inn Richard Peters, and Isaac Norris treated with Indians. Hamilton and Knox, Date Dedicated: Nov. 11, 1949 members of Washington’s cabinet, lodged here in 1794. Location: S. Hanover Street between Pomfret and High Sts.

17 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Home of Gen. Ephraim Blaine, Commissary General of Marker Name: Blaine House Revolutionary Army, stood on this site. George Washington was a guest here, Date Dedicated: Dec. 6, 1949 Oct. 4-11, 1794, while mustering an armed force to quell Whiskey Rebellion in Location: S. Hanover St. between Pomfret & High Sts. Western Pennsylvania. 18 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Oldest public building in Carlisle; erection begun, 1757. Here Marker Name: First Presbyterian Church colonists met in 1774 to declare for independence, and George Washington Date Dedicated: Oct. 21, 1949 worshipped, 1794. Congregation organized at Meeting House Springs in 1734. Location: NW corner, High & Hanover Sts. 19 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: This square was set apart by the Penns in 1751 for the Church Marker Name: Episcopal Square of England; in continuous use since that time by St. John’s Episcopal Church. Date Dedicated: Oct. 21, 1949 In 1752, the first church building was erected. Location: NE corner, High & Hanover Sts. 20 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Distinguished jurist and author of legal books, lived in this Marker Name: John Bannister Gibson house from about 1820 until his death, 1853; Chief Justice of the Supreme Date Dedicated: Nov. 30, 1949 Court of Pennsylvania for 24 years of his 37 of his 37 years membership. Location: E. High St. between Hanover & Bedford St. 21 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: “Hero of Kittanning.” Revolutionary officer, member of Marker Name: General John Armstrong Continental Congress, County Judge, lived in a house on this site. Died at Date Dedicated: Nov. 30, 1949 Carlisle, 1795. Buried in Old Graveyard, two blocks south. Location: NE corner of High and Bedford Sts. 22 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Early Carlisle physician, member of Provincial Convention, Marker Name: General William Irvine Revolutionary officer, commander at Fort Pitt, occupied house that stood on Date Dedicated: Nov. 30, 1949 this site before 1800. Location: SE corner, High & Bedford Sts.

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23 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Founded in 1751 as the seat of Cumberland County. Historic Marker Name: Carlisle Gateway Marker old frontier town. Supplied a contingent for the first regiment of the Date Dedicated: July 30, 1947 Continental Army in 1775. March against the Whiskey Rebels began here, Location: Main Highway US 11 East 1794. 24 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Founded in 1751 as the seat of Cumberland County. Historic Marker Name: Carlisle Gateway Marker old frontier town. Supplied a contingent for the first regiment of the Date Dedicated: July 30, 1947 Continental Army in 1775. March against the Whiskey Rebels began here, Location: Main Highway US 11 west of town 1794. 25 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Founded in 1751 as the seat of Cumberland County. Historic Marker Name: Carlisle Gateway Marker old frontier town. Supplied a contingent for the first regiment of the Date Dedicated: July 30, 1947 Continental Army in 1775. March against the Whiskey Rebels began here, Location: Main Highway SR 0034 north of town 1794. 26 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: The first battalion in the colonies authorized by Congress, June Marker Name: Thompson’s Rifle Battalion 1775. Totaling nine companies, it was initially led by Col. William Thompson Date Dedicated: Nov. 11, 1986 of Carlisle. Later the organization became the First Pennsylvania Continental Location: E. South Street at Old Graveyard Regiments. 27 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: In 1779, Father Charles Sewall, S.J., took title to a lot here. Log Marker Name: St. Patrick’s Church structure built 1784; brick edifice in 1806. Present church erected 1893 by Date Dedicated: Oct. 19, 1986 Father Henry G. Ganss. Adjacent is St. Katherine Hall, built by Mother Location: 140 E. Pomfret Street at Church Katherine Drexel, 1901, for Catholics at Carlisle Indian School. 28 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: Established 1757. Oldest Army Post in U.S. A powder Marker Name: Carlisle Barracks magazine built by Hessian prisoners in 1777 survives. Burned by Confederates Date Dedicated: 1982 on July 1, 1863. Indian School, 1879-1918. Army Medical Field Service Location: US 11 opposite War College, NE end Carlisle School, 1920-1946. Army War College since 1951. 29 Municipality: Carlisle Marker Text: To capture Fort Duquesne, General Forbes marched an army, in Marker Name: Forbes Road (Raystown Path) 1758, from his main base at Carlisle to the Forks of the Ohio. He followed, as Date Dedicated: Jan. 7, 1952 closely as he could with army wagons, the Raystown Indian and Traders Path, Location: US 11 just SW of Carlisle widen by axemen under Colonel Henry Bouquet. 30 Municipality: Hampden Marker Text: This campaign’s northernmost engagement, known as the Battle Marker Name: Gettysburg Campaign – of Sporting Hill, occurred just north and west of here, June 30, 1863. The 22nd Battle of Sporting Hill & 37th New York Militia Regiments, along with Landis’s Philadelphia Battery, Date Dedicated: June 21, 1997 fought in defense of Harrisburg against the 16th & 36th Virginia Cavalry units. Location: 5002 Carlisle Pike Afterward the Confederates withdrew to Carlisle, leaving some 16 dead. Reported wounded were 11 Union soldiers; 20-30 Confederates.

