PATRONS, CLIENTS and FRIENDS the Role of Bosnian Ulama In
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Patrons, clients, and friends : the role of Bosnian ulama in the rebuilding of trust and coexistence in Bosnia and Herzegovina Cetin, O. Citation Cetin, O. (2011, September 21). Patrons, clients, and friends : the role of Bosnian ulama in the rebuilding of trust and coexistence in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17852 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17852 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). PATRONS, CLIENTS AND FRIENDS The Role of Bosnian Ulama in the Rebuilding of Trust and Coexistence in Bosnia and Herzegovina PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 21 september 2011 klokke 10:00 uur door Önder Çetin geboren te Meriç in 1979 Promotiecommissie Promotor: prof. dr. T. Atabaki, Leiden University Co-Promotor: prof. dr. A. Bayat, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Referent: prof. dr. K. Asdar Ali, University of Texas Overige leden: prof. dr. L.P.H.M. Buskens, Leiden University prof. dr. M. Kemper, University of Amsterdam prof. dr. J. M. Otto, Leiden University CONTENTS List of Figures, Maps and Tables .............................................................................................. 5 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... .8 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................… 11 The field and the research undertaken ……………………………………………………..... 14 Chapter outline …………………………………………………………………………..… 21 CHAPTER I. Situating the idea of trust-building within the broader process of reconciliation................................................................................................................… 25 Introduction ………………………………………………………………...………………. 25 1.1. A critical review: Trusting theories on trust? ................................................................. 26 1.2. A social-psychological approach toward trust .............................................................… 31 1.3. Prospects for restoring inter-communal relations: A social-psychological approach to peacebuilding and post-war reconciliation ............................................................................ 33 1.4. Symbols, representations and discursive power: Methodological framework ............... 37 CHAPTER II. The Bosnian Ulama and Inter-Communal Relations: 1882-1995 …..... 41 Introduction ………………………………………………………………...………………. 42 2.1. The Bosnian Ulama under the Austria-Hungarian Rule ……..……………………...… . 42 2.2. The Bosnian Ulama in inter-war period ………………………..……...……………… . 50 2.3. The Bosnian Ulama in Tito’s Yugoslavia ........…….…………………...……………... 56 2.4. The Bosnian Ulama during the democratization process ……….…........................... … 70 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………. 92 CHAPTER III. The Bosnian Ulama as Peacebuilding Actors in Post-war Bosnia: Achievements and Challenges …………………………….………………….................... 95 Introduction ………………………………………………………………...………………. 95 3.1. Dayton’s Bosnia: Structure and Actors ………………………….…...……………...... 96 3 3.2. The reorganized IZ in post-war Bosnia .......................................................................... 101 3.3. The Bosnian Ulama as Peacebuilding Actors ................................................................ 113 3.4. Bosnian Ulama Mapping the Peacebuilding Initiatives……….……...……….. ........... 119 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… … 135 CHAPTER IV. Defining the Parameters of Peacebuilding in Bosnia: between Ideals and Realities………………………………………………………………...………………... 137 Introduction ………………….…………………………………………………………… . 137 4.1. Framing the Question .......................................................................................... 139 4.2. Truth as Social Catharsis ……………………………………..................................… . 141 4.3. Justice as Legitimization and Delegitimization of Reconciliation ...…...………......... 144 4.4. Faith as a Counter-Discourse Trust ...........................................................………… … 149 4.5. Respect as a Hallmark of Peace.....................................................................…………. 151 4.6. Determining Whom to Reconcile ………………………………………………......... 154 Conclusion ………………………………………………................................................... 156 CHAPTER V. The Bosnian Ulama cultivating peace through negotiation of identity 157 Introduction …………………………………………………………...………………….. 157 5.1. Constructing the idea of a common life and Bosnia as the Common Homeland ......... 