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Fisheries Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ufsh20 A Reassessment of the of of the and Canada after 10+ Years of Increased Awareness Christopher A. Taylor, Guenter A. Schuster, John E. Cooper, Robert J. DiStefano, Arnold G. Eversole, Premek Hamr, Horton H. Hobbs III, Henry W. Robison, Christopher E. Skelton & Roger F. Thoma Available online: 09 Jan 2011

To cite this article: Christopher A. Taylor, Guenter A. Schuster, John E. Cooper, Robert J. DiStefano, Arnold G. Eversole, Premek Hamr, Horton H. Hobbs III, Henry W. Robison, Christopher E. Skelton & Roger F. Thoma (2007): A Reassessment of the Conservation Status of Crayfishes of the United States and Canada after 10+ Years of Increased Awareness, Fisheries, 32:8, 372-389 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2007)32[372:AROTCS]2.0.CO;2

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Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. FEATURE: ChristopherA. Taylor, Guenter A. Schuster, ENDANGERED John E. Cooper, Robert J. DiStefano, Arnold G. Eversole, Premek Hamr, A Reassessment of the Conservation Status of Horton H. Hobbs III, Henry W. Robison, Crayfishesof the United Statesand Canada ChristopherE. Skelton, after 10+ Years of Increased Awareness and RogerF. Thoma ABSTRACT:The AmericanFisheries Society Committee herein Tayloris a researchscientist at the providesa listof all crayfishes(families and ) in the United IllinoisNatural HistorySurvey, Statesand Canada that includescommon names; state and provincial distributions; a Divisionof Biodiversityand Ecological comprehensivereview of the conservation status of all taxa;and references on biology, Entomology,Champaign, and can conservation,and distribution.The list includes363 native crayfishes,of which 2 be contactedat [email protected]. (< 1%) taxaare listed as Endangered, Possibly Extinct, 66 (18.2%)are Endangered, uiuc.edu.Schuster is a professorof 52 (14.3%) are Threatened,54 (14.9%) are Vulnerable,and 189 (52.1%) are biologicalsciences at EasternKentucky CurrentlyStable. Limited natural range continues tobe the primary factor responsible University,Richmond, and can be for the notedimperihnent of crayfishes;other threats include the introductionof contacted at Ouenter. Schuster@eku. nonindigenouscrayfishes and habitatalteration. While progresshas been made in edu.Cooper is curator of recognizingthe plight of crayfishes,much work is still needed. at the North Carolina Museum of NaturalSciences, Raleigh. DiStefano Una revaluaci6n del estado de is a resource scientist with the Missouri Departmentof Conservation,Columbia. Eversoleis a professorof forestryand conservaci6nde langostinosen los naturalresources at ClemsonUniversity, Clemson,South Carolina. Hamr is EstadosUnidos y Canadfidespu(•s de an environmental science teacher mils de 10 aftos de conciencia creciente at UpperCanada College, Toronto, Ontario.Hobbs III isa professorof RESUMEN:. En el presentetrabajo, El Comit6 para el Estudiode Especies biologyat WittenbergUniversity, Amenazadasde la SociedadAmericana de Pesquerfaspresenta una lista de todos Departmentof Biology,Springfield, loslangostinos (familias Astacidae y Cambaridae) presentes en los Estados Unidos Ohio. Robisonis a professorof biology y Canadfi,que incluye hombres comunes, distribuci6n estatal y municipal,una at SouthernArkansas University, revisi6ndel estado de conservaci6n de todos los taxa y referenciassobre su biologfa, Departmentof Biology,Magnolia. conservaci6ny distribuci6n. La listaincluye 363 langostinosaut6ctonos, de los Skeltonis an assistantprofessor of cualesdos taxa (< 1%) secatalogan como amenazados, posiblemente extintos; 66 biologicaland environmental sciences (18.2%)se consideran en peligro;52 (14.3%)estrin amenazados; 54 (14.9%)son at GeorgiaCollege and State University, vulnerables;y 189 (52.1%)se encuentran actualmente en condici6nestable. E1 Milledgeville.Thoma is a seniorresearch principalfactor responsable dela vulnerabilidadde los langostinos essu limitado scientistwith MidwestBiodiversity rangonatural de distribuci6n; otras amenazas incluyen la introducci6nde especies Institute,Columbus, Ohio and an forfineasde langostinosy la alteraci6ndel hfibitat.Si biense ha progresadoen adjunctassistant professor at The Ohio cuantoal reconocimientode las amenazas hacia los langostinos, afin existe mucho StateUniversity Museum of Biological Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 trabajopor hacer. Diversity,Columbus.

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The ShortMountain ( Cambaruscymatilis, a burrowingspecies The greensaddlecrayfish (Cambarus manningO clivosus)a narrowlyendemic species found rankedas Endangeredby the AFSEndangered isa CurrentlyStable species found in rocky onlyin centralTennessee and rankedas SpeciesCrayfish Subcommittee creeksof the CoosaRiver drainage Threatened. Photoby C. Lukhaup. Photoby C. Lukhaup. Photoby R.Thoma

37:2 Fisheries ß VOL32 No 8 ß AUGUST2007 ß WWW.FISHERIES.ORG INTRODUCTION the first, and last, conservationreview of and aquaticorganisms (Hobbs III 1993; North Americancrayfishes, the purposesof DiStefano2005). In someaquatic habi- The termbiodiversity has become inti- this articleare to (1) reassessthe conserva- tats they can comprisegreater than 50% matelyintertwined with the conservation tion statusand threatsto nativecrayfishes of macroinvertebrate biomass (Momot movementof the lastquarter-century, and in the United States and Canada using 1995). They are equallyimportant from in no seriousdiscussion of the bestinformation available, (2) provide an economic standpoint, supporting biodiversityand conservationcan neglect updatedstate/provincial distributions, (3) bait fisheries and a multi-million dollar the status of that continent's freshwater updatethe listof referenceson the biology, humanfood fishery (Huner 2002). Finally, fauna. The presenceof a highly diverse conservation,and distribution of crayfishes crayfishesin the family Cambaridaealso aquaticfauna in a denselypopulated, eco- in the United Statesand Canada provided possessunique life-history traits suchas nomicallydeveloped country such as the in •l•yloret al. (1996),and (4) assignstan- reproductiveform alterationand burrow- United States demands the continued dardizedcommon names to thosespecies ing abilitiesthat allow numerousspecies attention of scholars,resource managers lackingthem. to colonizeseasonally wet and terrestrial andbiologists, politicians, and private con- Crayfishesare placedin the order habitats(Hobbs 1981; Welch andEversole servationgroups. Current biological infor- ,which also includes crabs, lob- 2006). Becausethe purpose of thisarticle is mationfor species and species groups at risk sters,and .They are mostclosely to reporton the conservationstatus of the is crucialto makingsound decisions on all related to marine lobsters(Crandall et al. North American fauna north of , conservation fronts. 2000) anddiffer from thoseorganisms by we refer readers interested in the economic The plightof North Americanaquatic possessingdirect juvenile development andecological aspects of crayfishto previ- biodiversity,particularly bio- rather than dimorphiclarval stages.Also ouslypublished syntheses (Huner 1994; diversity,was brought to the forefrontwith known regionallyas crawfish,mudbugs, Tayloret al. 1996;Holdich 2002). the compilationof NaturalHeritage / The or crawdads,crayfishes are assignedto Nature ConservancyGlobal (G) conserva- three families and are native inhabitants RATIONALE AND THREATS tion status ranks for that continent's fauna of freshwaterecosystems on everyconti- by Master(1990). Master (1990) founda nent exceptAfrica and Antarctica.Two Tayloret al. (1996)pointed to thebroad disproportionatenumber of aquaticorgan- families,Astacidae and Cambaridae,occur disparityin the recognitionof actual or isms in need of conservation attention nativelyin North Americaand it is here potentialimperilment of crayfishesbetween when comparedto their terrestrialcoun- that crayfishesreach their highest level of governmentalagencies charged with pro- terparts.Since then a steadystream of lit- diversity.Approximately 77% (405 species tecting natural resourcesand non-profit eraturehas highlighted the needfor action andsubspecies) of the world's500+ species conservationorganizations as a rationale and identifiedthreats to the aquaticfauna occur in North America (Taylor 2002), for their conservation assessment.At that (e.g.,Allan and Flecker1993; Richter et with the overwhelmingmajority of that time,only four crayfish species ( al. 1997; DeWalt et al. 2005). Through continent'sfauna (99%) assignedto the fortis, ,Camberus the American FisheriesSociety (AFS) familyCambaridae. With over two-thirds zophonastes,and shoupi) received EndangeredSpecies Committee and oth- of its speciesendemic to the southeastern protectionunder the federalEndangered ers, the conservationstatus of North United States,the distributionof crayfish SpeciesAct of 1973 (ESA) and47 species America's freshwater fish fauna has been diversityin North Americaclosely follows receivedvarying levels of protectionat the assessedat regularintervals (Deacon et al. thoseobserved in otherfreshwater aquatic state level. This was in stark contrast to the 1979; Williams et al. 1989; Warren et al. taxa such as fishes(Warren and Burr 1994 197 specieslisted by Master(1990) as in 2000)while that of otheraquatic taxa such and mussels(Williams et al. 1993). need of conservationattention. Taylor et asfreshwater mussels (Williams et al. 1993) Crayfishesare importantecologically al. (1996) surmisedthat 48% of the U.S. andcrayfishes (Taylor et al. 1996)have only as predators,bioprocessors of vegetation and Canadiancrayfish fauna was imper- recentlyreceived their first conservation and carrion,and asa critical food resource iled.While somechanges have been made Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 reviews.With thepassing of a decadesince for fishes and numerous other terrestrial at the state level (see below), the number 1

Carnbaruscarolinus is a burrowingspecies The bottlebrushcrayfish (Barbicarnbarus Crayfisheshave historically been classified foundalong the marginsof Appalachian cornutus)is currently stable and foundin as opportunisticomnivores; however, our streams in North Carolina, South Carolina, and the GreenRiver drainage of Kentuckyand expandingknowledge of crayfishecology . Tennessee. indicatesthat they maybe primarycarnivores Photoby A. Braswell. Photoby G. Schuster. in some streams. Photoby C. Lukhaup.