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31 Municipality: Hampden Marker Text: Present building erected in 1798 by a Reformed congregation. Marker Name: Peace Church Half-interest obtained in 1806 by a Lutheran congregation; in joint use until Date Dedicated: Aug. 4, 1947 1866. Kept in its original form; used for special services. Location: PA 641 (Trindle Rd) at St. John’s Rd. W of Camp Hill 32 Municipality: Hampden Marker Text: Present building erected in 1798 by a Reformed congregation. Marker Name: Peace Church Half-interest obtained in 1806 by a Lutheran congregation; in joint use until Date Dedicated: May 25, 1948 1866. Kept in its original form; used annually by St. John’s Lutheran, a half- Location: Carlisle Pike and St. John’s Rd, 1.2 miles West of mile away. Camp Hill 33 Municipality: Lemoyne Marker Text: Remains of breastworks built in June 1863 to oppose an Marker Name: Fort Couch expected attack on Harrisburg by Confederate troops. Site then known as Date Dedicated: Aug. 10, 1947 Hummel’s Heights. Fort was named for Gen. Couch, Commander, Eastern Location: 8th & Market St. Pennsylvania Military Department. 34 Municipality: Lemoyne Marker Text: Remains of breastworks built in June 1863 to oppose an Marker Name: Fort Couch expected attack on Harrisburg by Confederate troops. This site was then known Date Dedicated: Oct. 13, 1954 as Hummels’s Heights. Fort was named for D.N. Couch, Commander, Eastern Location: 8th St. & Ohio Ave. Pennsylvania Military Department. 35 Municipality: Mechanicsburg Marker Text: Site of the College that was chartered in 1857, and named for Marker Name: Irving Female College Washington Irving, a trustee. First women’s college in Pennsylvania to grant Date Dedicated: Sept. 29, 1954 degrees in arts and sciences. It closed in 1929. Location: E. Main St. near Filbert St. 36 Municipality: Mechanicsburg Marker Text: Oldest public building in Mechanicsburg. Built in 1825 on land Marker Name: Union Church given by Martin Rupp. As provided in the charter, it has been used by many Date Dedicated: Sept. 29, 1954 religious sects on payment of small fee. Location: East Main Street at Church 37 Municipality: Mechanicsburg Marker Text: Built about 1792. It extended from Michael Simpson’s Ferry on Marker Name: Simpson Ferry Road the Susquehanna to Carlisle, following, at this point, a course later known as Date Dedicated: Sept. 29, 1954 Simpson St. Used by many persons traveling to western part of the State. Location: Simpson St. near Walnut St. 38 Municipality: Middlesex Marker Text: The farthest north attained by any organized body of the Marker Name: Farthest North of Confederates Confederate army of Gen Robert E. Lee was reached here at the farm of Joseph Date Dedicated: Oct. 26, 1929 Miller on the morning of June 28, 1863. Hearing that Sterretts Gap was Location: PA 34, 1 mile north of Carlisle Springs occupied by Union Troops these outposts returned to their command at Carlisle. From the hills the tide of the Confederate invasion receded, never to return.

