A look at Innovations in the Age of the Industrial Revolution
Nikhil Chalakkal The Industrial Revolution Causes of the Industrial Revolution Major Technological Innovations Steam Power Textiles Foundries, Mining & Metallurgy Machine Tools Transport Knowledge Networks Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 2 Time: late 18th and early 19th century (1760 – 1850) Place of origin: Britain; later, spread throughout Europe and North America, and then the world A period when fundamental changes occurred in: Agriculture Textile & Metal Manufacture Transportation Economic Policies Social Structure Major turning point in human social history
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 3 Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 4 Major Changes and Innovations: Manual labour replaced by industry Mechanization: Textile Industry Farming Iron Making Industry Trade Expansion Canals, Roadways, Railways Steam Power introduction The precursor of developments like steam ships, IC engines, electrical power generation
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 5 Social and economic changes post the English Civil War (17th Century) The end of feudalism Lesser disease, lesser epidemics, larger workforce Agricultural Revolution in Britain Made farming more efficient, less labour intensive Surplus population had to migrate to towns Large domestic Market Developing patent system at that time Colonial expansion and creation of new environments Availability of natural & financial resources
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 6 Work Ethic of working class of people Entrepreneurial Class Believed in progress, technology and hard work These people flourished after the Civil War
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 7 Steam Power: Watt’s steam engine Initially used to pump water out of mines, was applied to power machines Enabled rapid development of efficient semi-automated factories on a previously unimaginable scale in places where waterpower was not available. Textiles: James Hargreaves's Spinning Jenny, and Samuel Crompton's Spinning Mule Patented initially, but used to setup cotton mills once the patent expired Foundries: Coke replaced charcoal in smelting of iron
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 8 Other Innovations: Power loom High Pressure Steam Engine Rediscovery of Concrete Assembly Line Concept Transport
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 9 Stationery Steam Engine: Thomas Savery – 1698 Constructed & patented a 1HP engine Used in mines, but not successful due to limited pumping height Thomas Newcomen – 1712 Arrangement with Savery for commercial use Large machines 5HP engines – required lots of capital Despite disadvantages, was a success
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 10 Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 11 Stationery Steam Engine: James Watt – 1778 Commercially extremely successful Generated between 5 – 10 HP Richard Trevithick, Oliver Evans - Turn of the 19th century Designed to be used when mobile – road, rail, or sea
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 12 Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 13 Cotton Mill Early 18th Century textile manufacture a cottage industry – small quantities prepared Spinning Wheel & Hand Loom used to increase productivity Flyer & Bobbin System – 1743 Lewis Paul & John Wyatt Patented carding machines in 1748 (Lewis Paul & Daniel Bourne) – the world’s first cotton spinning mill Richard Arkwright – Water Frame James Hargreaves – Spinning Jenny Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 14 Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 15 Cotton Mill Further inventors increased efficiency of individual steps, and manual labour involved was decreased Thomas Highs, John Kay, Richard Arkwright Created the cotton mill – bringing all processes together in a factory Used horsepower, waterpower and then steam power to drive the mill, making it mechanized
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 16 Major Changes: Replacement of organic fuels (like charcoal) based on wood, with fossil fuels based on coal Sir Clement Clarke – 1678: Cupolas (Coal reverberatory furnaces) Impurities are extracted effectively Applied to lead (1678), copper (1687), but for iron (foundry) is a later innovation Abraham Darby – 1709 Coke used to fuel blast furnaces Used to produce cast iron goods – pots and kettles
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 17 Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 18 Major Changes: Abraham Darby III – 1778 Building of the innovative Iron Bridge Development of iron as a major structural material Benjamin Huntsman – 1740 Crucible Steel technique to produce steel Expensive – used where iron could not be used Supply of cheaper iron & steel aided improvements in boilers, railways and steam engines,. And eventually machine tools.
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 19 Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 20 Machine tools: machines used to make other machines Powered by steam and other means Enabled all metal parts of engines to be accurately cut, so as to build larger and more powerful manufacturing machines This is the origin of the modern engineering industry Military Production: Henry Maudsley – early 19th century Engaged to build the machinery for making all metal ships' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy First machines for mass production with interchangability
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 21 Military Production: Henry Maudsley – early 19th century Learnt about stability & precision, and adapted machine tools accordingly Trained others in his workshops to build on his work Machine Tools: Lathe Planing Machines Cylinder Boring Machines Shaping Machines Slotting Machines Milling Machines
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 22 Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 23 Before the Industrial Revolution: Inland transport: Roads Animals supplied all the motive power on land Railways or wagon ways – to transport coal to rivers Water transport Sails (wind) provided all motive power No canals Navigable rivers
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 24 During the Industrial Revolution: Coastal Sailing: Major import/export, and onward travel into the country done through sea, or navigable rivers and canals Transportation by sea became phased out as railway transport grew Canals: Built about late 18th century – to like major manufacturing centers to seaports for import/export Canal Network served as a model for methods and blueprints used to construct railways Eventually, were phased out as unprofitable
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 25 During the Industrial Revolution: Roads: Turnpike Trusts (1720): to charge tolls and maintain some roads Eventually, almost every main road in England was the responsibility of some turnpike trusts Used by the Royal Mail to reach the rest of the country Railways: Horse-drawn public railways – early years of the 19th century. Steam-hauled public railways: Stockton and Darlington Railway – 1825 Liverpool and Manchester Railway – 1830 The construction of major railways gained momentum at the end of the Industrial Revolution.
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 26 Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 27 The new knowledge spread by several means: Poaching and moving of workers Study Tours across nations – even training civil servants to do it as a matter of state policy Records made by industrialists and technicians of that period Network of informal philosophical societies Lunar Society of Birmingham: members met to discuss ‘natural philosophy’ (science) and its application to manufacturing Royal Society of Arts
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 28 The new knowledge spread by several means: Publications describing technology Encyclopaedias: Harris’ Lexicon technicum, Dr. Abraham Rees’ Cyclopaedia, Foreign printed sources: Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot's Encyclopédie Periodicals Publications
Nikhil Chalakkal CINE 2008 29 Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution: Positive Effects: Triumph of Middle Class Industrialists over landed gentry and nobility Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment Negative Effects: Strict working conditions Over-industrialized cities – Manchester: “Cottonopolis” Long hours of labour Pace set by machines Child labour Dirty, overcrowded living conditions
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