Fisheries ß vot 32 NO 8 © AUGUST2007 ' WWW.FISHERIES.ORG 313 andidentity of specieslisted under the ESA toxicants(Eversole and Seller 1996), field O. rusticusrapidly expands its range and dis- remainsunchanged. This continuingdis- studiesexamining the effectsof chemical placesnative crayfishes (Tayk•r and Redmer parityserves as the underlyingjustification or heav} metalpollutants on crayfishesare 1996). This behavior has led to the com- for the current reassessment. lacking. The availabledata suggest signifi- plete eliminationof localpopulations and The causesof aquaticspecies losses and cantvariability among genera, species, and reductionsin total rangesof nativespecies populationdeclines have beenthoroughly life stages(Berrill et al. 1985; NCDENR in at least three midwestern states and one discussedin the literatureand are usually 2003. Peakeet al. 2004, Wigginton and Canadianprovince (Lodge et al. 2000; C. ascribedto four majorcategories: (1) loss, Birge2007). RecentlyWigginton and Birge A. Taylor,unpub. data). Possibledisplace- degradation,or alterationof habitat; (2) (2007) reportedhigher mortality rates for ment mechanisms include faster individual chemical pollution; (3) introductionof juvenile than adult crayfishesexposed growthrates (Hill et al. 1993), differential nonindigenousorganisms; and (4) overex- to cadmium,which they attributed to susceptibilityto fishpredation (DiDonato ploitation(Allan andFlecker 1993; Richter increasedcadmium uptake and calcium and Lodge1993), andhybridization (Perry et al. 1997;Wilcove et al. 2000). Forcray- metabolicdisn•ption in the more rapidly et al. 2001). Imperiledcrayfishes also have fishes,most of thesethreats are applicable. molting juveniles.Besser et al. (2006) been affectedby nonindigenousspecies. As benthicinvertebrates susceptible to fish foundevidence fi•r heavy metal accumu- The federallyendangered Shasta crayfish, predation,the impoundmentof Iotichabi- lation, includingcadmium, in crayfishes (Pacifastacusfortis) has been displacedin tat can affectcrayfishes by increasingcon- foundnear miningsites while Allert et al. large portionsof its native range by the centrationsof majorcrayfish predators such (in press)noted increasedsensitivity in nonindigenoussignal crayfish(P. /enius- ascentrarchid bass and sunfishand akering at leastone speciesto thesesame metals. culus;Erman et al. 1993). Nonindigenous both the physicaland chemicalstructure These observationsindicate that crayfish crayfishescan alsoserve as disease vectors. of streams(Williams et al. 1993). Crayfish mayprove to be indicatorsof habitatdeg- The introduction of three North American dependon graveland bouldersubstrates, radationfrom pollutantsand that future species, clarkii, O. limosus, woodydebris, and vegetationfor refuge research is warranted. and Pacifastacusleniusculus, into western from predators(Stein 1977). Lossof such The introduction of 'nonindigenous Europehas contributed to massivedie-offs habitatcomponents through dredging and organismsmay representthe gravestof all of native crayfishesin that region.A fun- channelizationcan drastically affect crayfish threatsto thisplanet's biodiversity (Clavero gus-likeprotist, Aphanornyces astaci (Class populationsby making them more suscepti- and Garcfa-Berthou2005) and crayfish Oomycetes),causes a lethal diseaseknown ble to predation.Finally, draining wetlands couldrepresent the proverbialposterchild asthe "crayfishplague" in nativeEuropean anddewatering of springscan have obvious of the damagewrought by thesespecies specieswhile North Americanspecies are impactson crayfishesdependent on those (Lodgeet al. 2000).In North Americacray- immuneto its effects.By carryingspores typesof habitats.The possibleextinction fishesare transportedeasily over land and of A. astaci,North Americanspecies act of Cambarellusalvarezi after the removal of inadvertentlyintroduced into aquatichabi- as a plaguevector betweenwater bodies. springwater from its only kno•aqlocation tatswhen they are discarded as unused bait. Outbreaksof the crayfishplague have been in northern Mexico (Contreras-Balderas Such bait-bucket introductions have led to occurringin Europesince the introduction andLozano-Vilano 1996) serves as a prime dramaticrange extensions of severalspecies, of the North Americanspecies in the late exampleof the negativeconsequences of mostnotably the n•stycrayfish (Orconectes 1880s(Ackefors 1999; Holdich 1999) and the lattertype of habitatalteration. rusticus).The rusty crayfishis native to have led to 85% or greaterreductions in Crustaceaare knownto be amongthe the lower drainagein Ohio, nativecrayfish populations in severalcoun- most sensitiveaquatic organismswhen ,and Kentuckyand the Maumee tries (Fjiilling and Ffirst 1988; Ackefors exposedto pesticidesand metals (Mayer River drainage in extreme southeastern 1999; Holdich 1999). and Ellersieck1986, Jarvinen and Ankley Michigan.Over the past50 yearsthe species While the introducnonof nonindig- 1999). While acute toxicity tests (usu- hasbeen introduced across the uppermid- enouscrayfishes through their useas bait ally expressedas LC50 values)have been westernUnited Statesand Canada(Page continuesto representa significantthreat Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 performedusing many crayfish species and 1985;Lodge et al. 2000). Once introduced, to crayfishNodiversity, the Internet revo-

Procambarus escambiensis is an endemic Numerousspecies of crayfishesspend all or a The easternred swampcrayfish, Procambarus speciesfound in narrowregion of the Gulf significantportion of their livesin subterranean troglodytes,is a CurrentlyStable species found Coastal Plain of and . burrows.Basic ecological information can be on the AtlanticSlope of Georgiaand South Photoby G. Schuster. veryhard to collectfor thesespecies Carolina. Photoby C. Lukhaup. Photoby C Lukhaup.

374 Fisheries © VOL 32 NO 8 © AUGUST2007 ß WWW.FISHERIES.ORG lutionof the past10 yearshas spawned an The above-listedthreats are not unique lationsby severalstates in an attempt to equallydisconcerting vector. Conservation to crayfishes;however, they are compounded thwart the spreadof nonindigenouscray- biologistshave for yearswarned of the risk bya singleoverarching factor--limited nat- fishes,as well as an increasein the num- posedfrom the release/escapeof pets. From uralranges (Taylor et al. 1996).Crayfishes ber of crayfisheslisted by stateagencies as monk parakeetsin Chicago(Kleen et al. show a level of endemism not seen in other endangered,threatened, or vulnerable/spe- 2004) to burmesepythons in the Florida aquaticgroups. Approximately 43% of the cial concern.Virginia now bans the saleof Everglades(McGrath 2005), established U.S. crayfishfauna is distributedentirely crayfishas bait while Missourihas followed populationsof organismskept as pets have withinone state's political boundaries, com- the leadof otherstates and recently created becomean unwelcomecomponent of the paredto 16% for freshwaterfishes and 15% a prohibitedspecies list for useby bait deal- North American fauna. Currently over for unionidmussels (Lodge et al. 2000). In ers which includesseveral nonindigenous a half-dozen Internet businesses(www. theirfirst conservation assessment, Taylor et crayfishes(B. Watson,VA Dept. Gameand google.comsearch conducted03/23/07) al. (1996)documented11 crayfishspecies Inland Fisheries,pers. corn.; B. DiStefano, and numerous individuals on the Internet known from singlelocalities and another pers.corn.). Since 1996 at leasttwo new 20 known from 5 or fewer localities. While auctionsite eBay• (www.ebay. com) offer states,Pennsylvania and North Carolina, for saledozens of live crayfishspecies from taxa with restrictednatural ranges are par- haveadded the rustycrayfish to theirlists of North America and around the world. ticularlyvulnerable to habitatdestruction bannedspecies (www. fish. state.pa.us/news- While the aquariumpet trade has been or degradation,the known displacement releases/2005/rustycray. htm; NCWRC abilitiesof nonindigenouscrayfishes when 2006). North Carolina also banned the aroundfor more than half a century,cray- coupledwith a highlevel of endemismrep- transport,purchase, and possessionof the fishesare a recentarrival to the aquarium resenta threatof unequalledseverity. nonindigenousvirile crayfish(O. virilis). marketplace.The easeof 24-hourshopping While the level of protectionafforded to and overnightdelivery to anywherein the PROGRESS AND CHANGES specieslisted at the statelevel ranges from worldfacilitated by the Internethas dra- bans on taking to token lists for future maticallyincreased the potenualfor acci- The conservation status of 30 taxa has researchefforts, it is noteworthythat the dentalintroductions of crayfishes. changed since the previous assessment numberof specieslisted at somelevel has While no knowncases of overexploita- (Tayloret al. 1996). Thesechanges have increasedfrom 47 to 66 since1996. Finally, tion of crayfishhave been documented in beenfacilitated by an increasedawareness seven states (, Missouri, New North America, it hasbeen cited asa con- of crayfishes(Butler et al. 2003) anda sub- Mexico, North Carolina, South Carolina, tributingfactor in the declineof at leastone sequentincrease in fieldefforts undertaken Tennessee,Virginia) now have at leastone Australiancrayfish species. The Tasmanian by federal(e.g.; Simon and Thoma 2003), field biologistin their respectivenatural crayfish(Astacopsis gouldi) can reachsizes state (e.g.; Thoma and Jezerinac2000; resourceagencies whose position requires in excessof 0.8 metersin length(> 5 kg Westhuffet al. 2006), and academic(e.g.; them,at leaston a parttime basis,to moni- in weight),and its meatis valuedby local Ratcliffe and DeVries 2004; Taylor and tor and assesscrayfish populations. Taken inhabitants.The specieshas experienced Schuster2004) personnel.These efforts together,these regulatory actions and field localextirpations and populationdeclines have providednew distributionalrecords effortscan be interpretedas nothing less throughouta significantportion of itsrange, that led to downgrading25 taxaby at least thanprogress in the domainof crayfishcon- andover-harvesting has been implicated as oneconservation category. Simultaneously, servation. However, the majorityof states a contributingfactor (Horwitz 1994). We these efforts documented the introduction with highlydiverse crayfish faunas and high acknowledgethat overexploitationis not of nonindigenousspecies into the rangesof levels of endem•smlack any protective an imminent threat to United States and narrowendemics (Flinders and Magoulick measuresand adequatefunding structures Canadian crayfishpopulations; however, 2005) and the subsequentreductions in to ascertainthe statusesof their respective we believethat it is prudentto acknowl- rangesizes, leading to the upgradingof four faunas. edgethis potential threat and be proactive taxa. Promisingsigns of increasedaware- While little researchis beingconducted Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 in futurecrayfish fishery decisions. nessare the proposedchanges in bait regu- in Canadaat present,its crayfish fauna was

Membersof the genusFallicarnbarus, such as Due to their restrictedranges, specialized Meek'scrayfish (Orconectes rneeki rneekO the burrowingbog crayfish (E burris•)here, are habitats,and the developmentof groundwater •s a common •nhab•tant of Ozark streams in all burrowingspecies. rechargeareas, many obligate cave dwelling Missouri and Arkansas. Photoby G. Schuster. crayfishspecies such as the Orlandocave Photoby C. Taylor. crayfish(Procarnbarus acherontis) are listedas Endangered. Photoby D. McShaffrey. Fisheries ß VOL 32 r•o 8 ß AUGUST2007 ß WWW.FISHERIES.ORG 37S reviewedby Hamr (1998, 2003).This work nameswere assignedone after soliciting range;Vulnerable (V)--a speciesor sul0spe- resultedin new provincialrecords for sev- input from all authorsand active species ciesthat may become endangered or threat- eral species.Most recently,the Framework authorities.In mostcases, we lookedat the enedby relauvelyminor disturbances to its for Conservationof Speciesat Risk in originaldescriptions to try to find a name habitatand deservescareful monitoring of Canada(a federaland provincial initiative) that fit the spirit of what the author was its abundanceand distribution;Currently has classifiedthe statusof Canadiancray- tryingto conveywith the specificepithet. Stable(CS)--a speciesor subspecieswhose fish speciesbased on existinginformation In other caseswe simplyused the English distributionis widespreadand stableand ( www.wildspecles.ca). translationof the specificepithet. In deter- is not in need of immediate conservation Taxonomiceftt0rts since Taylor et al. mining conservationstatus and distribu- managementactions. Following Warren (1996) have resultedin the description tion,a varietyof sourceswas used including et al. (2000), the categoryof Vulnerable of 27 new crayfishspecies in the United stateand federalendangered species lists, replacesthe categoryof SpecialConcern States.At slightlymore than two new governmentagency reports and websites, usedby Taylor et al. (1996) andWilliams et speciesper year,these efforts clearly dem- researchpublications, and books.In addi- al. (1993). In addition,criteria responsible onstrate that undiscoveredbiodiversity tion, the observationsand field experiences fordesignating species as E, T, orV arenoted continuesto existin North America.Using of the authors,reviewers, and other biolo- (Appendix 1). These criteria have been the best available information,21 of these gistsworking with crayfisheswere actively formulatedby the AFS EndangeredSpecies 27 speciesare recognizedas requiring con- solicitedand incorporated. Committeeas: (1) existingor potential servationattention in the followinganaly- The American Fisheries Society destruction,modification, or reduction of sis.Clearly, more field efforts will yieldnew Endangered Species Committee, a species'habitat or range;(2) over-utiliza- discoveriesand improve the basisfor future Subcommitteeon Crayfisheshas reviewed tion for commercial,sporting, scientific, or conservation assessments. the best available distributional and status educationalpurposes; (3) disease;(4) other informationand is responsible for the result- naturalor anthropogenicfactors affecting a METHODS AND DEFINITIONS ing conclusions.The assignedconservation species'continued existence (e.g., hybrid- categoryis based on the statusof the taxon ization,introduction of nonindigenousor Our review of the conservation status of throughout its range without consider- transplantedspecies, predation, competi- crayfishesincludes all speciesand subspe- ationof politicalk3undaries (Appendix 1). tion); and (5) restrictedrange (Deacon et cies from the United States and Canada Restrictedrange was the primarycriterion al. 1979;Williams et al. 1989). as recognizedby Tayloret al. (1996) with for assignmentof endangeredor threatened To allowstate natural heritage programs minor exceptions.Cambarus laevis and C. status.Other threats,such as introductions acrossthe United Statesto makecompari- ornatusare not recognizedfollowing Taylor of nonindigenouscrayfishes, unique habitat sonsbetween AFS CrayfishSubcommittee (1997), Procambarusferrugineus is not rec- requirements,and proximityto metropoli- ranks and heritage ranks, we have also ognizedfollowing Robison and Crandall tan areas,were taken into account in cat- included the con•rvation ranks for each (2005), and Cambarusbartonii carinirostris egoryassignments, but known rangeand taxon following the systemdeveloped is recognizedas C. carinirostrisfollowing consequentrarity were uppermost in apply- over the past 25 yearsby The Nature Thomaand Jezerinac (1999). Twenty-seven ing categorydefinitions. Conservation sta- Conservancy/NatureServeandthe Network taxa are also included that were described tuscategories generally follow Williams et of Natural Heritage Programs(Master subsequentto Tayloret al. (1996). Both al. (1993) and are definedas: Endangered 1991;Appendix 1). This svstemranks taxa scientificand common names are given for (E)--a speciesor •ubspeciesin dangerof on a 1 to 5 (1 beingthe rarest)scale based eachtaxon (Appendix 1 ). Commonnames extinctionthroughout all or a significant on best available information and comid- were takenfrom McLaughlinet al. (2005) portionof itsrange--an asterisk (*) follow- ersa varietyof factors including abundance, and otherpeer-reviewed literature, includ- incthe letter"E" indicates the taxon is pos- distributkm,populatk•n trends, and threats ing originalspecies descriptions, and were siblyextinct; Threntened (T)--a species (www.nan,reserve.org/explorer/ranking. availablefor approximately50% of cray- or sulxspecieslikely to becomeendangered htm). Since our assessmentsare basedon Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 fish taxa; those taxa that lacked common throughoutall or a significantportion of its the statusesof crayfishesacross their entire