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39 Municipality: Monroe Marker Text: This railroad junction became the site of the Great Grangers’ Marker Name: Williams Grove Interstate Picnic Exhibition, founded 1874 by R.H. Thomas of the State Grange. Date Dedicated: Sept. 29, 1954 The annual event drew an estimated 100,00 or more people in a week by the Location: SR 2011 ½ mile South of Williams Grove 1890’s. The John Williams, built about 1799, stands. 40 Municipality: New Cumberland Marker Text: Two-term Governor of Pennsylvania, 1867-73. Major General Marker Name: John W. Geary in Civil War. Colonel, 2nd Pa. Regiment in Mexican War. Governor, Kansas Date Dedicated: June 10, 1995 Territory. First postmaster & first mayor of San Francisco. His home was a Location: 3rd and Bridge Streets in New Cumberland block east at 308 Market Street. 41 Municipality: New Cumberland Marker Text: Inventor of a telephone for which he sought a patent in 1880. Marker Name: Daniel Drawbaugh Claims contested by Bell Telephone, which won the court decision in 1888. Date Dedicated: May 1, 1965 Born in this village. July 14, 1827, where he developed his inventions; he Location: SR 2033 at Eberlys Mill, 1 mile W of New removed in 1904 to Camp Hill, where he died November 2, 1911. Cumberland 42 Municipality: Newville Marker Text: Gristmill built about 1763 by William Laughlin. Owned by his Marker Name: Laughlin Mill family until 1896. Preserved by Ethel T. McCarthy. The oldest such structure Date Dedicated: July 29, 1947 in this region. Location: PA 641 at east end of Newville 43 Municipality: Newville Marker Text: The Pennsylvania State Police Training School, first of its kind Marker Name: State Police School in the nation, was established here in 1920 at the old Big Spring Hotel, which Date Dedicated: July 29, 1970 stood nearby. In 1923 the location of the school was transferred to Hershey, in Location: Walnut St. near Big Spring Ave. Dauphin County. 44 Municipality: Newville Marker Text: Original log meeting house was erected 1737 near the Big Marker Name: Big Spring Presbyterian Church Spring. Church was fully organized, October 1738. Present stone structure was Date Dedicated: Aug. 18, 1985 built 1789, and in 1790 the trustees laid out Newville as a town on the church- Location: S. Corporation St. at Church owned glebe. 45 Municipality: Shippensburg Marker Text: At Shippensburg, the Raystown Path forked: one branch led Marker Name: Forbes Road (Raystown Path) directly west over three steep mountains to Burnt Cabins; the other, taken by Date Dedicated: Jan. 7, 1952 General Forbes to avoid heavy grades, went south round Parnells Knob to Fort Location: US 11, 1 mile NE of Shippensburg Loudon, crossing the Tuscarora Mountain at Cowan Gap. 46 Municipality: Shippensburg Marker Text: Founded 1730 by Edward Shippen. Second oldest town in the Marker Name: Shippensburg state west of the Susquehanna River. Important community on colonial frontier. Date Dedicated: June 1, 1948 Temporary seat of Cumberland Co., whose first courts were held here in 1750- Location: US 11 E end of Shippensburg 51.

