ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY number 85/86 • volume 22, 2017 EDITED BY ANJA ZALTA MUHAMED ALI POLIGRAFI Editor-in-Chief: Helena Motoh (ZRS Koper) Editorial Board: Lenart Škof (ZRS Koper), Igor Škamperle (Univ. of Ljubljana), Mojca Terčelj (Univ. of Primorska), Miha Pintarič (Univ. of Ljubljana), Rok Svetlič (ZRS Koper), Anja Zalta (Univ. of Ljubljana) Editorial Office: Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Philosophical Studies, Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia Phone: +386 5 6637 700, Fax: + 386 5 6637 710, E-mail: [email protected] http://www.zrs-kp.si/revije number 85/86, volume 22 (2017) ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY Edited by Anja Zalta and Muhamed Ali International Editorial Board: Th. Luckmann (Universität Konstanz), D. Kleinberg-Levin (Northwestern University), R. A. Mall (Universität München), M. Ježić (Filozofski fakultet, Zagreb), D. Louw (University of the Free State, Bloemfontain), M. Volf (Yale University), K. Wiredu (University of South Florida), D. Thomas (University of Birmingham), M. Kerševan (Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana), F. Leoncini (Università degli Studi di Venezia), P. Zovatto (Università di Trieste), T. Garfitt (Oxford University), M. Zink (Collège de France), L. Olivé (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), A. Louth (Durham University), P. Imbert (University of Ottawa), Ö. Turan (Middle-East Technical University, Ankara), E. Krotz (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán / Universidad Autónoma de Metropolitana-Iztapalapa), S. Touissant (École Normale Supérieure), B. Mezzadri (Université d’Avignon), A. Bárabas (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Oaxaca), M. Uršič (Univ. of Ljubljana) Book-Reviews Editor: Tomaž Grušovnik, UP PEF Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia Phone: +386 5 6637 700, Fax: + 386 5 6637 710, E-mail: [email protected] Design: Peter Skalar, Layout: Alenka Obid, Technical editor: Alenka Obid Proofreading: Jezikovni center Omnia Available at: www.zrs-kp.si/revije Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID=293175296 ISBN 978-961-6964-94-4 (pdf) The journal Poligrafi is indexed in: The Philosopher’s Index, Cobiss Publishing house – Orders – Copyright ©: Science and Research Centre Koper, Publishing House Annales ZRS Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia For the publisher: Rado Pišot Phone: +386 5 663 77 00, Fax: +386 5 663 77 10, E-mail: [email protected] Double issue: € 20,00 Poligrafi is published with the support of the Slovenian Research Agency number 85/86 • volume 22, 2017 ISLAM AND DEMOCRACY Muhamed Ali and Anja Zalta: Introduction 3 Muhidin Mulalić, Ahmed Kulanić: Religious Extremism vs. Multiculturalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 Hikmet Karčić: Challenges and Temptations: Debates and Reactions of the Islamic Community to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992- 1995 31 Jeton Mehmeti: Religious contestations in post-independent Kosovo 45 Özgür Kaymak, Anna Maria Beylunioğlu: An Analysis of National and Minority Identity Relationality: The Case of Antiochian Eastern Orthodox Community in Istanbul 65 Orsolya Falus: Waqf as a Traditional Legal Institution for Social Responsibility according to Natural Law 87 Sami Al-Daghistani: Morality or Money? Democracy and Islamic Economic Predicaments 105 Oskar Opassi : Muslims as the European "Other": Between Self- awareness and Fundamentalism 131 Maja Pucelj: Islamophobia and Xenophobia in Slovenia Through the Eyes of Covered Muslim Women 155 Abstracts / Povzetki 175 About authors / O avtoricah in avtorjih 187 INTRODUCTION The title of the special volume of PoligrafiIslam and Democracy could be slightly misleading, since none of the authors explicitly addresses the “umbrella” topic in the systematic and structural way. Nevertheless, on the basis of their case studies that took place in different areas − from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Turkey and Slovenia − all authors are addressing the key challenges and dynamics regarding the possibilities for democratic coexistence in Islamic as well as in religiously plural environments. In this way, the grandeur of the title is at least partially covered by various approaches which are trying to present and establish different ideas of Islam and democracy. In their articles, the authors present individual cases and challenges faced by Muslims in different settings, from European "secular" society to Bosnian and Kosovan po- litical realities, but also the challenges that a Christian minority in Tur- key is facing living in a Muslim country. Some authors try to explain the causes for religious extremism, while others are searching for suc- cessful models to be implemented in the multicultural societies, thus, indicating