The St. FrancisRiver crayfish, Orconectes Over50% of crayfishspecies are classified The BarrenRiver crayfish, Orconectes quadruncusis a speciesclassified as Threatened as CurrentlyStable. The goldencrayfish, barrenensis,is a speciesthat occursunder due to its narrowrange and the establishment Orconectes luteus is one of those. graveland cobblein creeksand riversin of nonindigenousspecies near its range. Photoby C. Lukhaup. the BarrenRiver drainage of Kentuckyand Photoby C. Lukhaup. Tennessee. Photoby C. Taylor.

376 Fisheries ' VOL 32 NO 8 ß AUGUST2007 ß WWW.FISHERIES.ORG nativeranges, we use the G or Globalscale 174 taxa (47.9%). Of these, 2 (< 1%) tion asespoused by the AmericanFisheries for conservationstatus rankings. Categories are possiblyExtinct, 66 (18.2%) are Society(Angermeier and Williams 1994). follow Master (1991) and are defined as Endangered,52 (14.3%) are Threatened, In publishingthis list, the American follows:G1 = criticallyimperiled, G2 = and 54 (14.9%) areVulnerable. Taxa clas- Fisheries Society EndangeredSpecies imperiled,G3 = vulnerableto extirpation sifiedas currently stable total 189(52.1%). Committeesummarizes for fisheriespro- or ,04 = apparentlysecure, 05 The numberof tmperiledcrayfishes (48%) fessionals, natural resource agencies, = demonstrablywidespread, abundant, and parallelsthe high levelsof imperilmentof universityresearchers, conservation orga- secure,GH = possiblyextinct, known only fishesand freshwatermussels, almost 33% nizations, lawmakers, and citizens, the fromhistorical collections, and GX = pre- and 72%, respectively(Williams et al. conservationstatus of crayfishesin the sumed extinct. 1989; Williams et al. 1993; Warren and United States and Canada. The results Burr 1994). Theseassessments support the of this reassessmentprovide some signs of LIST OF TAXA (APPENDIX 1) contentionthat aquaticdiversity in North improvementin the recognitionof crayfish America is in far worse condition than conservation.Because the numberof cray- fish taxa in need of conservation attention The list of crayfishspecies and subspe- its terrestrialcounterpart (Master 1990, cies is arrangedalphabetically by Master et al. 2000). has changedlittle, suggestedactions for and by speciesand subspecieswithin the For •ome crayfishes,limited natural natural resourcepersonnel mirror those genus.Following the scientificname and range (e.g., one locality or one drain- proposedby Tayloret al. (1996). These author(s),the common name is followed by include,but are not limited to: (1) criti- age system)precipitates recognition as callyexamine the findingsof thisreassess- assignedconservation status using a letter Endangeredor Threatened;but for many code:E = Endangered;E* = Endangered, mentand bring to ourattention additional others,status assignments conunue to be PossiblyExtinct; T = Threatened;V information;(2) usethe list asa planning hamperedby a paucityof recentdistribu- = Vulnerable;CS = Currently Stable. and prioritizationtool for conducting tional •nformation.While progresshas Criteria used to determine conserva- recoveryefforts, status surveys, and bio- beenmade in this arena,basic ecological tion statusesare indicatedby numerals1 logical researchon imperiledcrayfishes; and current distributional information are through5 andcorrespond to thosedefined (3) •upportgraduate research and training lackingfor 60% of the U.S. andCanadian in Methods.Global Heritageranks (see in the distribution,, and ecol- fauna. In addition, threats highlighted Methods)immediately follow listingcri- ogyof crayfishes;(4) propagateeducation teria.A daggerdenotes a speciescomplex by Taylor et al. (1996) suchas habitat of citizens;and (5) recognizethe plightof currentlyunder taxonomic investigation. loss and the introductionof nonindig- aquaticresources and act accordinglyand Finally,the distributionof eachtaxon is enouscrayfishes continue to persistand proactively. indicatedby an alphabetical listing ofU. S. are greatlymagnified by the limited dis- statesand Canadianprovinces where that tributionsof manyspecies. The threatof ADDITIONAL INFORMATION taxon occurs. Parentheses around states nonindigenousspecies has even increased indicate known or suspectedintroduc- (Lodgeet al. 2000;Flinders and Magoulick We provide this section to aid the tions. Standard two-letter abbreviations 2005) due to actual introductions and reader in accessingadditional informa- for statesand provinces follow Williams et emergingconduits for potentialintroduc- tion on crayfishesof the United States al. (1989). tions.As statedby Tayloret al. (1996), and Canada. The papers and Internet lackof recentspecies-specific information, resources,organized alphabetically by state, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS whetherdistributional or biological,does are primarilytaxonomic or distributional not warrantneglect by resourceagencies. in naturebut alsocover topics associated The list of crayfishesof the United Recognitionof the potentialfor rapid dec- with a varietyof aspectsof the biologyof States and Canada includes 363 taxa. imationof crayfishspecies, especially those crayfishes.Additional crayfish information PossiblyExtinct, Endangered, Threatened, with limitedranges, should provide impe- canalso be foundby followinglinks found Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 or Vulnerablestatuses are recognizedfor tus for proactiveefforts toward conserva- on some of the websites listed below.

Thedigger crayfish ( fodiens) is Whilegenerally inhabiting lentic habitats, a Thesignal crayfish (Padfastacus leniusculus one of the mostwidespread crayfish species in few membersof the genusProcambarus, such lentusculus)is a widespreadspecies found North America. It occurs from Ontario, Canada as P.Iophotus shown here, can occurin high in the Pacific Northwest and is harvested for to . gradientstreams_ humanconsumption in partsof its range. Photoby C. Taylor. Photoby G. Schuster. Photoby C. Taylor.

Hsheries ß VOL32 NO 8 © AUGUST2007 ß WWW.FISHERIES.ORG 377 ALABAMA (Decapoda:Cambaridae) in Arkansas, on nomenclature,distribution, and con- with the descriptionsof two new spe- servation. Florida Scientist 53:286-296. Bouchard, R. W. 1976. Crayfishesand cies and a key to the membersof the Hobbs Jr., H. H. 1942. The crayfishesof shrimps.Pages 13-20 in H. Boschung, gracilisgroup in the genusProcambarus. Florida.University of FloridaPublications, ed. Endangeredand threatenedplants Proceedingsof the BiologicalSociety of BiologicalScience Series 3. Gainesville. and of Alabama. Bulletin of the Washington101:391-413. Hobbs, Jr., H. H., and H. H. Hobbs IlL AlabamaMuseum of NaturalHistory 2. 1989. On the crayfish genus 1991.An illustratedkey to the crayfishes Harris, S.C. 1990. Preliminaryconsider- Fallicambarus(Decapoda: Cambaridae) in of Florida (based on first form males). ations on rare and endangeredinverte- Arkansas,with noteson the rodlenscom- Florida Scientist 54:13-24. bratesin Alabama.Journal of theAlabama plexand descriptions of two new species. Academyof Science61:64-92. Proceedingsof the BiologicalSociety of GEORGIA McGregor, S. W., T. E. Shepard,T. D. Washington102:651-697. Richardson,and J. F. Fitzpatrick, Jr. Williams,A. B. 1954.Spec•auon and distribu- 1999. A surveyof the primarytributar- tionof the crayfishesof theOzark Plateaus Hobbs Jr., H. H. 1981. The crayfishesof iesof the Alabamaand lowerTombigbee and OuachitaProvinces. University of Georgia. SmithsonianContributions to rivers for freshwatermussels, snails, and Kansas Science Bulletin 36: 803-918. Zoology318. crayfish.Geological Survey of Alabama Circular 196. Online resources Ratcliffe, J. A., and D. R. DeVries. 2004. The crayfishes(Crustacea: Decapoda) of U.S. Forest Service. Available at: www.fs.fed. Brown, P. L. 1955.The biologyof the cray- the TallapoosaRiver drainage,Alabama. us/rS/ouachita/natural-resources/crayfish/fishes of central and southeasternIllinois. SoutheasternNaturalist 3:417-430. ouachita_crayfish.shtml. Doctoral dissertation. University of Schuster,G. A., and C. A. Taylor. 2004. Illinois,Urbana-Champaign. Reporton the crayfishesof Alabama:liter- CALIFORNIA Herkerr, J. R. (editor). 1992. Endangered aturereview and museumdatabase review, and threatenedspecies of Illinois:status specieslist with abbreviated annota- Eng,L. L., andR. W. Daniels.1982. Life his- and distribution. Vol. 2 - animals. Illinois tionsand proposedconservation statuses. tory,distribution, and status of Pacifastacus EndangeredSpecies Protection Board, IllinoisNatural HistorySurvey, Center of fortis (Decapoda:Astacidae). California BiodiversityTechnical Report 2004(12). Springfield. Fish and Game 68:197-212. Page,L. M. 1985.The crayfishesand shrimps Riegel, J. A. 1959. The systematicsand Online resources (Decapoda)of Illinois. Illinois Natural distributionof crayfishesin California. HistorySurvey Bulletin 33:335-448. California Fish and Game 45:29-50. AlabamaDepartment of Conservationand INDIANA Natural Resources. Cravfish in Alabama. COLORADO Available at: www.outdooralabama.com} watchable-wildlife/what/inverts/crayfish/. Ebedy, W. R. 1955.Summary of the distri- Unger,P. A. 1978.The crayfishes(Crustacea: bution of Indiana crayfishes,including Cambaridae)of Colorado.Natural History ARKANSAS newstate and county records. Proceedings Inventoryof Colorado3:1-19. of the lndiana Academyof Science 64:281-283. Bouchard, R. W., and H. W. RoNson. 1980. FLORIDA An inventoryof the decapodcrustaceans Page,L. M., and G. B. Mottesi. 1995. The (crayfishesand shrimps)of Arkansaswith distribution and status of the Indiana Deyrup, M., and R. Franz, eds. 1994.Rare a discussion of their habitats. Arkansas crayfish, Orconectesindianensis, w•th and endangeredbiota of Florida,Vol. IV. Academy of Science Proceedings commentson the crayfishesof Indiana. .University Press of Florida, 34:22-30. Gainesville. Proceedingsof the IndianaAcademy of Hobbs Jr., H. H., and H. W. Robison. Science 104:103-111. Franz, R., and S. E. Franz. 1990.A review of

Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 1988. The crayfishsubgenus Girar&ella the Floridacrayfish fauna, with comments Simon,T. P. 2001.Checklist of crayfishes and freshwatershrimp (Decapoda) of Indiana. Proceedingsof the IndianaAcademy of Science 110:104-110.