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47 Municipality: Shippensburg Marker Text: Founded 1730 by Edward Shippen. Second oldest town in the Marker Name: Shippensburg state west of the Susquehanna River. Important community on colonial frontier. Date Dedicated: June 6, 1925 Temporary seat of Cumberland Co., whose first courts were held here in 1750- Location: King and Prince Streets 51. 48 Municipality: Shippensburg Marker Text: “Widow Piper’s Tavern,” used for Cumberland County court- Marker Name: Old Court House sessions, 1750-1751, until a courthouse was erected at Carlisle, the county seat. Date Dedicated: Nov. 18, 1947 The house is now the home of the Shippensburg Civic Club. Location: US 11 at Queen St. 49 Municipality: Shippensburg Marker Text: Named for Gov. R.H. Morris, and built by local settlers under the Marker Name: Fort Morris supervision of James Burd after Braddock’s defeat in July, 1755. Later Date Dedicated: Nov. 3, 1961 garrisoned by provincial troops commanded by Hugh Mercer. The fort site, long Location: US 11 at Queen Street marked by the soldiers’ well, lies a block to the north on Burd Street. 50 Municipality: Shippensburg Marker Text: In 1755 supplies for Braddock’s army were stored here in Marker Name: Braddock Expedition Edward Shippen’s strong stone house “at the back Run.” James Burd, the son- Date Dedicated: Nov. 3, 1961 in-law of Shippen, opened a road to carry these supplies to the west. After Location: US 11 (W. King St.) Braddock’s defeat remaining supplies were given to sufferers from Indian attacks. 51 Municipality: Shippensburg Marker Text: The Mount Jackson or Potato Point School, originally built in Marker Name: One Room School House 1865, is an authentically reconstructed one-room schoolhouse. It was relocated Date Dedicated: May 29, 1970 here in 1969 by alumni and friends of Shippensburg State College to preserve Location: PA 696 at Shippensburg University part of America’s educational heritage. 52 Municipality: Silver Spring Marker Text: Founded 1734 on land of James Silver by Scotch-Irish Marker Name: Silver Spring Church Presbyterians, earliest settlers of the Cumberland Valley. Present church built in Date Dedicated: June 6, 1974 1783, restored in 1928 to its original style, and still used for worship. Location: SR 1001 S of US 11 at church 53 Municipality: Southampton Marker Text: Founded 1738 by pioneer Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. Until Marker Name: Middle Spring Church 1781, the church was at the old cemetery, which is about one tenth mile NW Date Dedicated: Nov. 6, 1950 from here. Present church built, 1847; parsonage built, 1855. Location: SR 4001, 2.6 miles N of Shippensburg 54 Municipality: South Middleton Marker Text: Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s Southern cavalry arrived July 1, 1863, by Marker Name: Gettysburg Campaign Dover and Dillsburg. Finding Ewell had left the day before, Stuart burned the Date Dedicated: July 29, 1947 U.S. Barracks and left for Gettysburg, where the battle had begun. Location: PA 74 just E of Carlisle near Interstate 81

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55 Municipality: South Middleton Marker Text: Founded about 1762 by John Rigbie and Co. Operated after 1781 Marker Name: Carlisle Iron Works by Michael Ege, noted ironmaster of the period. Ruins of the charcoal furnace Date Dedicated: Aug. 4, 1947 still stand. Location: PA 174 just E of Boiling Springs 56 Municipality: Wormleysburg Marker Text: Pennsylvania's capital since 1812. As Harris' Ferry, was settled a Marker Name: Harrisburg Gateway Marker century before by John Harris Sr. Laid out as a town in 1785 by John Harris Jr. Date Dedicated: Aug. 1, 1947 For over 200 years a center of travel, trade, and historic events. Location: Front Street, N of Walnut Street Bridge 57 Municipality: West Pennsboro Marker Text: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1835-1839, lies buried in this Marker Name: Joseph Ritner cemetery. Born, 1780, in Berks County; died, 1869, at Carlisle. He was noted Date Dedicated: Oct. 11, 1951 for having put into practical operation the law of 1834, which established the Location: US 11, 6 miles SW of Carlisle public school system.

4-11 5/7/03 TABLE 4.2 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL & MUSEUM COMMISSION: NATIONAL REGISTER LISTED & ELIGIBLE PROPERTIES IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY

Municipality Historic Name Address Listed Eligible Carlisle Borough 150-152 Chapel Ave. 9/03/1986 Carlisle Borough Carlisle Historic District Bnd by Penn, East, Walnut & College Sts. 06/15/1979 Carlisle Borough Fireman’s Memorial Fountain 102 W Ridge St. 07/23/1998 Carlisle Borough Hessian Powder Magazine Corner of Guard House Ln. & Garrison Ln., Carlisle 05/17/1974 Carlisle Borough Old West, Dickinson College Dickinson College 10/15/1966 Carlisle Borough Shearer, William House “Greystone” 505 W Orange St 07/14/1988 Cooke Township Pine Grove Furnace Pine Grove Furnace State Park, R.D. 2 04/13/1977 Dickinson Township Cameron, James, Estate King’s Gap Rd. 03/16/1991 Dickinson Township High Pastures Farm 662 Alexander Spring Rd. 12/01/2000 Dickinson Township Pine Grove Furnace Pine Grove Furnace State Park, Rd. 2 04/13/1977 Dickinson Township Sterrett, S.W., House Rte. 174 02/16/1989 Dickinson Township Weakly, James, Mill Pine Rd. 10/07/1999 Dickinson Township Wonderly, Daniel, House 1013 Burnt House Rd. 06/07/1995 Dickinson Township Woods, Samuel, Farm Dickinson School Rd. 09/02/1986 Hampden Township Croghan, George, House 401 Skyport Rd. 11/23/1983 Hampden Township Eberly, Johannes, House Carlisle Pk. U.S. Rte 11 04/02/1973 Hampden Township Grandon Farm Sears Run Dr. North side 07/18/1995 Hampden Township Kreitzer’s Tavern Carlisle Pk. U.S. Rte. 11 05/16/1988 Hampden Township Peace Church St. Johns Rd. 03/24/1972 Hampden Township Roth Farm Roth Ln. 07/23/1990 Hampden Township Stayman, C., Farm 6050 Creekview Rd. 05/16/1988 Hampden Township Wisler, Christian, House Orrs Bridge Rd. 10/31/1988 Hopewell Township Ramp Covered Bridge T-374 08/25/1980 Lower Allen Township Etters Bridge Green lane Dr. T-648 02/27/1986 Lower Allen Township Harrison Farm 1400 Brandton Rd. 05/17/1987 Lower Allen Township Manor House, Barn & Outbuildings State Correctional Institution-Camp Hill 05/04/1988 Lower Allen Township Mechanicsburg Waterworks Bridge L.R. 21024 (Cumberland & York Cos) 07/17/1985 Lower Allen Township Reading Railroad Station Railroad at 18th St. & Hummel Ave. 05/13/1985 Lower Allen Township Rupp, Henry, House Simpson Ferry Rd. 07/19/1991 Lower Allen Township 2507 Old Gettysburg Rd. 07/19/1991

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TABLE 4.2 (Cont.) PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL & MUSEUM COMMISSION: NATIONAL REGISTER LISTED & ELIGIBLE PROPERTIES IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY

Municipality Historic Name Address Listed Eligible Mechanicsburg Borough Cumberland Valley Railroad Station 2-4 W Strawberry Alley 11/17/1978 & Masters House Mechanicsburg Borough First Methodist Evangelical Church 100 E Locust St. 09/04/1980 Mechanicsburg Borough Grain Warehouse 16 N Walnut Bottom St. 09/26/1997 Mechanicsburg Borough Hauck House 112 S Market St 09/28/2001 Mechanicsburg Borough Irving Female College Filbert, Main & Simpson Sts. 05/06/1983 Mechanicsburg Borough Mechanicsburg Commercial Historic Main St. From Arch St. to High St. 04/21/1983 District Mechanicsburg Borough Orris, Adam, House 318 W Main St 12/30/1987 Mechanicsburg Borough Simpson Street School Simpson St. & High St. 02/24/1983 Mechanicsburg Borough Union Church 47 A E St. Mechanicsburg H.D. 05/13/1981 Middlesex Township Appalachian Drive Bridge Appalachian Dr. T-573 05/09/1984 Middlesex Township Crotzer, Christian, Farmstead 242 Shady Ln. 02/08/1998 Middlesex Township Old Hospital Claremont Dr. 11/16/1993 Middlesex Township Zeigler Bridge Hollow Brook rd. 09/21/1998 Monroe Township Churchtown Historic District Old Stone House Rd., Rte. 174, High, Church & 04/28/1993 West Monroe Township Williams, John, House L.R. 21027, ½ Mile South of Williams Grove 07/28/1977 Mount Holly Springs Borough Givin, Amelia S. Free Library 114 n Baltimore Ave. 02/06/2001 New Cumberland County Black, William, Homestead Drexel Hill Park Rd. 07/20/1977 New Cumberland County New Cumberland High School 06/16/1992 Newville Borough 118 S Big Spring Ave. 06/30/1986 Newville Borough Newville Historic District S.R. 0233 04/16/1993 North Middleton Township Barnitz, Edwin E., House 1 Marshall Rd. 09/13/1983 North Middleton Township Carlisle Armory 504 Calvary Road 12/22/1989 North Middleton Township Carlisle Barracks Archeological & Carlisle Barracks 02/14/1996 Historic District

