DOCSLIB.ORG

Is China Prepared for Global Terrorism? Xinjiang and Beyond

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Is China Prepared for Global Terrorism? Xinjiang and Beyond IS CHINA PREPARED FOR GLOBAL TERRORISM? XINJIANG AND BEYOND DANIEL L. BYMAN AND ISRAA SABER SEPTEMBER 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY While China has never been a particularly strong counterterrorism partner for the United States, recent China has long faced low-level violence from the East tensions in trade and rhetoric make cooperation Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), which seeks an especially unlikely in the near to medium term. independent Xinjiang. To counter the ETIM and other Differences in approaches to technology usage separatist Uighurs, the Chinese Communist Party and oversight and criticisms of China’s human (CCP) has passed laws regulating, and in some cases rights violations have added to the tension. restricting, expressions of Islamic and Turkic identity. Though, superficially, the United States and other Such levels of control have been used elsewhere in liberal democracies are still setting the global China where the CCP has felt threatened by separatist counterterrorism agenda, China has found opportunity movements. Since the 2014 “Strike Hard” campaign, to independently strengthen ties with states facing China’s crackdown in Xinjiang has escalated to terrorism threats. If China moves towards taking a include internment camps, forced labor, and daily leadership role in countering terrorism and its policies indoctrination programs. The CCP has also made great become the future standard, counterterrorism could use of technological advancements to surveil Xinjiang become an additional area of contention between residents. Besides surveillance cameras equipped Beijing and Washington. with facial recognition, the government also collects information such as biometric data, data usage, and location. This sweeping approach is used to combat INTRODUCTION what China considers to be a serious terrorism threat. China currently faces a limited terrorism threat, but this danger could increase as China’s global As China continues to develop the ways in which it presence expands. Beijing is concerned about the counters terrorism at home, it has also begun to export domestic threat posed by the East Turkestan Islamic its version of counterterrorism methods abroad. In Movement and the Turkestan Islamic Party, and as addition to selling surveillance technology to foreign China has become an international economic and governments, China has also become a more active political actor, its nationals and facilities overseas player in the international counterterrorism space. have become targets of a range of terrorist groups. It has increased its involvement with bilateral and Some of those targeting China have international multilateral counterterrorism institutions and has used links, but the most common dangers are from its soft power to suppress criticism of its tactics. This disgruntled members of Muslim minorities in China heightened involvement in counterterrorism activity that have only loose ties to established terrorist abroad combined with China’s increasing economic organizations like the Islamic State and from influence, resulting from the Belt and Road Initiative, radicalized individuals returning from Afghanistan/ have made Chinese nationals and projects larger Pakistan and Syria to Xinjiang. targets of terrorism abroad. DOMAINS OF STRATEGIC COMPETITION 1 GLOBAL CHINA IS CHINA PREPARED FOR GLOBAL TERRORISM? Beijing considers terrorism a threat to the integrity and condemnations by State Department officials being legitimacy of the Chinese state, not just a limited danger offered today. Finally, the policies of U.S. internet to individual citizens. The result has been a series of companies — whether to heed China’s wishes on massive crackdowns, with China now becoming the surveillance and content or push for free speech that world’s largest jailor of Muslims, particularly those may be exploited by communities China accuses of of the Turkic ethnic minority. In addition, Beijing has being linked to terrorism — may prove contentious. implemented a comprehensive surveillance system, Notably, while technology companies are debating enabling it to track its citizens to stop both crime whether or not to comply with Chinese Communist and any political violence before it spreads. A longer- Party (CCP) policies, a number of U.S. companies are term approach — and one that provokes considerable contributing to the development and entrenchment of resentment — is the use of policies designed to China’s surveillance program.1 encourage cultural assimilation and internal migration to areas where Turkic minorities predominate. Over The remainder of this essay has five parts. It first time, Chinese leaders hope, Muslim cultures will describes the terrorism threat to China, both at home simply be swallowed up and dissipate. and abroad. It then looks at how China has responded to this danger. The foreign policy implications are Counterterrorism, for now, has a limited impact on then examined. We then propose several reasons China’s foreign policy. Beijing has shown a willingness why China might become more involved in global to work with an array of countries, such as Saudi counterterrorism. The paper concludes by assessing Arabia, whose policies foster the spread of Salafi ideas the implications for the United