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Confronting Racism and Sexism

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Confronting Racism and Sexism TheWomen's Movement in the United States: Confronting Racism and Sexism Leslie R.Wolfe At the risk of seeming ridiculous, let me say that thc true revolution ary is guided by great feelings of love che Guevara Preface: A Personal Note This chapter presents some verbal snapshots of the U.S. women's movement in the context of gender and race relations. This has been central to my work and life since 1972-when I flrst went to work at the National Welfare Rights Organization and then to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights; and today it is in full flower in the work of the Center for Women Policy Studies. In all of these years, I have shared with many other feminists the mission to speak out about racism-plus-sexism as having a unique quality of oppression for women of color. We have talked about the importance of "doing our homework" about other sisters' origins, cul- tures, and histories. We have encouraged white feminists to be outspo- ken against racism and not to leave that task solely to women of color. We have insisted on our responsibility to root out the vestiges of racism in ourselves, in our organizations, and in our feminist theory and policy priorities. And we have talked to women of color as well about multiethnic visions of feminism and the importance of doing the hard work to break down racial. ethnic, and cultural barriers both to sisterhood and to the institutional change that will foreshadow an egal- itarian future. 231 232 Counvy Pottroits fheWomen's Movement in the United Stotes 255 Setting the Stager Defining premises Our Central sex. and condition are sccn rs accidents. and nol the substance of Iile; not till the universal title of humaDity to Iile. Iibcrty. and thc pursult ot In a very 1(.) inalienable to all: not till thcn is woman's significant corner of the women's movement, we have srrug- happiness is concedcd be gled unJ nomrn s r'lu\c \ r)n lhc $hitc !\')mrn \ lror for many years to build a feminism that confionts both sexisrn le\son l,lu!hl -nol and blirck woman's, not the red woman's but the causc ol every mar racism, that is truly a multiracial and egalitarian partnership. the For whrte of evcry woman who has writhed silently under a mighty wrong women, this means understanding and their skin privilege in the conrext of Woman's wrongs are thus indissolr'rbly linked with all undclinded gender oppression-and then rejecting it outspokenly. Together, white woe. and thc acquirement of her "rights will mean the linal triumPl- women tbrccs ol-reason, and women of color can bridge the great divide of racial domi- of all right ovcr mi8ht, the suprcmacy of the molal nance justice. and lo\e in thc governmcnt of the nations oi earlh (Citec that has been our shared but silent legacy throughout our histories and in the United States. in hooks l9ll I ) Seven central premises shape this chapterl they also should gurde Since the days of Anna Julia Cooper and her colleagues, thc our contlnuing conversations and strategies to confront racism and scx_ been struggle against ism simultaneously. women's movement in the united States has in both racism and sexism.l As a fourth prcmise. it is cssential that we The first premise characterizcs both our diversity and connecreo_ women's movement-that it is more ness in a understand this truth about the single image: we who believe in freedom are in the same boat. than what some have called "the white women's movement" or "main Some of us by virtue of our race, class, gender, sexuai orientation, women's organizations." Feminism in the United States is won- marital status, immigration status, or language_are stream in first-class cab_ communities throughout the country ins, and some derfully diverse and embedded in of us are in the cargo hold. We are not the captain. The is a kaleidoscope of many faces and many voices; that most have not boat is stratified by race, class, and gender; It it is often brutai and it is not deny their existence or governed by patriarchal been heard or seen by the "mainstream" does assumptions.If we remain isolated in our sepa- their strength. rate cabins and cargo holds, we cannot transform this society, this boat. The women's movement lr these many rLnd diverse scholars, We need to open our doors wide to each other. activists, and organizations many ol which are led by women of color But to do so, we must recognize that there is always a gendcr - dimenrion j\ who carry on the brave tradition of Africln-American feminists of the to race relalions: this premij,e number ruo. a Appiying nineteenth and early twentieth centuries-Anna Julia Cooper' Maria gender lens to all