IOWA

Phillips,G. S. 1980.The decapodcrustaceans of Iowa.Proceedings ot the Iowa Academy of Scmnce 87:81-95.

KANSAS Over70, 000 metrictons of the red swamp Since1996 severalspecies such as the (Procarnbarus clarkit) are harvested gravedigger(Carnbarus rniltus) have had their Ghedotti, lVL J. 1998.An annotatedlist of eachyear for humanconsumption. conservationstatuses downgraded due to the crayfishesof Kansaswith firstrecords Photoby C. Taylor. intensivefield surveys of Orconectesmacrus and Procambarusacu- Photoby G. Schuster. tus in Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academyof Science101:54-57. 378 Fisheries ß VOL32 NO 8 ' AUGUST2007 ' WWW.FISHERIES.ORG Williams,A. B., and A. B. Leonard.1952. The crayfishesof Kansas. MISSOURI Universityof KansasScience Bulletin 34:961 - 1012. Pflieger,W. L. 1996.The crayfishesof Missouri.Missouri Department of Conservation,Jefferson City. Williams,A. B. 1954.Speciation and distribution of the crayfishesof Burr,B. M., andH. H. Hobbs,Jr. 1984.Additions to thecrayfish fauna of Kentucky,with new localityrecords for Cambarellusshufekkii. the OzarkPlateaus and OuachitaProvinces. University of Kansas Transactionsof the KentuckyAcademy of Science45:14-18. Science Bulletin 36: 803-918. Rhoades,R. 1944.The crayfishesof Kentucky,with noteson varia- tion, distribution,and descriptions of new speciesand subspecies.NEBRASKA American Midland Naturalist 31:111-149. Taylor,C. A., andG. A. Schuster.2004. The crayfishesof Kentucky. IllinoisNatural History Survey Special Publication 28. Engle,E. T. 1926.Crayfishes of the genusCambarus in Nebraskaand eastern Colorado. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries42:87-104. NEW JERSEY Penn,G. H. 1950.The genusCambarellus in Louisiana (Decapoda, Astacidae).American Midland Naturalist 44:421-426. Bouchard,R. W. 1982. The freshwatermalacostracan crustaceans of ß1952. The genus Orconectes in Louisiana (Decapoda, Astacidae). NewJersey. Pages 83-100 in W. J. Cromartie,editor. New Jersey's American Midland Naturalist 47:743-748. ß 1956. The genusProcambarus in Loutstana(Decapoda, endangeredand threatenedplants and animals.Stockton State Astacidae).American Midland Naturalist 56:406-422. CollegeCenter for Environmental Research, Pomona, New Jersey. ß1959. An illustratedkey to the crawfishesof Louisiana with a Francois,D. D. 1959.The crayfishesof New Jersey.Ohio Journal of summaryof theirdistribution within the state.Tulane Studies in Science 59:108-127. Zoology7:3-20. Penn, G. H., andG. Marlow. 1959.The genusCambarus in Louisiana. American Midland Naturalist 61:191-203. NEW YORK Walls,J. G., andJ. B. Black. 1991.Distributional records for some Louisianacrawfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae). Proceedings of the Crocker,D. W. 1957.The crayfishesof New YorkState (Decapoda, LouisianaAcademy of Science54:23-29. Astacidae).New York State Museumand ScienceService Bulletin Walls,J. G., andS. Shively.2003. A workingchecklist of Louisiana 355. crawfishes(Crustacea, Decapoda, Cambaridae). Louisiana Fauna ProjectSpectal Report 3 (Level2): 1-8,Bunkie. Habitat alteration,such as streamchannelization and substrateremoval can negatively impact crayfishes. MAINE Channelizationand high erosion rates at the type-localityforthe Yalobusha riverlet crayfish( yalobushensis) Martin, S. M. 1997.Crayfishes (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Maine. shownhere may have contributed Northeastern Naturalist 4:165-188. toits extirpation atthe site. Photoby J. Fetzner.

Meredith, W. G., and F. J. Schwartz.1959. The crayfishesof Maryland.Maryland q•dewater News 15:1-2. __. 1960.Maryland crayfishes. Maryland Department of Research and Education,Educational Series 46.

Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 MICHIGAN

Creaser,E. P. 1931.The Michigandecapod crustaceans. Papers of the MichiganAcademy of Science,Arts, and Letters 13:257-276.

MINNESOTA

Helgen,J. C. 1990. The distributionof crayfishes(Decapoda, Cambaridae)of Minnesota.Minnesota Department of Natural Resources,Investigational Report 405.

MISSISSIPPI

FitzpatrickJr., J. F. 2002. The conservationstatus of crawfishes.Proceedings of the LouisianaAcademy of Science 63:25-36.

Fisheries ß VOL32 NO8 ß AUGUST2007 ' WWW.FISHERIES.ORG 319 NORTH CAROLINA Taylor,C. A., S. N. Jones,and E. A. Bergey.2004 The crayfishes of Oklahomarevisited: new state records and checklist of species Cooper,J. E. 2002.North Carolinacrayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae): SouthwesternNaturalist 49(2): 250-255. noteson distribution, taxonomy, life history, and habitat. Journal of theNorth CarolinaAcademy of Science118:167-180. OREGON Cooper,J. E., and A. L. Braswell.1995. Observationson North SeeWashington. Carolina crayfishes(Decapoda: Cambaridae).Brimleyana 22:87-132. PENNSYLVANIA Cooper,J. E., A. L. Braswell,and C. McGrath.1998. Noteworthy distributionalrecords for crayfishes(Decapoda: Cambaridae) in North Carolina.Journal of the ElishaMitchell Scientific Society Ortmann,A. E. 1906.The crawfishesof the stateof Pennsylvama 114(1):1-10. Memoirsof the CarnegieMuseum 2:343-523. LeGrandJr., H. E., S. P. Hall, S. E. McRae,and J. T. Finnegan. Schwartz,F. J., andW. G. Meredith.1960. Crayfishes of the Cheat 2006. Natural HeritageProgram list of the rare animalspecies Riverwatershed and Pennsylvania. Part I. Species of North Carolina.North CarolinaNatural HeritageProgram, andlocalities. Ohio Journalof Science60:40-54. North CarolinaDepartment of Environment,Health, and Natural Resources,Raleigh. Online resources

Online resources Nuttall,T. R. Pennsylvaniacrayfish reference collection. Available at www.thup.edu/muttall/pennsylvania_crayfish_reference_.htm. North Carolina Wildlife ResourcesCommission. The crayfishes of North Carolina. Available at: www.ncwildlife.org/pg07_ SOUTH CAROLINA WitdlifeSpeciesCon/nccrayfishes/nc_crayfishes.html. North Carolina Musuem of Natural Sciences. Available at: www. Eversole,A. G. 1995.Distribution of threerare crayfish species tn naturalsciences.org/researach/inverts/cooper.hunl. SouthCarolina. Freshwater Crayfish 8:113-120. Eversole,A. G. andD. R. Jones.2004. Key to thecrayfishes ofSouth OHIO Carolina.Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina. Hobbslll, H. H., J. H. Thorp, and G. E. Anderson.1976. The Jezerinac,R. F. 1982.Life-history notes and distributions of crayfishes freshwaterdecapod crustaceans (Palaemonidae, Cambaridae) of (Decapoda:Cambaridae) from the ChagrinRiver basin, northeast- the SavannahRiver Plant, South Carolina. Unpublished report, ern Ohio. Ohio Journalof Science82:181-192. Savannah River Plant, National EnvironmentalResearch Park 1986. Endangeredand threatenedcrayfishes (Decapoda: Program. Cambaridae)of Ohio.Ohio Journal of Science86:177-180. __ 1991.The distributionof crayfishes(Decapoda: Cambaridae) of the LickingRiver watershed,eastcentral Ohio: 1972-1977.Ohio Online resources Journalof Science91:108-111. Jezerinac,R. F., andR. E Thoma.1984_ An illustratedkey to the U.S. ForestService. www. fs.fed.us/r8/fms/forest/publications/Crayfish Ohio Cambarusand Fallicambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) with pdf. commentsand a new subspeciesrecord. Ohio Journalof Science 84:120-125. TENNESSEE Rhoades,R. 1944.Further studies on distributionand taxonomy of Ohio crayfishesand the descriptionof a new subspecies.Ohio Bouchard,R. W. 1972.A contributionto theknowledge of Tennessee Journalof Science44:95-99. crayfish.Doctoral dissertation. University of Tennessee,Knoxvalle. Thoma,R. E andR. E Jezerinac.2000. Ohio crayfish and atlas. Williams,C. E., andR. D. Bivens.2001. Key to the crayfishesof OhioBiological Survey Miscellaneous Contribution 7, Columbus. Tennessee,abstracted from H.H. Hobbs,Jr. (1976 sic), H.H. Hobbs, Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 Turner,C. L. 1926.The crayfishesof Ohio.Ohio BiologicalSurvey Jr. (1981), and Bouchard(1978), and an annotatedlist of the Bulletin 13:144-195. crayfishesof Tennessee.Unpublished report, Tennessee Wildhfe ResourcesAgency, Talbott.

TEXAS Creaser,E. P., and A. 1. Ortenburger.1933. The decapodcrusta- ceansof Oklahoma.Publications of the Universityof Oklahoma Albaugh,D. W., andJ. B. Black.1973. A newcrawfish of the genus BiologicalSurvey 5:14-47. DunlapJr., P.M. 1951.Taxonomic characteristics ofthe decapod crus- Cambarellusfrom Texas, with new Texas distributionalrecords taceansof the subfamilyCambarinae in Oklahomawith descrip- for the genus(Decapoda, Astacidae). Southwestern Naturahst tionsof twonew species and two keys to species.Master's thesis, 18:177-185. OklahomaAgricultural and Mechanical College, Stillwater. HobbsJr., H. H. 1990.On the crayfishes(Decapoda: Cambaridae) Jones,S. N., E. A. Bergey,and C. A. Taylor.2005. Update to the of the NechesRiver basin of easternTexas with the descripuons checklistof Oklahomacrayfishes. Proceedings of the Oklahoma of threenew species.Proceedings of the BiologicalSociety of Academyof Science85:43-46. Washington103:573-597. Reimer,R. D. 1969.A reporton thecrawfishes (Decapoda, Astacidae) Penn, G. H., and H. H. HobbsJr. 1958.A contributiontoward a of Oklahoma.Proceedings of the OklahomaAcademy of Science knowledgeof the crawfishesof Texas(Decapoda, Astacidae). Texas 48:49-65. Journalof Science10:452-483. 380 Fisheries ß VOL32 NO 8 ß AUGUST2007 ß WWW,FISHERIES.ORG UTAH Guiasu, R. C., D. W. Barr, and D. W. Dunham. 1996. Distribution and statusof crayfishesof the generaCambarus and Fallicambarus Johnson,J. E. 1986.Inventory of Utah crayfisheswith noteson cur- (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in Onatario, Canada. Journal of rent distribution. Great Basin Naturalist 46:625-631. CrustaceanBiology 16:373-383. Hamr, P. 1998. Conservationstatus of Canadianfreshwater cray- WASHINGTON fishes.World Wildlife Fund Canada,Toronto, Ontario. ß2003. Conservation status of burrowingcrayfishes in Canada. Miller,G. C. 1960.The taxonomyand certain biological aspects of the crayfishof Oregonand Washington. Master's thesis. Oregon State Reportfor the EndangeredSpecies Unit, World Wildlife Fund College,Corvallis. Canada.Upper Canada College Press, Toronto, Canada. Taylor, R. M., P. Hamr, and A. Karstaad.2005. Pages222-317 WEST VIRGINIA in G. Winterton, ed. The comprehensivebait guidefor eastern Canada,the Great Lakesregion and northeastern United States. Jezerinac,R. F., G. W. Stocker,and D.C. Tarter.1995. The cray- Universityof TorontoPress, Toronto, Canada. fishes(Decapoda: Cambaridae) of WestVirginia. Ohio Biological SurveyBulletin New Series10(1). { *THER INTERNET RF qOURCE" Lawton, S. M. 1979ßA taxonomicand distributionalstudy of the crayfishes(Decapoda: Cambaridae) of WestVirginia with diagnos- FetznerJr., J. W. 2007. Globalcrayfish resources at the Carnegie tic keysto speciesof the generaCamMms and Orconectes. Masters thesis.Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia. Museumof NaturalHistory. Available at: http://iz.carnegiemnh. Newcombe,C. L. 1929ßThe crayfishesof WestVirginia. Ohio Journal org/crayfish/. of Science 29:267-288. Crandall,K.A., and J.W. Fetzner,Jr. 2007. Crayfishhome page. Schwartz,F. J., and W. G. Meredith.1960. Crayfishes of the Cheat Availableat: http://crayfish.byu.edu/. Riverwatershed West Virginia and Pennsylvania.Part I. Species CrayfishWorld. 2007. Available at: www. crayfishworld.com/science- andlocalitiesß Ohio Journalof Science60:40-54. contents.htm. International Association of Astacology. 2007. Home page. WISCONSIN Availableat: http://147.72.68.29/crayfish/IAA/index.htm. NationalGeneral Status Working Group. 2007. Wild species: general Creaser, E. P. 1932. The decapodcrustaceans of Wisconsin. Transactionsof the WisconsinAcademy Science, Arts, and Letters statusof speciesin Canada.Available at: www.wildspecies.ca. 27:321-338ß HobbsIII, H. H., andJ.P. Jass.1988ß The crayfishesand shrimp of Wisconsin.Milwaukee Public Museum,Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

WYOMING

Hubert, W. A. 1988. Surveyof Wyomingcrayfishes. Great Basin Naturalist 48:370-372. StreamCount CANADA Drysuits Bondar,C., Y. Zhang,J. S. Richardson,and D. Jesson.2003ß The conservationstatus of freshwatercrayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus and in BritishColumbia. Ministry of Water,Land and Air Protection. FisheriesManagement Report, Vancouver, British Columbia. Waders Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 Crocker,D. W., andD. W. Barr. 1968.Handbook of the crayfishes of Ontario.University of TorontoPress, Toronto, Ontario.