States. that China opposes at home, as well as other countries like Iran which the United States considers a sponsor 1. THE TERRORISM THREAT of terrorism. For now, neither the United States nor other countries have shown more than token concern TO CHINA for China’s mass incarceration and surveillance China has long faced low-level violence from the East programs. Indeed, China is even selling its surveillance Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM). ETIM, started by methods to other countries. China, however, is actively Hasan Mahsun, a Uighur Muslim from Kashgar, seeks involved in Pakistan, Nigeria, and other countries with an independent Xinjiang, which the organization refers a significant terrorism problem, and thus its nationals to as East Turkestan. Though it began as a separatist and business projects are increasingly at risk. movement, ETIM became more radical over time, in part because some of its members mixed with al- Qaida and the Taliban.2 The U.S. Treasury and State Departments classified ETIM as a terrorist group For now, China-U.S. counterterrorism in 2002 to freeze its assets, but did not officially “cooperation seems highly unlikely. designate it as a Foreign Terrorist Organization.3 ETIM’s organization is muddy, but it has a jihadist, China could be an increasingly important action-oriented wing, often referred to as the Turkestan counterterrorism partner for the United States given Islamic Movement (TIM), though that name is also that both countries have a global presence, but often used for the organization as a whole. China such cooperation is not necessarily desirable given claims that the East Turkistan Education and Solidarity how differently the two countries view the threat Association (ETESA), a Uighur-led organization based and appropriate responses. For now, China-U.S. in Istanbul, is also linked to ETIM and has played a counterterrorism cooperation, be it military, law- role in sending Uighurs to fight in Syria.4 ETESA, enforcement, or intelligence-sharing focused, seems however, classifies itself as a purely dawah-oriented highly unlikely. In addition, China’s repressive policies organization committed to educating Turkic Muslims could be a sore point in bilateral relations should by “meeting their Islamic, social, cultural, spiritual, there be a U.S. administration that prioritizes human and earthly needs.”5 The Turkish government refuses rights and takes more concrete actions beyond the to crack down on the ETESA’s activities in Turkey since DOMAINS OF STRATEGIC COMPETITION 2 GLOBAL CHINA IS CHINA PREPARED FOR GLOBAL TERRORISM? Uighurs are a Turkic people and the ETESA endorses Establishing ties to extremist groups abroad the Erdoğan government. Regardless of the ETESA’s fundamentally changed groups and radical individuals involvement, Uighurs have used Turkey as an entry in China. The first members of the Turkestan Islamic point to Syria where they have forged connections with Movement were Uighurs who had fled the crackdown groups like the Islamic State.6 in Xinjiang, finding refuge in Afghanistan and Pakistan where they forged ties to, and absorbed the worldview Much of what China considers terrorism at home, of, al-Qaida and the Taliban. Although it is difficult however, appears to involve individuals or small groups to determine an exact figure, a notable number of rather than larger organizations. In February 2017, five Uighurs went to fight in Syria, falling under the sway people died when three Uighurs detonated a bomb of jihadist groups there.14 The Islamic State in 2017 outside of a government compound in Xinjiang. In pledged to attack China and has otherwise issued December 2016, another attack on a government occasional propaganda to that end. As transit to Syria building killed one person, and earlier that year a became more difficult and the war there less attractive, 7 police chief was killed in a bombing. Other notable Indonesia emerged as an alternative theater of jihad.15 incidents include the 2009 riots in Urumqi, which began when two Uighurs died during clashes between Uighurs and Han Chinese at a factory in Guangdong. 2. THE EVOLVING STATE In response, over 1,000 rioted in Urumqi resulting RESPONSE in more than 150 dead and over 1,000 injured. The Chinese counterterrorism is repressive
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Chinese Civil War (1927–37 and 1946–49)
    13 CIVIL WAR CASE STUDY 2: THE CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1927–37 AND 1946–49) As you read this chapter you need to focus on the following essay questions: • Analyze the causes of the Chinese Civil War. • To what extent was the communist victory in China due to the use of guerrilla warfare? • In what ways was the Chinese Civil War a revolutionary war? For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continued to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. The results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but also on the international stage. Mao Zedong, the communist Timeline of events – 1911–27 victor of the Chinese Civil War. 1911 Double Tenth Revolution and establishment of the Chinese Republic 1912 Dr Sun Yixian becomes Provisional President of the Republic. Guomindang (GMD) formed and wins majority in parliament. Sun resigns and Yuan Shikai declared provisional president 1915 Japan’s Twenty-One Demands. Yuan attempts to become Emperor 1916 Yuan dies/warlord era begins 1917 Sun attempts to set up republic in Guangzhou.