158 5.2. Defining who “we” are: constructing the Bosniak self-identity .................................... 163 5.3. Securing the boundaries vis-à-vis the Muslim other: the language and politics of inclusion and exclusion over fatwas, fatwa-like religious advices and Resolutions.......... ... 177 5.4. Religious education: teaching religion, praising the nation …………...………...… … 191 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… … 200 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. ...... 203 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 211 Nederlandse samenvatting 279 Curriculum vitae 283 4 LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS AND TABLES Figure 1: Spectrum of conflict-handling mechanisms ............................................................35 Figure 2: The Resolution presented next to the entrance of Ali Pašina Mosque, Sarajevo. 108 Figure 3: Tourism Information Centre of the Sarajevo Canton ………………………… … 161 Figures 4: Imams, headed by the Mufti of Travnik leading the parade through the Great Rock to the summit at Ajvatovica ………………………………….………………………….. ... 168 Figure 5: Soldiers of DIV 370 Sabotage Unit of DIV 370 Mountain Brigade at Ajvatovica in 1994 ……………………………………………………………………………………… .. 168 Figure 6: Izetbegovid at Ayvatovica in 1996 …………………………………………….... 168 Figure 7: Izetbegovid delivering his speech on religion and state at Ajvatovica in 1997… . 169 Figure 8: Reisu-l-Ulema delivering the concluding prayer at Ajvatovica in 1997 ………… 169 Figure 9 : Religious and political leaders a Ajvatovica, resembling a “campaign rally” … 169 Figure 10: Ajvatovica 2006: Prayer for the unity of Bosniak nation ……………………... 170 Figure 11-12: Two wall-memorials dedicated to 26 citizens of Sarajevo killed on 27.05.1992; and 8 citizens of Sarajevo killed on 23.08.1992 by “Serb criminals,” Old City, Sarajevo . 172 Figure 13: Kovači Memorial Graveyard, Old City, Sarajevo ……………… …………....... 173 Figure 14: Memorial for Children Killed during the Siege of Sarajevo 1992-95 ……… … 173 Figure 15: Sign on the front wall of the National and University Library, Sarajevo …... … 173 Figure 16: One of “Sarajevo Roses,” signifying places of massacres of civilians, Sarajevo ….174 Figure 17: An excluded picture from the 4th-grade religious education textbook: Always and in every place: There is no God but Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah ……… . 198 Figure 18: An excluded picture from the 4th-grade religious education textbook: Ferhadija Mosque in Banja Luka built in 1579 and demolished by the Serbian side ................ .......... 198 Map 1. Ethnic composition before the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1991 …………… .. 98 Map 2. Map 2: Ethnic composition in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1998.................................. 98 Map 3. Political map of Bosnia and Herzegovina ………………………................. ........… 99 Map 4. The organizational structure of the IZ in Bosnia, based on the boundaries of mufti-regions ……………………………………………...………………………… …103 5 Table 1. List of demolished and damaged Muslim religious objects during the 1992-95 war 91 Table 2. UNDP Early Warning Reports March 2006-September 2008 ........................ ........ 140 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FENA Federation News Agency FIN Fakultet Islamskih Nauka u Sarajevu (Faculty of Islamic Studies in Sarajevo) ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IVZ Islamska Vjerska Zajednica (The Islamic Religious Community) IZ Islamska Zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini (The Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina) JMO Jugoslovenska Muslimanska Organizacija (Yugoslav Muslim Organization) MM Mladi Muslimani (Young Muslims) MNO Muslimanska Narodna Organizacija (Muslim National Organization) MNS Muslimanska Napredna Stranka (The Progressive Muslim Party) MRV Međureligijskog vijeda u BiH (The Inter-religious Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina) NDH Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (Independent State of Croatia) OHR The Office of the High Representative OSCE The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe RS Republika Srpska (Serb Republic) SDA Stranka Demokratske Akcije (Party of Democratic Action) UDB Uprava Državne Bezbednosti (State Security Administration) WRCP The World Conference of Religions for Peace 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the result of five years of study, field research and writing. I am hugely indebted to many people whose cooperation,