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Fisheries ß VOL32 NO 8 © AUGUST2007 ß WWW.FISHERIES.ORG 38• Appendix 1 Species Common name AFS L•st•ng Hentage Known d•strlbut•on status criteria rank FamilyAstac•dae Pac•fastacusconnectens (Faxon) SnakeRiver P/lose Crayfish CS G4 ID,OR Pac•fastacusfortis (Faxon) ShastaCrayfish E 4, 5 G1 CA Pac•fastacusgainbell/ (Girard) P/loseCrayfish CS G4,G5 (CA), ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY Paofastacusleniusculus klamathensis (Stimpson) KlamathSignal Crayfish CS G5 CA, ID, OR, WA. BC Pac•fastacusleniusculus leniusculus (Dana) SignalCrayfish CS G5 (CA), ID, (NV), OR, (UT),WA BC Pac•fastacusleniusculus trowbridgii (Stimpson) Columbia River CS G5 (CA), ID, (NV), OR, MT, WA BC Pac•fastacusnigrescens (Stimpson) SootyCrayfish E* GX CA Family Cambaridae Barbicarnbaruscornutus (Faxon) BottlebrushCrayfish CS G4 KY,TN robisoni Hobbs BayouBodcau Crayfish V 5 G2,G3 AR black/Hobbs CypressCrayfish E 1, 5 G1 FL Hobbs LeastCrayfish T 5 G3 AL, MS Cambarellusleslie/Fitzpatrick and Laning AngularDwarf Crawfish T 5 G3 AL, MS Cambarellus ninae Hobbs Aransas Dwarf Crawfish V 5 G3 TX Cambarelluspuer Hobbs Swamp Dwarf Crayfish CS G5 AR, IL, KY, LA, MS, MO, OK, TN, TX Cambarellus schmitt/Hobbs Fontal Dwarf Crawfish CS G3 FL Carnbarellusshufeldtii (Faxon) CajunDwarf Crayfish CS G5 AL, AR, IL, KY, LA, MS, MO, TN, TX Cambarellustexanus Albauc)h and Black Brazos Dwarf Crawfish CS G3,G4 TX Cambarus acanthura Hobbs ThornytailCrayfish CS G4,G5 AL, GA, NC, TN Cambarus aculabrum Hobbs and Brown BentonCounty Cave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 AR Cambarus acuminatus Faxon AcuminateCrayfish d-CS G4 MD, NC, SC, VA Cambarusangularis Hobbs and Bouchard AngledCrayfish CS G3 TN, VA Cambarusasperimanus Faxon Mitten Crayfish CS G4 GA, NC,SC, TN Cambarus bartoni/bartoni/ (F abric/us) CommonCrayfish CS G5 AL, CT, DE, GA, ME, MD, MA, NJ, NY, NC, PA, RI, SC, TN, VT, VA, WV. NB, ON, QC Cambarusbartoni/ cavatus Hay AppalachianBrook Crayfish CS G5 AL, GA, KY, IN, OH, TN, VA, WV Cambarus batch/Schuster BluegrassCrayfish V 5 G3 KY Cambarusbouchardi Hobbs BigSouth Fork Crayfish E 5 G2 KY,TN Cambarusbrachydactylus Hobbs ShortfingerCrayfish CS G4 TN Cambarusbrimleyorum Cooper ValleyRiver Crayfish V 5 G3 NC Cambarusbuntinqi Bouchard LongclawCrayfish d-CS G4 KY,TN Cambaruscarinirostris Hay RockCrawfish CS G5 OH, PA, VA, WV Cambaruscarolinus (Erichson) RedBurrowinq Crayfish CS G4 NC, SC, TN Cambaruscatagius Hobbs and Perkins GreensboroBurrowing Crayfish V 1, 5 G3 NC Cambaruscauseyi Reimer BostonMountains Crayfish V 1, 5 G2 AR Cambaruschasmodactvlus James New RiverCrayfish CS G4 NC, VA, WV Cambaruschaugaensis Prins and Hobbs ChaugaCrayfish T 5 G2 GA,NC, SC Cambarusclivosus Taylor and Soucek ShortMountain Crayfish T 5 G2 TN Cambarusconasaugaensis Hobbs and Hobbs MountainCrayfish V 5 G3 GA, TN Cambaruscoosae Hobbs CoosaCrayfish CS G5 AL,GA, TN Cambarus coosawattae Hobbs CoosawatteeCrayfish E 1, 5 G1 GA Cambarus cracens Bouchard and Hobbs DenderclawCrayfish E 5 G1 AL Cambaruscrinipes Bouchard HairyfootCrayfish CS G3 TN Cambaruscryptod, vtes Hobbs DoughertyPlain Cave Crayfish T 5 G2,G3 FL,GA Carnbaruscurnberlandensis Hobbs and Bouchard CumberlandCrayfish CS G5 KY,TN Cambaruscymatilis Hobbs ConasaugaBlue Burrower E 5 G1 GA, TN Carnbarusdavid/Cooper CarolinaLadle Crayfish CS G4 NC Cambarusdeweesae Bouchard and Etnier ValleyFlame Crayfish CS G4 KY,TN Cambarusdiogenes Girard DevilCrawfish d-CS G5 AL, AR, CO, DE, FL,GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MI, MN, MS, MO, NE, NJ, NC, ND, OH, OK, PA,

Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 SC, SD, TN, TX VA, Wl, WY ON Cambarusdistans Rhoades BoxclawCrayfish CS G5 AL,GA, KY,TN Cambarusdoughertyensis Cooper and $kelton DoughertyBurrowing Crayfish E 5 G1 GA Cambarusdub/us Faxon UplandBurrowing Crayfish CS G5 KY, MD, NC, PA,TN, VA, WV Cambaruseeseeohensis Thoma GrandfatherMountain Crayfish T 5 G2 NC Cambaruselkensis Jezerinac and Stocker ElkRiver Crayfish T 1, 5 G2 WV Cambarusenglish/Hobbs and Hall TallapoosaCrayfish V 5 G3 AL,GA Cambarusextraneus Hagen ChickamaugaCrayfish T 5 G2 GA,TN Cambarusfasciatus Hobbs EtowahCrayfish T 1, 5 G3 GA Cambarusfriaufi Hobbs HairyCrayfish CS G4 KY,TN Cambarusgentry/Hobbs LinearCobalt Crayfish CS G4 TN Cambarusgeorgiae Hobbs LittleTennessee Crayfish V 5 G2 GA, NC Cambarus•lirardianus Faxon TanbackCrayfish CS G5 AL,GA, TN Cambarusgrayson/Faxon TwospotC rayfish CS G5 AL,KY, TN Cambarushall/Hobbs SlackwaterCrayfish V 5 G3,G4 AL,GA Cambarushamulatus (Cope) PricklyCave Crayfish CS G3,G4 AL,TN Cambarus hart/Hobbs Piedmont Blue Burrower E 5 G1 GA Cambarushiwasseensis Hobbs HiwasseeCrayfish V 5 G3,G4 GA, NC, TN Cambarushobbsorum Cooper RockyRiver Crayfish CS G3,G4 NC,SC Cambarus howard/Hobbs and Hall ChattahoocheeCrayfish CS G3 AL, GA, NC Cambarus hubbsi Creaser Hubbs'Crayfish CS G5 AR, MO Cambarus hubrichti Hobbs SalemCave Crayfish CS G4 MO

•1112 ]•isl•e•ies ß vol 32 NO 8 ß AUGUST2007 ß WWW.FISHERIES,ORG Carnbarushystncosus Cooper and Cooper SandhallsSpiny Crayfish V 5 G2 NC Cambarusjezennao Thoma SpinyScale Crayfish tCS G3 TN, VA Cambarusjohn• Cooper CarohnaFoothalls Crayfish V 5 G3 NC Cambarusjones•Hobbs and Barr AlabamaCave Crayfish CS G3 AL Carnbaruslatirnanus (Le Conte) VariableCrayfish CS G5 AL, FL, GA, NC, SC, TN Carnbaruslenati Cooper BroadRiver Stream Crayfish T 5 G2 NC CarnbarusIongirostris Faxon LongnoseCrayfish tCS G5 AL, GA, NC, (SC), TN, VA CarnbarusIongulus Girard AtlanticSlope Crayfish CS G5 NC, VA, WV Carnbarus ludovicianus Faxon PaintedDevil Crayfish CS G5 AL, AR, KY, LA, MS, MO, OK, TN, TX Carnbarusrnaculatus Hobbs and Pflieger FreckledCrayfish CS G4 MO Carnbarusrnanningi Hobbs GreensaddleCrayfish CS G4 AL, GA, TN Carnbarusmiltus Fitzpatrick RustyGrave Digger T 5 G1,G2 AL, FL Carnbarusmonongalensis Oftmann Blue Crawfish CS G5 PA, VA, WV Carnbarus nerterius Hobbs GreenbrierCave Crayfish E 5 G2 WV Carnbarus nodosus Bouchard and Hobbs KnottyBurrowing Crayfish CS G4 GA, NC, SC, TN Carnbarusobeyensis Hobbs and Shoup ObeyCrayfish E 5 G 1 TN Cambarusobstipus Hall SlopedCrayfish V 5 G4 AL Cambarus ortrnanni Williamson Ortmann'sMudbug CS G5 IN, KY,OH Cambarusparrish/ Hobbs HiwasseeHeadwater Crayfish E 5 G 1 GA, NC Carnbarusparvoculus Hobbs and Shoup MountainMidget Crayfish CS G5 AL, GA, K% TN, VA Carnbaruspol•vchrornatus Thoma et al. PaintedhandMudbug CS G5 AL, IL, IN, KY, MI, OH, TN Carnbaruspristinus Hobbs PristineCrayfish E 5 G 1 TN Carnbaruspyronotus Bouchard FirebackCrayfish E 5 G2 FL Carnbarus reburrus Prins FrenchBroad Crayfish CS G3 NC Cambarus reduncus Hobbs SickleCrayfish CS G4,G5 NC, SC Cambarus reflexus Hobbs PineSavannah Crayfish CS G4 GA, SC Girard BigWater Crayfish CS G5 CT, IL, IN, KY, MI, NY, NC, OH, PA,TN, VA, WV, ON, QC Carnbarus rusticiforrnis Rhoades DepressionCrayfish CS G5 (AL), IL, KY, TN Carnbarus sciotensis Rhoades TeaysRiver Crayfish CS G5 KY, OH, VA, WV Carnbarus scott/Hobbs ChattoogaRiver Crayfish T 5 G3 AL, GA Cambarus setosus Faxon BristlyCave Crayfish CS G4 AR, MO Cambarusspeciosus Hobbs BeautifulCrayfish E 1, 5 G2 GA Cambarussphenoides Hobbs TriangleclawCrayfish CS G4 KY, TN Cambarusspicatus Hobbs BroadRiver Spiny Crayfish V 5 G2 NC, SC Cambarusstriatus Hay AmbiguousCrayfish CS G5 AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, SC, TN Carnbarusstrigosus Hobbs LeanCrayfish T 5 G2 GA Carnbarus subterraneus Hobbs DelawareCounty Cave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 OK Carnbarustartarus Hobbs and Cooper OklahomaCave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 OK Cambarustenebrosus Hay CavespringCrayfish tCS G5 AL, IL, IN, KY, OH, TN Cambarus thomai Jezerinac LittleBrown Mudbug CS G5 KY, OH, PA,TN, WV Cambarus truncatus Hobbs OconeeBurrowing Crayfish T 5 G2 GA Cambarustuckasegee Cooper and Schofield TuckasegeeStream Crayfish T 5 G2 NC Hobbs and Hall BlackbarredCrayfish T 5 G2 AL, GA Cambarusveitchorum Cooper and Cooper White SpringCave Crayfish E 1,5 G1 AL Faxon BigSandy Crayfish T 1,5 G3 K• VA, WV Cambarus will/am/Bouchard and Bouchard BrawleysFork Crayfish E 5 G1 TN Carnbaruszophonastes Hobbs and Bedinger HellCreek Cave Crayfish E 1,5 G1 AR D•stocarnbarus carlson/Hobbs Mimic Crayfish T 5 G2,G3 SC D•stocambarus crocker/Hobbs and Carlson PiedmontPrairie Burrowing Crayfish T 1,5 G3 SC D•stocambarusdevexus (Hobbs) BroadRiver Burrowinq Crayfish T 5 G2 GA D•stocarnbarushunter/Fitzpatrick and Eversole SaludaBurrowing Crayfish E 5 G1 SC D•stocarnbarusyoung/neri Hobbs and Carlson NewberryBurrowing Crayfish E 5 G1 SC Falhcambarusburris/Fitzpatrick BurrowingBog Crayfish T 5 G3 AL, MS Falhcambarusbyers/(Hobbs) LavenderBurrowing Crayfish CS G4 AL, FL, MS Fall•cambarus caesius Hobbs TimberlandsBurrowing Crayfish CS G4 AR Falhcambarus danielae Hobbs SpeckledBurrowing Crayfish T 5 G2 AL, MS Falhcambarus devastator Hobbs and Whiteman TexasPrairie Crayfish V 5 G3 TX

Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 Fall/cambarusdissitus (Penn) Pine HillsDigger V 5 G4 AR, LA Falhcambarusfodiens (Cottie) DiggerCrayfish CS G5 AL, AR, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, MD, MI, MS, MO, NC, OH, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV. ON Fall/cambarusg/Ipini Hobbs and Rob/son JeffersonCounty Crayfish E 5 G1 AR Falhcambarusgordon/Fitzpatrick CampShelby Burrowing Crayfish T 5 G1 MS Falhcarnbarusharp/Hobbs and Rob/son OuachitaBurrowing Crayfish V 5 G3 AR Fall•cambarushorton/Hobbs and Fitzpatrick HatchieBurrowing Crayfish E 5 G 1 TN Fall•cambarusjeanae Hobbs DaisyBurrowing Crayfish V 5 G2 AR Falhcarnbarusrnacneesei (Black) Old PrairieDigger V 1,5 G3 LA, TX Falhcambarusoryktes (Penn and Marlow) FlatwoodsDigger V 1, 4, 5 G4 AL, LA, MS Falhcambaruspetilicarpus Hobbs and Rob/son SlenderwristBurrowing Crayfish E 5 G1 AR Fall•cambarusstrawni (Reimer) SalineBurrowing Crayfish T 5 G1 ,G2 AR Faxonellabeyeri (Penn) SabineFencing Crayfish CS G4 LA, TX Faxonellablair/Hayes and Reimer Blair'sFencing Crayfish CS G3 AR, OK Faxonellaclypeata (Hay) DitchFencing Crayfish CS G5 AL, AR, FL,GA, I_A,MS, MO, SC,TX creaser/Walls OuachitaFencing Crayfish V 1, 5 G2 LA Black PearlRiverlet Crayfish E 1, 5 G2 MS Hobbseuscristatus (Hobbs) CrestedRiverlet Crayfish T 1, 5 G3 MS Hobbseusorconectoides Fitzpatrick and Payne OktibbehaRiverlet Crayfish T 1, 5 G3 MS Hobbseuspetilus Fitzpatrick TombigbeeRiverlet Crayfish T 1, 5 G2 MS Hobbseusprorninens (Hobbs) ProminenceRiverlet Crayfish CS G4, G5 AL, MS

Fisheries ß VOL 32 NO 8 ß AUGUST2007 ß WWVV.FISHERIES.ORG Hobbseusvalleculus (Fitzpatrick) ChoctawRiverlet Crayfish T 1, 5 G1 MS Hobbseusyalobushens•sFitzpatrick and Busack YalobushaRiverlet Crayfish E 1, 5 G3 MS Orconectesacares F•tzpatr•ck RedspottedStream Crayfish CS G4 AR Orconectesalabamens•s (Faxon) AlabamaCrayfish V 5 G5 AL, MS, TN Orconectesaustralis austrahs (Rhoades) SouthernCave Crayfish CS G4 AL, TN Orconectesaustral/s packardi Rhoades AppalachianCave Crayfish T 1, 5 G2 KY Orconectes barrenensis Rhoades BarrenRiver Crayfish CS G4 KY,TN Orconectes bisectus Rhoades C rittendenC rayfish E 5 G 1 KY Orconectes blacki Walls CalcasieuCrayfish T 1,5 G2 LA Orconectesburri Taylor and Sabaj BloodRiver Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 KY,TN Orconectescarolinensis Cooper and Cooper NorthCarolina Spiny Crayfish CS G4 NC Orconectescauseyi Jester WesternPlains Crayfish CS G5 CO, KS,(NM), OK, TX Orconecteschickasawae Cooper and Hobbs ChickasawCrayfish CS G5 AL, MS Orconectescompressus (Faxon) SlenderCrayfish CS G5 AL, KY,MS, TN Orconectescooperi Cooper and Hobbs FlintRiver Crayfish E 5 G1 AL,TN Orconectescristavarius Taylor SpinyStream Crayfish CS G5 KY,OH, NC, TN, VVV,VA Orconectesdeanae Reimerand Jester ConchasCrayfish CS G4 NM, OK Orconectesdifficilis (Faxon) PaintedCrayfish CS G3 OK Orconectesdurelli Bouchard and Bouchard SaddleCrayfish CS G5 AL, KY,TN Orconecteserichsonianus (Faxon) ReticulateCrayfish CS G5 AL, GA, TN, VA Orconectesetnieri Bouchard and Bouchard EtsCrayfish CS G4 MS,TN Orconecteseupunctus Williams ColdwaterCrayfish T 1,4, 5 G2 AR, MO Orconectesforceps (Faxon) SurgeonCrayfish CS G5 AL,GA, TN, VA Orconectesharrisonii (Faxon) BeltedCrayfish V 5 G3 MO Orconecteshartfieldi Fitzpatrick and Suttkus YazooCrayfish T 1, 5 G2 MS Orconecteshathawayi Penn TechePainted Crawfish V 5 G3 LA Orconecteshobbsi Penn PontchartrainPainted Crawfish CS G4 LA, MS Orconectesholti Cooper and Hobbs BimaculateCrayfish V 5 G3 AL Orconecteshylas (Faxon) WoodlandCrayfish CS G4 MO Orconectes illinoiensis Brown ShawneeCrayfish CS G4 IL Orconectesimmunis (Hagen) CalicoCrayfish CS G5 CO, (CT), IL, IN, IA, KS, KY,(ME), (MA), MI, MN, MO, MT, N[, (NH), NY, ND, OH, (RI),SD, TN, (VT), Wl, WY. MB, ON, PQ Orconectesincomptus Hobbs and Barr TennesseeCave Crayfish E 5 G1 TN Orconectesindianensis (Hay) IndianaCrayfish CS G4 IL, IN Orconectesinermis inermis Cope GhostCrayfish CS G4 IN, KY Orconectesinermis testii (Hay) UnarmedCrayfish T 1, 5 G2 IN Orconectesjeffersoni Rhoades LouisvilleCrayfish E 1, 5 G1 KY Orconectesjonesi Fitzpatrick SucarnoocheeRiver Crayfish ?V 5 G3 AL, MS Orconectesjuvenilis(Hagen) KentuckyRiver Crayfish CS G4 IN, KY Orconecteskentuckiensis Rhoades KentuckyCrayfish CS G4 IL, KY Orconecteslancifer (Hagen) ShrimpCrayfish CS G5 AL, AR, IL, KY,LA, MS, MO, OK, TN, TX Orconectesleptogonopodus Hobbs LittleRiver Creek Crayfish CS G4 AR, OK Orconecteslimosus (Rafinesque) SpinycheekCrayfish CS G5 CT,DE, ME, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT, VA, VVV.QC, NB OrconectesIongidigitus (Faxon) LongpinceredCrayfish CS G4 AR, MO Orconectesluteus (Creaser) GoldenCrayfish CS G5 IA, IL, KS,MN, MO Orconectesmacrus Williams NeoshoMidget Crayfish CS G4 AR, KS, MO, OK Orconectesmaletae Walls KisatchiePainted Crayfish T 1, 5 G2 LA Orconectesmarchandi Hobbs MammothSpring Crayfish T 1, 5 G2 AR, MO Orconectesmargorectus Taylor LivingstonCrayfish T 5 G2 KY Orconectesmedius (Faxon) SaddlebackedCrayfish CS G4 MO Orconectesmeeki brevis Williams Meek'sShort Pointed Crayfish T 5 G2 AR, OK Orconectesmeeki meeki (Faxon) Meek'sCrayfish CS G5 AR,MO Orconectesmenae (Creaser) Mena Crayfish T 5 G3 AR, OK Orconectesmirus (Ortmann) WonderfulCrayfish CS G4 AL, TN Orconectesmississippiensis (Faxon) MississippiCrayfish V 5 G3 MS

Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 Orconectesnais (Faxon) Water NymphCrayfish CS G5 KS,MO, OK, TX Orconectesnana Williams Midget Crayfish V 5 G3 AR, OK Orconectesneglectus chaenodactylus Williams GapRinged Crayfish V 5 G3 AR,MO Orconectesneglectus neglectus (Faxon) RingedC rayfish CS G5 AR, CO, KS, MO, NE, (NY), OK, (OR), WY Orconectesobscurus (Hagen) AlleghenyCrayfish CS G5 ME, MD, NY, OH, PA,VA, VVV ON, QC, Orconectesozarkae Williams Ozark Crayfish CS G5 AR, MO Orconectespagei Taylor and Sabaj MottledCrayfish CS G4 TN Orconectespalmeri creolanus (Creaser) CreolePainted Crayfish CS G4 (GA), LA, MS Orconectespalmeri Iongimanus (Faxon) WesternPainted Crayfish CS G5 AR, KS, LA, OK, TX Orconectespalmeri palmeri (Faxon) Gray-speckledCrayfish CS G5 AR, KY, LA, MS, MO, TN Orconectespardalotus Wetzel et al. LeopardCrayfish E 1, 5 G1 IL,KY Orconectespellucidus (Tell ka m pf) MammothCave Crayfish CS G5 KY,TN Orconectesperfectus Walls CompleteCrayfish CS G4,G5 AL,MS Orconectesperuncus (Creaser) BigCreek Crayfish T 4, 5 G2 MO Orconectesplacidus (Hagen) BigclawCrayfish CS G5 AL, IL, KY,TN Orconectespropinquus (Girard) NorthernClearwater Crayfish CS G5 IL, IN, IA, MA, MI, MN, NY, OH, PA, VT, Wl. ON, QC Orconectespunctimanus (Creaser) SpothandedCrayfish CS G4,G5 AR, MO Orconectesputnatal (Faxon) PhallicCrayfish CS G5 AL, IN, KY, TN Orconectesquadruncus (Creaser) St. FrancisRiver Crayfish T 4, 5 G2 MO