    [Show full text]
  • Teen Stabbing Questions Still Unanswered What Motivated 14-Year-Old Boy to Attack Family?
    Save $86.25 with coupons in today’s paper Penn State holds The Kirby at 30 off late Honoring the Center’s charge rich history and its to beat Temple impact on the region SPORTS • 1C SPECIAL SECTION Sunday, September 18, 2016 BREAKING NEWS AT TIMESLEADER.COM '365/=[+<</M /88=C6@+83+sǍL Teen stabbing questions still unanswered What motivated 14-year-old boy to attack family? By Bill O’Boyle Sinoracki in the chest, causing Sinoracki’s wife, Bobbi Jo, 36, ,9,9C6/Ľ>37/=6/+./<L-97 his death. and the couple’s 17-year-old Investigators say Hocken- daughter. KINGSTON TWP. — Specu- berry, 14, of 145 S. Lehigh A preliminary hearing lation has been rampant since St. — located adjacent to the for Hockenberry, originally last Sunday when a 14-year-old Sinoracki home — entered 7 scheduled for Sept. 22, has boy entered his neighbors’ Orchard St. and stabbed three been continued at the request house in the middle of the day members of the Sinoracki fam- of his attorney, Frank Nocito. and stabbed three people, kill- According to the office of ing one. ily. Hockenberry is charged Magisterial District Justice Everyone connected to the James Tupper and Kingston case and the general public with homicide, aggravated assault, simple assault, reck- Township Police Chief Michael have been wondering what Moravec, the hearing will be lessly endangering another Photo courtesy of GoFundMe could have motivated the held at 9:30 a.m. Nov. 7 at person and burglary in connec- In this photo taken from the GoFundMe account page set up for the Sinoracki accused, Zachary Hocken- Tupper’s office, 11 Carverton family, David Sinoracki is shown with his wife, Bobbi Jo, and their three children, berry, to walk into a home on tion with the death of David Megan 17; Madison, 14; and David Jr., 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 6, Issue 1 Jan/Feb 2014
    Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis Volume 6, Issue 1 Jan/Feb 2014 Annual Threat Assessment SOUTHEAST ASIA Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA China and Central Asia MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Egypt, Libya and Somalia INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND TERRORISM RESEARCH S. RAJARATNAM SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2 ANNUAL THREAT ASSESSMENT Terrorism and Political Violence in 2013 Southeast Asia peace talks were held in January 2014. Iraq, too, remains besieged by sectarian violence and constant attacks. In Yemen, Southeast Asia has seen some of its insurgencies and conflicts multiple insurgencies and a robust threat from Al Qaeda in the diminish while others have continued unabated. In Thailand, the Arabian Peninsula have hampered an already difficult political restive south continued to see violence in 2013 while Bangkok transition. In Egypt, Morsi’s ouster has seen protests continuing witnessed a political crisis with protests against the government to plague the country while the military attempts another turning violent. In Myanmar, reforms have moved forward but political transition. Libya, meanwhile, faces a persistent security communal violence continues to plague the country and has challenge in its southern border region and the success of its evolved from targeting Rohingyas towards Muslim minority transition after Gaddafi will depend on the militias which communities in general. Indonesia continues to face a potent deposed the former dictator giving up their arms. In Somalia, threat from radicalization and concern has emerged over the al-Shabaab has intensified its campaign against the role its “hard” counterterrorist approach is playing in fueling government in the wake of a hardline faction emerging further extremism.