the possibilities of how new generations of Muslims should actively participate in moulding democratic societies. The first chapter “Religious Extremism vs. Multiculturalism in Bo- snia and Herzegovina” written by Muhidin Mulalić and Ahmed Kulanić analyses the key concepts of prominent Bosnian scholars who argued for the Bosnian Tradition as a model of multicultural societies. Ne- vertheless, this research paper also aims at discussing the current threat of religious extremism and how religious communities, in particular the Islamic Community, use their legal, administrative and educatio- nal models for countering the above mentioned threat. Using content analysis, the two authors analyse randomly selected daily newspaper articles on extremism and multiculturalism. The second chapter entitled “Challenges and Temptations: Debates and Reactions of the Islamic Community to the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992−1995” written by Hikmet Karčić describes the chal- lenges and the difficult position of Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war in the former Republic of Yugoslavia. The 3 POLIGRAFI main objective of this article is to describe and explore the approach and response of the Islamic Community to war and genocide, based on the writings in the official publication of this institution, the Glas- nik newspaper . This chapter also deals with analysing some sensitive issues like the issues of shahids, raped women, jihad and other, which emerged during the above-mentioned war. In the chapter titled “Religious Contestations in Post-Independent Kosovo, ” the author Jeton Mehmeti tries to analyse the new reality of Kosovan society where, according to Mehmeti, the ‘architects’ of the new multi-cultural and independent Kosovo tried to avoid the religion and ethnicity issues when forming the new Kosovo identity. According to Mehmeti and based on this new approach, the Kosovan public has been divided into three main actors: firstly, the political elites that are usually more responsible to international community and keen to show that Kosovo is a secular state with a constitutional framework, like other European states; secondly, there are the media, intellectuals and NGOs, divided among the secular and more religious-friendly views; and thirdly, the religious communities with their own interest in the issue. Finally, the article explores the evolving differentiation between political and believers’ position on major debates on Islamic issues in the Kosovan society. “An Analysis of National and Minority Identity Relationality: The Case of Antiochian Eastern Orthodox Community in Istanbul” is the title of the article prepared by Özgür Kaymak and Anna Maria Beylunioğlu. It focuses on the Antiochian Orthodox minority living in Istanbul and their perceptions of the relation between their ethno- religious and national identities in Turkey. The authors argue that Tur- key and its society has been going through a process of change recently, in particular with regard to the political recognition of ethno-cultural and religious diversity as well as the transformation of the debates on the institution of national citizenship. Despite the above mentioned reforms for the benefit of the non-Muslim communities, Turkishness has continued to be defined on the basis of religion and is equated with Islamic identity. Finally, the article recommends new policies and regulations emphasising ethnic diversity, religious pluralism and multi- ethnic tolerance. 4 INTRODUCTION The article titled “Waqf as a Traditional Legal Institution for Social Responsibility according to Natural Law” prepared by Orsolya Falus emphasises the role of voluntary activities in Muslim societies and how this religion spells out the basic principles of the legal institutions as zakat, sadaqah and waqf in order to reach the well-being of Muslim societies. According to Falus, the above mentioned Islamic legal institu- tions have close relations to the classical natural law theory, as well as the ancient and natural legal institution of waqf seems to be a renew- able and everlasting solution to many problems emerging in Islamic societies. “Morality or Money? Democracy and Islamic Economic Predica- ments” is the article written by Sami Al-Daghistani, analysing the classical, revivalist and contemporary literature on Islamic (political) economy, finances, Islamic law and ethics, as well as exploring the gene- alogical and hermeneutical approaches to Islamic economic philosophy. In the meantime, Al-Daghistani proposes a new reading of economic thought in Islamic tradition in relation to socio-political, epistemologi- cal, and Sufi-philosophical discourse. In the conclusion, he proposes to approach economic theories in the Middle Eastern societies through human development, founded on the Islamic ethos of justice, equity,