Fisheries ß VOL32 NO 8 © AUGUST2007 ß W3NW.FISHERIES,ORG Orconectesraflnesquel Rhoades RoughR•ver Crayfish V 1, 5 G3 KY Orconectes rhoades• Hobbs F•shhookCrayfish CS G4 TN Orconectesronald• Taylor Mud R•verCrayfish T 5 G3 KY Orconectesrust•cus (G•rard) RustyC rayfish CS G5 (CT), (IL), IN, (IA), KY,(ME), (MA), MI, (MN), (NH), (NJ), (NM), (NC), (NY), OH, (PA),(TN), (VT), (VA), (WV), (Wl). (ON), (QC) Orconectessanbornii (Faxon) Sanborn'sCrayfish CS G5 KY, OH, (WA), WV Bouchard and Bouchard KiamichiCrayfish E 5 G1 OK Orconectessheltae Cooper and Cooper SheltaCave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 AL Orconectesshoupi Hobbs NashvilleCrayfish E 1, 5 G1 TN Orconectessloanii (Bundy) SloanCrayfish V 1,4 G3 IN, OH Orconectesspinosus (Bundy) CoosaRiver Spiny Crayfish CS G4 AL,GA, TN Orconectesstannardi Page LittleWabash Crayfish V 1, 5 G3 IL Orconectesstygocaneyi Hobbs Caney Mountain Cave Crayfish T 5 G1 MO Orconectestheaphionensis Simon et al. SinkholeCrayfish CS G4 IN Orconectestricuspis Rhoades WesternHighland Crayfish CS G4 KY Orconectesvalidus (Faxon) PowerfulCrayfish CS G4,G5 AL, MS, TN Orconectesvirginiensis Hobbs ChowanokeCrayfish CS G4 NC, VA Orconectesvirilis Hagen VirileCrayfish CS G5 (AL),(AZ), AR, (CA), CO, (CT), IL, IN, IA, KS, (ME), (MD), (MA), MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, (NH), (NJ), (NM), (NC), NY, ND, OH, OK, (PA),(RI), SD, (TN),TX, UT,(VT), (VA), (WA), (WV), Wl, WY. AB, MB, ON, PQ, SK Orconecteswillh'arnsi Fitzpatrick WilliamsCrayfish CS G4 AR,MO Orconecteswrighti Hobbs HardinCrayfish E 5 G2 MS, TN Procambarus ablusus Penn HatchieRiver Crayfish CS G4 MS, TN Procambarusacherontl• (Lonnberg) OrlandoCave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 FL Procarnbarusacutissimus (Girard) SharpnoseCrayfish CS G5 AL, GA, MS Procambarusacutus (G ira rd) White River Crawfish tCS G5 AL, AR, (CA), (CT), DE, FL, GA, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, (ME), MD (MA), MI, MN, MS, MO, NJ, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA,(RI), SC, TN, TX, VA, WV, Wl Procarnbarusadvena (Le Conte) VidaliaCrayfish CS G3 GA Procarnbarusalleni (Faxon) EvergladesCrayfish CS G4 FL Procambarusancylus Hobbs CoastalPlain Crayfish CS G4,G5 NC,SC Procarnbarusanqustatus (Le Conte) SandhillsCrayfish E* GX GA Procarnbarusapalachicolae Hobbs CoastalFiatwoods Crayfish T 1, 5 G2 FL Procarnbarusattiguus Hobbs and Franz SilverGlen Springs Crayfish E 5 G1,G2 FL Procarnbarusbarbatus (Faxon) WanderingCrayfish CS G5 GA, SC Procarnbarusbarbiqer Fitzpatrick JacksonPrairie Crayfish V 5 G2 MS Procarnbarus bivittatus Hobbs RibbonCrayfish CS G5 AL, FL, LA, MS Procarnbarusblandingii (Harlan) Santee Crayfish CS G4 NC, SC Procarnbarusbraswelli Cooper WaccamawCrayfish V 5 G3 NC, SC Procarnbarusbrazoriensis Albaugh BrazoriaCrayfish E 1, 5 G1 TX Procarnbaruscapillatus Hobbs CapillaceousCrayfish V 5 G3 AL, FL Procarnbarus caritus Hobbs PoorCrayfish CS G4 GA Procarnbarusceruleus Fitzpatrick and Wicksten BlueclawChimney Crawfish E 5 G 1 TX Procarnbarus chacei Hobbs CedarCreek Crayfish CS G4 GA, SC Procambarusclarkii (G ira rd) RedSwamp Crawfish CS G5 AL, (AZ), AR, (CA), FL,(GA), (HI), (ID), IL, IN, KY, LA, (MD), MS, MO, (NV), (NM), (NC), (OH), OK, (OR), (SC),TN, TX, (UT), (VA), (WA) Procarnbarus clemrneri Hobbs CockscombCrayfish CS G5 AL, LA, MS Procarnbaruscornetes Fitzpatrick MississippiFlatwoods Crayfish E 5 G1 MS Procarnbarusconnus Fitzpatrick CarrolltonCrayfish E 5 GH MS G5 Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 Procarnbarus curdi Reimer RedRiver Burrowing Crayfish CS AR, OK, TX Procarnbarus delicatus Hobbs and Franz BigcheekCave Crayfish E 5 G1 FL Procarnbarusdupratzi Penn SouthwesternCree•< Crayfish CS G5 AR, LA, OK, TX Procarnbarus echinatus Hobbs EdistoCrayfish V 5 G3 SC Procarnbarus econfinae Hobbs PanamaCity Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 FL Procarnbaruseleqans Hobbs ElegantCreek Crayfish CS G5 AR, LA, MS ProcarnbarusenopIostemurn Hobbs BlackMottled Crayfish CS G4,G5 GA, SC Procarnbarusepicyrtus Hobbs HumpbackCrayfish V 5 G3 GA Procarnbaruserythrops Relyea and Sutton SantaFe Cave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 ,G2 FL Procarnbarus escarnbiensis Hobbs EscambiaCrayfish E 5 G2 AL, FL Procarnbaruseverrnanni (Faxon) PanhandleCrayfish CS G4 AI, FL,MS Procambarusfallax (Hagen) SlouqhCrayfish CS G5 FL,GA Procambarusfitzpatricki Hobbs SpinytailCrayfish T 5 G2 MS Procarnbarus franzi Hobbs and Lee OrangeLake Cave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1,G2 FL Procambarusgeminus Hobbs Twin Crawfish CS G3,G4 AR, LA Procambarusgeodytes Hobbs MuddiverCrayfish CS G4 FL Procarnbarus,gibbus Hobbs MuckaleeCrayfish T 4, 5 G3 GA Procambarusgracilis (B u n dy) PrairieCrayfish CS G5 IL, IN, IA, KS, MO, NE, OK, TX, Wl ProcarnbarushagenJanus haqenianus (Faxon) SoutheasternPrairie Crayfish CS G4 AL, MS Procambarushagenianus vesticeps Fitzpatrick EgyptianCrayfish V 5 G3 MS Procambarushayi (Faxon) StraightedgeCrayfish CS G5 AL, MS, TN Procarnbarushinei (Ortmann) Marsh Crayfish CS G5 LA, TX