    [Show full text]
  • Disaster, Terror, War, and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) Events
    Disaster, Terror, War, and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) Events Date Location Agent Notes Source 28 Apr Kano, Nigeria VBIED Five soldiers were killed and 40 wounded when a Boko http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2017/ 2017 Haram militant drove his VBIED into a convoy. Apr-28/403711-suicide-bomber-kills-five-troops- in-ne-nigeria-sources.ashx 25 Apr Pakistan Land mine A passenger van travelling within Parachinar hit a https://www.dawn.com/news/1329140/14- 2017 landmine, killing fourteen and wounding nine. killed-as-landmine-blast-hits-van-carrying- census-workers-in-kurram 24 Apr Sukma, India Small arms Maoist rebels ambushed CRPF forces and killed 25, http://odishasuntimes.com/2017/04/24/12-crpf- 2017 wounding six or so. troopers-killed-in-maoist-attack/ 15 Apr Aleppo, Syria VBIED 126 or more people were killed and an unknown https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suici 2017 number wounded in ISIS attacks against a convoy of de_car_bombing buses carrying refugees. 10 Apr Somalia Suicide Two al-Shabaab suicide bombs detonated in and near http://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia- 2017 bombings Mogadishu killed nine soldiers and a civil servant. security-blast-idUSKBN17C0JV?il=0 10 Apr Wau, South Ethnic violence At least sixteen people were killed and ten wounded in http://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan- 2017 Sudan ethnic violence in a town in South Sudan. violence-idUSKBN17C0SO?il=0 10 Apr Kirkuk, Iraq Small arms Twelve ISIS prisoners were killed by a firing squad, for http://www.iraqinews.com/iraq-war/islamic- 2017 reasons unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • The East Turkistan Islamic Party (E.T.I.P.) University Honors Capstone, Spring 2014
    The East Turkistan Islamic Party (E.T.I.P.) University Honors Capstone, Spring 2014 Author: Kathryn Appelman Advisor: Tricia Bacon, JLC This study investigates the motives, history, leadership, impact, and future of the East Turkistan Islamic Party (E.T.I.P.), a little-studied ethno-nationalist separatist terrorist organization in China’s Xinjiang province. Basing findings on existing literature, original Chinese news reports and press releases, and firsthand interviews with experts, it concludes that while E.T.I.P.-proper does not pose a significant threat to U.S. national security, issues surrounding it present significant foreign policy problems vis à vis China and the human rights community. However, ETIP members in Pakistan are likely cooperating with known enemies of the United States, and the United States should continue its CT efforts against them without infringing on China’s sovereignty. The East Turkistan Islamic Party (E.T.I.P.) I. Overview and Literature Review ETIP, or the East Turkistan Islamic Party, is a religious ethno-nationalist terrorist organization, made up of Uighur separatists who aim to establish a fundamentalist Islamic state in the West Chinese province of Xinjiang. In the United States, it is known largely for its connection to Al Qaeda, its threats against the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and its members detained in Guantanamo Bay. However, in China, ETIP is considered a serious threat to the internal security of the country. The study of active terrorist groups will always be a murky subject, but ETIP takes “murky” to a new level. Members of ETIP are Uighur Muslims; however, much further information, such as education level, structure, or community support, even the size of the organization, is tightly guarded by the PRC.
    [Show full text]
  • SCO “Peace Mission” 2012 Promotes Security Myths
    SCO “Peace Mission” 2012 Promotes Security Myths Roger N. McDermott The security dimension of the Shanghai Cooperation plaining that heavy equipment, strategic bombers and Organization (SCO), which consists of Russia, China, submarines contradicted the official claims of the exer- Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, cises having an anti-terrorist scenario. Uzbekistan has focuses on combatting the three “evils” of terrorism, only participated in one Peace Mission in 2007, limiting extremism and separatism. The organization has become its involvement to sending a small number of officers to closely associated with the joint biannual “Peace Mission” the command-staff element of the exercise. Although no military exercises, which has prompted some observers to official explanation was offered by Tashkent to explain its overestimate the organization’s emerging military dimen- stance on Peace Mission 2012, it may have been influ- sion. The ninth Peace Mission exercise, aimed at showcas- enced by tense bilateral relations with Tajikistan, which ing advances in military cooperation and the anti-terrorist include mining the border and enforcing a visa regime capabilities of the SCO, was staged on 8-14 June 2012 in between both countries. Tashkent also denied an official Tajikistan. request to allow Kazakhstan to send troops and military Moscow is seeking to boost its security apparatus hardware to transit through Uzbek territory to Tajikistan beyond SCO’s information sharing Regional Antiterror- rendering the whole display of SCO unity entirely open ist Centre (RATS) in Tashkent. It also promotes a joint to question. military anti-terrorist dimension modelling Peace Mis- Peace Mission 2012 was the smallest in the series of sion exercises around the bilateral prototype with the Peo- exercises involving only 2,000 personnel, including 369 ple’s Liberation Army (PLA) conducted under the SCO from the PLA and 350 Russian servicemen (Peace Mission banner in 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
    Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in Kazakhstan A Parallel NGO Submission by Human Rights in China June 3, 2011 ATTACHMENT A: Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Counter-Terrorism Fact Sheet Established: June 2001 Member states: China, the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan Combined land area and population: 30,189,000 square kilometers; 1.5 billion people Purpose: “Cooperation in the maintenance and strengthening of peace, security and stability”; jointly counteracting “terrorism, separatism and extremism in all their manifestations”; and fighting against “illicit narcotics, arms trafficking and other types of criminal activity.” Affiliated states: Observer status states: India, Iran, Mongolia, and Pakistan; Dialogue partners: Belarus and Sri Lanka; Other affiliates: Afghanistan (SCO-Afghanistan Contact Group). INTERNATIONAL COUNTER-TERRORISM FRAMEWORK CRITERIA FOR TERRORISM There is not yet an internationally-agreed upon definition of terrorism. However, Security Council Resolution 1566 stipulates three criteria as a baseline for establishing terrorism: the offence is within the scope of and as defined in the international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism; the intention is to cause death or serious bodily injury, or the taking of hostages; and the purpose is to provoke a state of terror in the public, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act. The UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism stated: “Crimes not having the quality of terrorism, regardless of how serious, should not be the subject of counter-terrorist legislation. Nor should conduct that does not bear the quality of terrorism be the subject of counter-terrorism measures.” RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND RULE OF LAW The UN, particularly over the past decade, has emphasized the importance of respect for human rights in counter-terrorism efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Structural Analysis of Counter-Terrorism Legal Architecture in China, 33 Emory Int'l L
    Emory International Law Review Volume 33 Issue 3 2019 Fighting the "Three Evils": A Structural Analysis of Counter- Terrorism Legal Architecture in China Enshen Li Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr Recommended Citation Enshen Li, Fighting the "Three Evils": A Structural Analysis of Counter-Terrorism Legal Architecture in China, 33 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 311 (2019). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol33/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory International Law Review by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LIPROOFS_5.23.19 5/23/2019 10:00 AM FIGHTING THE “THREE EVILS”: A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF COUNTER-TERRORISM LEGAL ARCHITECTURE IN CHINA Enshen Li* ABSTRACT In the aftermath of September 11 attacks, China has not been immune to the global trend of destructive terrorism. However, China’s perceptions of terrorism and legal responses to it greatly diverge from those of other countries. This Article first seeks to understand the cause, source, and impact of terrorist threats in China, known as “Three Evils”—terrorism, extremism, and separatism, through a critical inquiry of the country’s ethnic and religious policies. It then proceeds to delineate China’s legal framework for combating the “Three Evils” to explore the cultural characteristics of the government’s approach against these rising threats. Tracing the evolution of the country’s counter-terrorism laws and policies, this Article argues that China has developed an operational infrastructure composed of four strands to fight terrorism: crackdown, criminalization, control, and cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism in the Indo-Pacific: the Year Gone by and the Road Ahead
    FEATURE Terrorism in the Indo-Pacific * The Year Gone By and the Road Ahead DR. SAM MULLINS lobally, terrorism has been on the decline since peaking in 2014, the year that the Islamic State (ISIS) declared its “caliphate” in the Middle East. Nevertheless, terrorism levels are still approximately double what they Gwere a decade ago and around five times what they were in 2001.1 The Indo- Pacific region, which encompasses most of Asia, as well as North America, Aus- tralasia, Oceania, and parts of South America, consistently experiences some of the highest rates of terrorism in the world, and 2019 was no exception.2 This ar- ticle, though by no means an exhaustive account, provides a roughly chronological overview of significant terrorist activities in the Indo-Pacific during the past year, with a particular focus on South and Southeast Asia. This is followed by several important advances in counterterrorism (CT). The article concludes by consider- ing what these, and other developments, may portend for the future. An Evolving Threat: Significant Developments in 2019 Suicide Bombing in the Philippines The year began with a deadly, twin suicide bombing of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Jolo in the southern Philippines, in which 23 people lost their lives and scores more were injured. Executed by 35-year-old Rullie Rian Zeke and his 32-year- old wife, Ulfah Handayani Saleh, both from Indonesia, the attack was demonstrative of the enduring potency of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), which orchestrated it, as well as Jamaah Ansharut Daulah ( JAD), which the two perpetrators had been members of in Indonesia.3 It furthermore under- scored the continuing influence of ISIS (with which both ASG and JAD are aligned), the threat of foreign fighters, the heightened popularity of sectarian targets, and the importance of family ties between militants in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai Cooperation Organization Origins of SCO: Shanghai Five 1996