of our work helps us see race ,elations moi. clearlu Stewart. Soiourner Truth. and countless other foremothers And the and understand the inextricable links between racism and sexism. whire women's movemcnt is also their white f-eminist sisters who share this supremacy and male supremacy! as they play out in increasingly com mission and struggle and who have said to both white wonlcn and men plex and destructive ways. of color that ending one oppression ts not enough. Third, we who believe in freedom must place at the center of our So. when we talk about the women's movement in the I990s. analysis and activism an undersranding of the combined imoact of "inclusiveness" is an inappropriate term and strategy because it implies racism-plus-sexism on women of color-who have bravely faced these that the "real" movement is a white and middle-class one; to persist in dual systems of dominance that still shape our society. An understand_ using term "inclusiveness" is to pcrsist in the errors of the past by ing of this particular reality thc enriches our understancling of both racrsm thinking feminists of and making invisible the feminist organizing and of sexism and thus of the realilies faced by both men and of color color (Wolfe and Tucker 1995). white women. As African-American t'eminist Anna Julia Cooner said in As Beverly Guy-shctiall notes. "Thc history of American feminirm a speech lo an rudience of women in lg92: has been primarily I narrative about thc heroic deeds of white women" histo- We (Guy-shctiall 1995: p. xiii). The act of reclaiming the submerged take our stand on the solidarity oi humanity, the oneness of life, and ry of Atiican-Amcrican feminism should also ensure that the leadership the unnaturalness and injustice of alt speciil favoritism. whether sex. is not submerged by the assumption of race. country or condition. The colored woman feels thar of women-of-color feminists today woman s cause is one and universal: and that . not till race, color that they must be "included" in other grouPs. 234 Country Portroits Thewomen's Movement in the United Stotes 235 The women's movement is with those white men who rule our world And then, the unex- discourse-orien -^,,,lirv :Lt;"1IJ::.p:;:',','fflt:,flffij j; tife uf *nlte sLin privilege will continue to infect our movement' our movement. ";;';;;;; lLined"gut Indeed. this remains a central issue for the women.s "" ,tti. is changing. in large mer"urc because lhe mo\ement it so moyement as we struggle with the ways in which encompassing women's groups organ- racism and classrsm wonderfully diverse and diffuse, intersect with sexism to oppress all the women's movement ln fact' women. For all our failures, the iJJ this is the strength of women's movement is a model of the struggle "u"ty*tt"t". "news" of the women's movement to address these inrcrre- ,1n"" ttt. tut" 1970s' the unrepofied lated oppressions based in assumptions of dominance, women-of-color organizations with avowedly g.ound"O-in t!o, t u, U""n tt.t" building of and hatred of differentness. More than the flourishing of hlack any other progres'sive movement. feminist ugendut and feminist discourse and the women's movement has struggled with these issues in every reatm. feminist theory and multiethnic women's studies' We have not always called been successful by any means, but wc have Today, what some have called "mainstream" and others have engaged in this transformational debate since the nineteenth ceorury. "white" women's organizations acknowledge that talking about We have made enormous progress fails to capture in knitting a seamless web of anaty_ "women" and "people of color" as separate categories sis and activism that confronts biases of sex, race, class, and sexual ori- reality as it renders women of color invisible While these organizations entation. Sadly, these struggles not yet have been and remain virtually invisible continue their worthy struggle for sel f-transformation , most do to most people through public the media. reflect the diversity in their boards and senior staffs that their And by "we," I do mean feminists, because feminism demands both Dronouncements on issues would anticipate. personal ard institutional one change_by women and men of all back_ However, in this post-Beijing era, women worldwide sPeak in grounds and by the institutions that govern our lives. But many wonten voice: women's rights are human rights. The continuing development of are not feminists, many white women remain tied to their white skrn antiracist feminist ideology anrl organizing by African-Americr n, privilege, and many otherwise progressive and egalitarian men remain Latina, Asian-American, white' and Native American feminists is a tied to patriarchal assumptions.
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