4-13 5/7/03 TABLE 4.2 (Cont.) PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL & MUSEUM COMMISSION: NATIONAL REGISTER LISTED & ELIGIBLE PROPERTIES IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY

Municipality Historic Name Address Listed Eligible North Middleton Township Carlisle Indian School U.S. 11 East Edge of Carlisle 10/15/1966 North Middleton Township Henderson, Mathew House Rte. 11 05/13/1987 “Oakland” North Middleton Township Old Post Headquarters Garrison Ln. 07/04/1961 North Middleton Township Thompson, William, General, House L.R. 21091 04/14/1994 North Middleton Township Watts, Frederick, Farm (Demolished) 1798 Ritner Hwy. 02/27/1987 North Newton Township Stough, John Tavern Rte. 11 in Stoughstown 03/06/1989 Shippensburg Borough Cumberland Valley State Normal Bnd by N. Prince, Stewart, Old Main, Gilbert, 01/11/1985 School Historic District Henderson Shippensburg Borough Dykeman’s Spring Dykeman Rd. N & South sides of ½ mile East of Rte. 05/27/1999 Shippensburg Borough Shippen House 52 W King St. 11/25/1984 Shippensburg Borough Shippensburg Historic District Bnd by Lutz, Kenneth, Spring, Fort Sts. 06/07/1984 Shippensburg Borough Widow Piper’s Tavern King St. & Queen St., Southwest Corner 01/17/1974 Shippensburg Township Britton Rd. West side of North of Queen St. 05/24/1966 Shippensburg Township Myers Property Walnut Bottom Rd. 05/07/1991 Silver Spring Township Appalachian Drive Bridge Appalachian Dr. T-573 05/09/1984 Silver Spring Township Bell, James Tavern 7086 Carlisle Pk. 07/17/1992 Silver Spring Township Buchanan, Walter, Farm 79 Green Ridge Rd. 07/18/1986 Silver Spring Township Cocklin, Samuel, Farmstead 1034 W Trindle Rd. 04/17/1996 Silver Spring Township Earl’s Garage 1058 W Trindle Rd. 04/17/1996 Silver Spring Township Silver Spring Presbyterian Church 444 Silver Spring Rd. 10/23/1995 Silver Spring Township Trimble, George, House 50 Pleasant Grove Rd. 07/24/1992 Silver Spring Township Walker, John Mill Willow Mill 07/30/1990 South Middleton Township Boiling Springs Historic District Bnd by High, 1st Sts., Lake & Yellow Breeches Creek 12/03/1984 South Middleton Township Derland, Asbury House-Oak Hill Township Road No. 538 06/29/1988 South Middleton Township Given, James Tavern 1189 Walnut Bottom Rd. 07/24/1992 South Middleton Township Leidigh Station Trindle Spring Rd. 03/23/1994 South Middleton Township Otto Estate 50 Lisburn Rd. 02/20/2001

4-14 5/7/03 TABLE 4.2 (Cont.) PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL & MUSEUM COMMISSION: NATIONAL REGISTER LISTED & ELIGIBLE PROPERTIES IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY

Municipality Historic Name Address Listed Eligible South Middleton Township Peffer, Samuel, Farm 537 Alexander Sprig Rd. 04/13/1990 South Middleton Township Royer Farm Royer Rd. 08/02/2001 SouthHampton Township Blythe, Benjamin, Homestead 217 Means Hollow Rd. 09/15/1977 Upper Allen Township 1031 Gettysburg Pk. 10/09/1991 Upper Allen Township Bishop Bridge S Market St. 11/01/1994 Upper Allen Township Gilbert Bridge/Hall Estate Bridge Bishop Rd./Gilbert Rd. (T-892) 05/05/1989 Upper Allen Township Moser, Margaret. House 1106 Gettysburg Rd. 12/23/1987 Upper Allen Township Union Hotel (Hilltop Inn) 240 Old Gettysburg Rd. 05/05/1989 Upper Allen Township Weber, Abraham, Farm 2350 Rider Ln. 10/09/1991 West Pennsboro Township Bowman, Samuel, Property 2269 Newville Rd. 01/25/1995 West Pennsboro Township Diller, Francis Grist Mill T-427 in Grieder, Near Conodoguinet 04/17/2001 (Heishman’s Mill) West Pennsboro Township Heikes, Andrew, Farm Rte. 641 01/25/1995 West Pennsboro Township McCullough, John, House Rte. 233, Between Newville & I-81 12/20/1978 West Pennsboro Township McFarlane, James, House Creek Rd., Northwest Corner at Bloserville Rd. 04/07/1997 West Pennsboro Township McKeehan, George, House 0.1 mile South of R.R. Tracks 02/28/1991 West Pennsboro Township Myers, John, House Rte. 64,1North side 01/25/1995 Wormleysburg Borough Wormley, John, House 126 N Front St. 11/21/1976

4-15 5/7/03 Preserving the Past in the Present

Historic materials, artifacts, structures, sites, and streetscapes all offer windows to the past and a physical connection to the heritage of a place. In Cumberland County, there are many resources available, and organizations devoted to the preservation and interpretation of the past. A Historic Resources Plan for Cumberland County is described in Chapter 16.

Cumberland County Historical Society

The County Commissioners have designated the Cumberland County Historical Society as the official county historical society. The Society is the official repository for the county’s historic government records dating from the 1750’s. Much of the following information was taken from the Cumberland County Historical Society’s (CCHS) 2002 website (www.historicalsociety.com).1

When James Hamilton, Jr., died in 1873, he left no heirs but he did leave a legacy that has benefited historians and residents of Cumberland County for more than a century. In his will he bequeathed a sum of $2,000 and a sixty-foot square lot in downtown Carlisle for the establishment of a library. In writing the constitution of the Library, Hamilton's executors interpreted his wishes, which were explicit that the Library was to be for "the advancement of literature and the elucidation and preservation of the history of Cumberland County.”2 Accordingly on April 17, 1874, a "Hamilton Library and Historical Association of Cumberland County" was proposed, making the Society one of the first county historical societies established in Pennsylvania.

For approximately 75 years, the Society's primary efforts were directed toward the development of the research library and the reading of historical papers. During this period, the Society also acquired historical materials primarily through gifts. They were displayed in the reading room and in available space on the second floor, which eventually evolved into gallery space.

After World War II, the development of a more effective museum became a priority. Building expansions provided the additional space and efforts to build the museum collections were made possible through the generous support of the community. In the 1970s, exhibits were developed, and modern record keeping and conservation practices were implemented. These advancements led to a more active exhibition program. Educational programs also became a more integral part of the Society’s activities with the establishment of an educational partnership with the county’s school districts in 1989. As the organization’s activities began to expand, the need for professional staff arose. During the 1980s, an endowment campaign enhanced the Society’s financial base allowing a professional staff to be hired. The endowment continues to grow today under the guidance of an active Board of Directors. It remains a non-profit organization comprised of approximately 1,500 members, a permanent staff of 3 full time persons, and 14 part- time persons, and approximately 325-350 volunteers who help to run the Society’s functions and programs.