    Shanghai Cooperation Organization Origins of SCO: Shanghai Five 1996 • Demarcation of borders • Demilitarization of borders • Unified front against transnational separatist movements • Forum for economic cooperation • Aug. 1999: Declaration of “three evils” – Terrorism, Separatism, Religious Extremism Founding SCO Founding SCO • June 2001 (before 9/11 and before US military presence in Central Asia) • Addition of Uzbekistan • 2002 Official Charter signed in St. Petersburg • “Three Evils” incorporated into founding documents • Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure (RATS) established in Tashkent Motivations and Reservations Cons Pros • Inhibits repairing Russian- • Balancing cooperation and American relations competition with China • Business in SCO region • Failure of CIS and CSTO to conducted bilaterally prevent advancement of western groups • Russia has CIS and CSTO to • Preventing free trade area conduct security relations • Freeing up security forces multilaterally • 5 million ethnic Russians in • Fear of Chinese takeover in SCO region Central Asia • Blocking NATO infiltration Competition with NATO “NATO of the East” Competition with NATO and USA • US Military presence in Central Asia – Since 2001 Afghan operation – Long-term stake in maintaining presence • Russian impatience for US withdrawal – February 2003, asks UN to set timeline – Astana summit 2005, prevails on SCO members to mandate US military withdrawal – Uzbekistan terminates US basing rights Andijan— Turning Point Andijan Andijan • May 13, 2005 Uzbek forces clash with protesters/insurgents,
    [Show full text]
  • Russia–Pakistan Strategic Relations an Emerging Entente Cordiale
    FEATURE Russia–Pakistan Strategic Relations An Emerging Entente Cordiale FEROZ HASSAN KHAN ince the famous American raid in 2011 that killed Osama bin Laden and given the US exceptional favor to India’s nuclear ambitions, Islamabad has gradually moved away from the United States, deepened Pakistan’s relations Swith China, and sought rapprochement with Russia. While Pakistan’s strategic relations with China have been developing for more than five decades, Islamabad’s relations with Moscow are new, evolving for less than a decade. Russia has always preferred India to Pakistan and shied away from any proactive role in conflict reso- lution between India and Pakistan. Additionally, Russia has been unsure of Paki- stan’s future and its strategic direction. In South Asia, Moscow seems to balance Russia’s interests proportionate to the strategic importance and economic advan- tage that each nation offers. Pakistan is a relatively small power undergoing internal and economic perils. It cannot match India’s power potential and offer the same scope of political, strategic, and economic influence that India wields in its rela- tions with major powers. Yet, Pakistan is a very important piece in the emerging geopolitical chessboard in Eurasia. Notwithstanding the handicap of perpetual asymmetry vis- à- vis India, Pakistan leverages its geophysical location, strong mili- tary with advancing nuclear capability, and considerable influence in the Islamic world in its conduct of international relations. In the past, Pakistan and Russia could not develop close ties because neither country fully trusted the other. However, given the mutual benefits to building relations, as discussed in this article, both countries are trying to move forward past lingering mistrust.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing China Published by Oxford University Press, Inc
    OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press, In c., publishes works that further Oxford University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. ~~~ c Auckla nd Cape Town Dares Salaam Hong Kong Karachi 0 n t e fl ts Ku ala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switze rl and Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyrig ht © 2on by Susan L. Shirk Changing Media, Changing China Published by Oxford University Press, In c. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York Joo16 Susan L. Shirk www.oup.com 2. China's Emerging Public Sphere: The Impact of Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press Media Commercialization, Professionalism, and the All rights reserved. No part of thi s publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, Internet in an Era of Transition 38 electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, Qj_an Gang and David Bandurski without the prior perm iss ion of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Catalogin g-in-Publicati on Data 3· The Rise of the Business Media in China 77 Changing media, changing China / edited by Susan L. Shirk. Hu Shuli p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-o-19-975198-3; 978-o-19-975 197-6 (pbk.) 4· Between Propaganda and Commercials: 1. Mass media-China. 2. Mass media and culrure-Chin a. Chinese Television Today 91 I. Shirk, Susan L.
    [Show full text]