Fisheries ß VOL32 NO 8 © AUGUST2007 ß WWW,FISHERIES.ORG 385 Procambarush•rsutus Hobbs ShaggyCrayfish CS G4 SC Procambarushorst• Hobbs and Means BigBlue Spnngs Cave Crayfish E 1, 5 G2 FL Procambarus howellae Hobbs Ornate Crayfish CS G5 GA Procambarushubbell• (Hobbs) JackknifeCrayfish CS G4 AL, FL Procambarushybus Hobbs and Walton SmoothnoseCrayfish CS G5 AL,MS Procambarus inc/Ils Penn Cut Crayfish CS G4 TX ProcambarusjaculusHobbs and Walton JavelinCrayfish CS G4 LA, MS Procambaruskensleyi Hobbs FreeState Chimney Crawfish CS G4 LA,TX Procambaruskilbyi (Hobbs) HatchetCrayfish CS G4 FL Procambaruslagniappe Black LagniappeCrayfish T 5 G2 AL,MS Procambaruslatipleurum Hobbs WincjtailCrayfish V 5 G2 FL Procambaruslecontei (Hagen) MobileCrayfish V 5 G3,G4 AL, MS Procambarusleitheuseri Franz and Hobbs CoastalLowland Cave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 FL Procambarusleonensis Hobbs BlacknoseCrayfish CS G1,G2 FL Procambaruslepidodactylus Hobbs PeeDee Lotic Crayfish ?CS G4 SC Procambaruslewis/Hobbs and Walton SpurCrayfish V 5 G4 AL Procambarusliberorum Fitzpatrick OsageBurrowing Crayfish CS G4 AR,OK Procambaruslitosternum Hobbs BlackwaterCrayfish CS G4 GA ProcambarusIophotus Hobbs and Walton ManeCrayfish CS G5 AL, GA, TN Procambaruslucifugus alachua (Hobbs) AlachuaLight Fleeing Cave Crayfish T 1, 5 G2,G3 FL Procambaruslucifugus lucifugus (Hobbs) FloridaCave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 FL Procambaruslunzi (Hobbs) HummockCrayfish CS G4 GA, SC Procambaruslylei Fitzpatrick and Hobbs Shut/spearCrayfish V 5 G2 MS Procambarusmachardy/Walls CaddoChimney Crawfish E 5 G1,G2 LA Procambarusmancus Hobbs and Walton LameCrayfish CS G4 MS Procambarusmarthae Hobbs CrisscrossCrayfish V 5 G3 AL ProcambarusmediaIls Hobbs PamlicoCrayfish V 5 G2 NC Procambarusmiller/Hobbs Miami CaveCrayfish E 1, 5 G1 FL Procambarusmorris/Hobbs and Franz PutnamCounty Cave Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 FL Procambarusnatchitochae Penn Red RiverCrayfish CS G5 AR, LA, TX Procambarusnechesae Hobbs NechesCrayfish T 5 G2 TX Procambarusnigrocinctus Hobbs BlackbeltedCrayfish E 5 G1,G2 TX Procambarusnueces Hobbs and Hobbs NuecesCrayfish E 5 G1 TX Procambarusokaloosae Hobbs OkaloosaCrayfish CS G4 AL, FL Procambarusorcinus Hobbs and Means WoodvilleKarst Cave Crayfish T 1, 5 G3 FL Procambarusouachitae Penn OuachitaRiver Crayfish CS G5 AR, MS Procambaruspaeninsulanus (Faxon) PeninsulaCrayfish CS G5 AL,FL, GA Procambaruspallidus (Hobbs) PallidCave Crayfish V 1, 5 G3,G4 FL Procambarusparasimulans Hobbs and Rob/son Bismark Burrowing Crayfish CS G4 AR Procambaruspearsei (Creaser) CarolinaSandhills Crayfish CS G4 NC,SC Procambaruspeck/Hobbs PhantomCave Crayfish E 5 G1,G2 AL Procambaruspenn/Hobbs PearlBlackwater Crayfish V 5 G3 LA,MS Procambaruspeters/Hobbs OgeecheeCrayfish V 5 G3 GA Procambaruspictus (Hobbs) BlackCreek Crayfish T 1, 5 G2 FL Procambarusplanirostris Penn FlatnoseCrayfish CS G4 LA,MS ProcambarusplumimanusHobbs and Walton CroatanCrayfish CS G4 NC Procambaruspogum Fitzpatrick BeardedRed Crayfish E 5 G1 MS Procambaruspubescens (Faxon) BrushnoseCrayfish CS G4,G5 GA, SC Procambaruspubischelae deficiens Hobbs HooklessCrayfish CS G5 GA Procambaruspubischelae pubischelae Hobbs BrushpalmCrayfish CS G5 FL,GA Procambaruspycnogonopodus Hobbs Stud Crayfish CS G4, G5 FL Procambaruspygmaeus Hobbs ChristmasTree Crayfish CS G4 FL,GA Procambarusraneyi Hobbs DisjunctCrayfish CS G4 GA, SC Procambarusrathbunae (Hobbs) CombclawCrayfish T 5 G2 FL Procambarusreqalis Hobbs and Rob/son Re9alBurrowing Crayfish V 5 G2,G3 AR Procambarus reimefi Hobbs IronsFork Burrowing Crayfish E 1, 5 G1 AR Procambarusrogers/campestris Hobbs FieldCrayfish V 1, 5 G3 FL Procambarusrogers/expletus Hobbs and Hart PerfectCrayfish E 5 G1 FL V 5 G3 FL Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 Procambarusroqersi ochlocknensis Hobbs OchlockoneeCrayfish Procambarusroqersi rogers/(Hobbs) SeepageCrayfish E 5 G1,G2 FL Procambarus seminolae Hobbs SeminoleCrayfish CS G5 FL,GA Procambarus sherman/Hobbs Gulf Crayfish CS G4 AL, FL,LA, MS Procambarussimulans (Faxon) SouthernPlains Crayfish CS G5 AR, CO, KS,LA, NM, OK, TX Procambarusspiculifer (Le Conte) WhiteTubercled Crayfish ?CS G5 AL,FL, GA, SC, TN Procambarussteigmani Hobbs ParkhillPrairie Crayfish E 5 G1,G2 TX Procambarus suttkusi Hobbs Choctawhatchee Crayfish V 5 G3,G4 AL, FL Procambarustalpoides Hobbs MoleCrayfish CS G5 FL,GA Hobbs OuachitaMountain Crayfish V 5 G3 AR, OK Procambarus texanus Hobbs BastropCrayfish E 5 G1 TX Procambarustroglodytes (Le Conte) EasternRed Swamp Crawfish CS G5 GA,$C Procambarus truculentus Hobbs BogCrayfish CS G4 GA Procambarustulane/Penn Giant BeardedCrayfish CS G5 AR, LA Procambarusverrucosus Hobbs GrainyCrayfish CS G4 AL, GA Procambarusversutus (Hagen) SlyCrayfish CS G5 AL,FL, GA Procambarusviaeviridis (Faxon) VernalCrayfish CS G5 AL, AR, IL, KY, LA, MS, MO, TN Procambarusvioscai payne/Fitzpatrick Payhe'sCreek Crayfish CS G4 AL, MS, TN Procambarus vioscai vioscai Penn Percy'sCreek Crayfish CS G5 AR, LA Procambarusyoung/Hobbs FloridaLongbeak Crayfish T 5 G2 FL Procambaruszonangulus Hobbs and Hobbs Southern White River Crawfish CS G5 AL, LA, (MD), MS, TX, (VA) Troglocambarusmaclane/Hobbs SpiderCave Crayfish V 5 G3,G4 FL Fisheries * VOL32 NO 8 ø AUGUST2007 ø WWW.FISHERIES.ORG ACKNOWLEDGMENTS / We thankS. Adams,A. Allerr, L. Bergey,B. Butler,K. Cmndall, Intro. uc . J. Cordeiro,J. Fetzner,J. Godwin, P. Hartfield, D. Peterson,G. Walls, and C. Williamsfor reviewingthis article, or portions thereof,prior to submittal.Their constructivecriticisms and com- - VR2 .le mentsvastly improved the resukingmanuscript. We acknowl- edgethe IllinoisNatural History Survey, Center for Biodiversity Channel Receiver and EcologicalEntomology and EasternKentucky University, Departmentof BiologicalSciences, for supportingour efforts. Now with Bluetooth(D wireless REFERENCES technology for significantly Ackefors,H. 1999.The positiveeffects of establishedcrayfish intro- faster data upload ductionsin Europe.Pages 49-61 in E Gherardiand D. M. Holdich, eds.Crayfish in Europeas alien species. How to makethe bestof a The VR2W was designedusing the same provenand badsituation? Issues 11. A. A. Ballcema,Rotterdam. reliabletechnology you've come to trust in the VR2. Allan, J. D., and A. S. Flecker.1993. Biodiversity conservation in And like the VR2, the VR2W is affordable,compact, runningwaters. Bioscience 43:32-43. easy to use, long-lastingand flexible,making it ideal Allert, A. L., J.F. Fairchild, R.J. DiStefano, C. J. Schmitt, J. M. for madneresearch projects. Now with the newVR2W, VEMCO has taken the VR2 and made it even better! Besser,W. G. Brumbaugh,and B.C. Poulton.Effects of lead- zinc mining on crayfish(Orconectes hylas) in the Black River • Significantly faster d watershed,Missouri, USA. FreshwaterCrayfish (in press). upload speed with • Angermeier,P. L., andJ. E. Williams.1994. Conservation of imper- Bluetooth© wireless iledspecies and reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act of technology - after re- 1973.Fisheries 19(1):26-29. trieving your VR2Ws Berrill, M., L. Hollett, A. Margosianand J. Hudson.1985. Variation fromthe water,upload ., in toleranceto lowenvironmental pH bythe crayfishOrconectes your data 20 times rusticus,O. propinquusand Cambarus robustus. 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Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 Crandall,K. A., D. J. Harris,andJ. W. Fetzner,Jr. 2000.The mono- VEMCO User Environment (VUE) PC Software for phyleticorigin of freshwatercrayfish estimated from nuclear and initialization,configuration and data mitochondrialDNA sequences.Proceedings of the RoyalSociety uploadfrom VEMCO receiversal- of London B. 267:1679-1686. • •j =. lowsusers tocombine data from Deacon,J. E., G. K. Koberich,J. D. Williams, S. Contreras,and multiplereceivers of varyingtypes other membersof the AFS EndangeredSpecies Committee. into a single integrateddatabase. 1979.Fishes of NorthAmerica endangered, threatened, or of spe- cial concern.Fisheries 4(2):29-44. VEMCO (a divisionof AMIRIXSystems Inc.) DewaltR.E., Favret C., andWebb D.W. 2005.Just how imperiled are Tel: 902-450-1700 Fax: 902-450-1704 aquaticinsects? A casestudy of stoneflies(Plecoptera) in Illinois. www.vemco.com Annalsof the EntomologicalSociety of America98:941-950. DiDonato,G. T., and D. M. Lodge.1993. Species replacements amongOrconectes crayfishes in northernWisconsin lakes: the role of predationby fish.Canadian Journal of Fisheriesand Aquatic MakingWaves in Sciences 50:1484-1488. AcousticTelemetry DiStefano, R. J. 2005. Trophic interactionsbetween Missouri Ozarksstream crayfish communities and sportfish predators: increasedabundance and sizestructure of predatorscause little Adivision of•

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Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 usgs.gov/data/acute/acute.html. actionsbetween fish and crayfish. Ecology Museum Contributionsin Biology and McGrath, S. 2005. Attack of the alien 58:1237-1253. Geology85:1-110. invaders.National Geographic magazine, Holdich, D. M. 1999.The negativeeffects of March 2005. Taylor, C. A. 1997.The taxonomicstatus of 1nerobetsof the subgenusErebicambarus, establishedcrayfish introductions. Pages McLaughlin, P. A., et al. 2005. Common 31-47 in E Gherardi and D. M. Holdich and scientificnames of aquaticinver- genusCambarus ( Decapoda: Cambaridae), eds.Crayfish in Europeas alien species. tebrates from the United States and eastof the MississippiRiver. Journalof How to make the best of a bad situation?. Canada: Crustaceans. American Fisheries CrustaceanBiology 17:352-360. Crustacean Issues11. A. A. Balkema, SocietySpecial Publication 31. ß2002. Taxonomy and conservation of Rotterdam. Momot, W. T. 1995. Redefiningthe role of native crayfishstocks. Pages 236-257 tn __. (editor).2002. Biologyof freshwater crayfishin aquaticecosystems. Reviews in D. M. Holdich, ed. Biologyof freshwater crayfish.Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, Fisheries Science 3:33-63. crayfish.Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, UK. NCDENR (North CarolinaDepartment of UK. Horwitz, P. 1994.Distribution and conserva- Environment and Natural Resources). Taylor, C. A., and M. Redmer. 1996. The tion statusof the Tasmaniangiant fresh- 2003. Standardoperating procedures for dispersalof the crayfishOrconectes rusticus waterlobster Astacopsis gouldi (Decapoda: benthic macroinvertebrates. Division of in Illinois,with noteson speciesdisplace- Parastacidae).Biological Conservation Water Quality,Water Quality Section, ment and habitatpreference. Journal of 69:199-206. Environmental Sciences Branch CrustaceanBiology 16:547-551.

388 Fisheries ß VOL 32 NO 8 ß AUGUST2007 ß WWW,FISHERIES.ORG Taylor,C. A., andG. A. Schuster.2004. The crayfishesof Kentucky. IllinoisNatural History Survey Special Publication 28. .c , u is 'th Taylor,C. A., M. L Warren Jr., J. E FitzpatrickJr., H. H. Hobbs ew- st , o•s III, R. E Jezerinac,W. L. Pflieger,and H. W. RoNson. 1996. ß--da ,, 'i Conservationstatus of crayfishesof the Urnted Statesand Canada. Fisheries21(4):25-38. tr. c I•g re - = Thoma, R. E, and R. E Jezerinac. 1999. The taxonomic status . vai =ble •to.. y and zoogeographyof Cambarusbartonii carinirostris Hay, 1914 (Crustacea:Decapoda: Cambaridae). Proceedings of the Biological Societyof Washingtonl 12:97- 105. Thoma, R. F., and R. F. Jezerinac.2000. Ohio crayfishand shrimp atlas. Ohio BiologicalSurvey MiscellaneousContribution 7, Columbus.

Warren Jr., M. L., and B. M. Burr. 1994.Status of freshwaterfishes of the United States:overview of an imperiledfauna. Fisheries 19(1):6-18. Warren, Jr., M. L., B. M. Burr, S. J. Walsh, H. L. Bart Jr., R. C. Cashner, D. A. Etnier, B. J. Freeman,B. R. Kuhajda, R. L. Mayden, H. R. Robison,S. T. Ross,and W. C. Starnes.2000. Diversity,distribution, and conservationstatus of the nativefresh- water fishesof the southernUnited States.Fisheries 25(10):7-31. Welch, S. M., and A. G. Eversole.2006. The occurrenceof primary VEMCO's VR100 Acoustic burrowingcrayfish in terrestrialhabitat. Biological Conservation Tracking Receiver: the ultimate 130:458-464. fish tracking solution. Westhoff,J. T., J. A. Guyot, andR. J. DiStefano.2006. Distribution of the imperiledWilliams' crayfish(Orconectes williamsO in hetheryou are actively tracking large pelagic fish or conducting presence/absence studies, the the White River drainageof Missouri:associations with multi- VR100 will get the job done. The VR100 has a flexible scale environmental variables. American Midland Naturalist systems architecturewith 8MB of non-volatileinternal 156:273-288. memory,GPS positioningand precisetiming, USB link to PC or laptop,and fieldinstallable software upgrades. Wigginton,A. J., and W. J. Birge. 2007. Toxicity of cadmiumto Other features include: six speciesand two generaof crayfishand the effectof cadmium Simultaneous, multi-frequency reception and on moltingsuccess. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26: detection tracking algorithms Downloaded by [Institutional Subscription Access] at 08:27 28 July 2011 548-554. Wide dynamic range allowingmulti-tag reception Wilcove, D. S., D. Rothstein,J. Dubow, A. Phillips, and E. Losos. withoutgain adjustment Splash proofcase with marine grade connectors 2000.Leading threats to biodiversity.Pages 239-254 in B. A. Stein, Coded and continuoustags L. S. Kumer,and J. S. Adamseds. Precious heritage, the statusof Operationfrequency 10-100kHz biodiversityin the United States.Oxford University Press, New VEMCO (a divisionof AMIRIXSystems Inc.) York. Tel: 902-450-1700 Fax: 902-450-1704 Williams, J. D., M. L. Warren Jr., K. S. Cummings,J. L. Harris, .... I ! I I"1 I I I www.vemco.com and R. J. Neves. 1993.Conservation status of freshwatermussels rr'] I 1 i • I ill] of the Urn ted Statesand Canada. Fisheries18(9):6-22. Williams,J. E., J. E. Johnson,D. A. Hendrickson,W. Contreras- MakingWaves in Balderas,J. D. Williams,M. Navarro-Mendoza,D. E. McAllister, AcousticTelemetry and J. E. Deacon. 1989. Fishesof North Americaendangered, Adivision of• threatened,or of specialconcern: 1989. Fisheries 14(6):2-20.

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