1 The Cumberland County Planning Commission has permission to take information from the website and utilize it for comprehensive planning purposes. 2 Cumberland County Historical Society. (2002) Accessed October 2002 at http://www.historicalsociety.com. 4-16 5/7/03

The Society’s headquarters remains at its original location at 21 N. Pitt Street in Carlisle. Recently, this facility has doubled in size to provide more space for exhibition and education. The facilities also expanded in 1992, when Mary Wheeler King bequeathed the Two Mile House to the Society. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Two Mile House is a magnificent 1820 Federal limestone residence. Situated on 5 acres, the landscaped grounds hosts the annual McLain Celtic Festival and many other exciting activities, including availability as a rental facility for the public to conduct meetings, receptions and parties.

The Cumberland County Historical Society’s purpose is to collect, preserve, interpret and promote research of the history of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, from the first Native Americans to the present. In order to carry out its mission, the Cumberland County Historical Society maintains a recently expanded research library and museum at its headquarters. The library contains books, pamphlets, city directories, maps, tax lists, county records, census records, newspapers, genealogical materials, manuscripts, and over 30,000 photographs that document local and county history.

The collections of the Historical Society form a rich foundation for educational programs that illuminate, excite and inform county residents of all ages. The Society has maintained its partnership with the county schools to provide tours and school visits and to supplement curriculum with local history lessons. Teacher kits and hands-on materials are also available upon request. The Society believes that knowledge of local history forms the basis for a sense of community, and fosters a better understanding of history enhancing the curriculum at all levels of education, from elementary through high school.

The Society’s educational outreach extends to the greater community as well. Other programs include slide/tape presentations on the museum’s collections, lectures on local history topics, and workshops such as the award-winning Antiques Forum. In addition, the Society has certified volunteer researchers who offer genealogical searches, property, Indian School, and photograph research for a fee. Computer resources are also available for members and guests doing research. Organized bus tours, teacher in-service workshops, outreach lectures, and walking tours of local historic districts can also be arranged. The Cumberland County Historical Society plays an important role in the preservation, interpretation, and promotion of local heritage. Other organizations in the area emphasize other facets of local and national history.

United States Army Military History Institute

The U.S. Army Military History Institute (USAMHI) is the Army's official central repository for historical source material. Located at historic Carlisle Barracks, it was originally established in June of 1967 and called the Military History Research Collection.3 The USAMHI collection contains over nine million items that document the history of the U.S. Army and military history, including: books, rare books, periodicals, photographs, manuscripts (diaries, letters, memoirs), military publications and manuals, maps, and oral histories.4 The collection is intended to “foster

3 United States Army Military History Institute. (2003). Accessed on 6 March 2003 at http://carlisle-www.army.mil/uramhi. 4 Ibid. 4-17 5/7/03 a greater understanding of the Army’s role in our nation’s history and its future.”5 By 2004, the USAMHI will be located in its new home as part of the Army Heritage and Education Center in Carlisle on a 55-acre tract donated by Cumberland County in 1999.6

Local Historical Societies and Associations

Historical societies and organizations have been established in several municipalities in Cumberland County. Their purpose is to preserve the heritage of the municipality through preservation of landmarks and artifacts. These organizations also provide educational programs, tours, and genealogical record data.

Camp Hill Historical Society Monroe Historical Society 2145 Walnut Street P.O. Box 101 Camp Hill, PA 17011 Boiling Springs, PA 17007

East Pennsboro Historical Society Newville Historical Society 410 Cherry Street 69 S. High Street West Fairview, PA 17025 Newville, PA 17241

Mechanicsburg Museum Association Shippensburg Historical Society 3 W. Allen Street 52 W. King Street Mechanicsburg, PA 17055 Shippensburg, PA 17257

Existing Historic Preservation Districts

Two Cumberland County municipalities have successfully created Historic Preservation districts in their local zoning ordinances, Carlisle Borough and Shippensburg Borough. Their historic downtown areas communicate a sense place, and provide a window to the past, that helps to establish a connection to the heritage of each locale. In addition, the aesthetic and scale preserved provides a meaningful and attractive atmosphere in which to live and work. Both municipalities have successfully used strategies to protect historic resources and promote them as assets to trigger cultural and economic improvement.

5 Ibid. 6 Military Heritage Foundation. (2002) A Matter of Honor: The Army Heritage and Education Center. Accessed on 6 March 2003 at http://www.armyheritage.org. 4-18 5/7/03