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" £oSNcY Por ONSn'4AYIO'WAL. oULvLoPY foR AL USE ONLY WASHINGTON. C. C. "a3s BIBLIOGRAPHIC INPUT SHEET ,_• A. pIMIbA . SU,-CT Education CLAW. 0. sCONOafV FICATION Technology L TItLE Amn 1U8T'TLC Broadcast satellites for educational development: the experiments in Brazil, India, and the U.S. 11.AUTNOI S) Cowlan,Bert; Jamison,D.T.; PolcynK.A.; SinghJ.P.; Smith,Delbert; Wolff,Laurence . AMC NU.E 4. oOCUMENT oATE !i.wuimt OF PAGES m 1973 309p. ARC T. REFERnENCE ORnOANIZATION NAME AND AOORESS Academy for Educational Development 1414 22nd St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 S. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (S, , rOetl Oonfellols P4D vel1w.o AvsbUtty) "Keporc No. 5 9. AOSTNACT Pre-experiment case studies which document the experiment planning activities, inten tions, purposes and objectives and decision points for three satellite communication situations: Federation of Rocky Mountain States (U.S.A.) ATS-F; Indian Satellite Instructional Television Experiment; and Braziiian Project SATI experiment. These were chosen because in each case existing communications systems are limited and the areas are rzmote. Emphasis is upon methodology and problems of planning. Some key questions are posed about multiple management as compared with control by a single entity, the effect of frequent changes of goals, priorities, and kinds and levels of technology; the mixture of personnel on many levels--political technological, managerial and educational. "Clearly, the stormier aspects (Of planning) indicate the need for all those concerned to define and agree upon the goals, objectives, and scale of such an experiment at the outset". PACII OF DOCUMENT W. CONTROL WUUtdg $I. PN-AAB-291 IS. DESCRIPTORS IL PROJECT NUMNSEN 14. CONTRACT NUMUEN CSD-282.€ GTS I5. TYPE OP DOCUMENT Age "40040-146 ACADEMY FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Broadcast Satelites for Educational Development: The Experiments in Brazil, India, and the United States Bei cowhui Dan Juukoa Kenadb Pok"y Jai SL*~ Ddbn Smith LSWeoc Wolff Raped Number Fiw 1973 L Mhk art t bee papm by the Ac0emy for Educatoal Dewlopaut mder Cotaut No. AID/md.2829 for the Offc of Eduatlo mad Hma Rmwe Dwau for Teckal l Au awm, Apwy for lttemnttil Dewlopwl. TBEOF CONTEWTS Introduction i - ix The Brazilian Educational Satellite I, 1 - 38 The Satellite Instructional Television Experimunt in India: A Case History II, 1 - 73 An Educational Television Satellite Experiment: Federation of Rocky Mountain States Ill, 1 - 141 Conclusion IV, 1 - 36 Each of the Case Studies contains an individual Table of Contents. BROADCAST SATELLITES FOR DEVELOPMENT: THE EXPERIMENTS IN INDIA, THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATES AND BRAZIL Progress implies improvement... .development, on the other hand, is a neutral concept, not teleologic; it means growth, expansion, wealth, but one might debate whether that is progress, that is, if any development implies a true improvement in man and his condition. In practice, it is true, no distinction is really made; one takes for granted that to develop means to improve, to.progress; but the fact that the more realistic, cautious term of "development" is becoming more popu lar than the more confident and optimistic indication qf 'progress' may be a semantic1 man's state of mind today. countries' We are accustomed to speaking of 'developing the caution, the planning, in just such a tone which suggests As our base and the objectivity embodied in "development." understand the limits of of experience widens we come to change so often cloaking a enthusiasm, of perspective and country indeed is in conceptual "progress." The developing the dichotomy. an excellent position to obserge firsthand it is itself often a testbed of progress and development, as programs which are to lead for those ideas, practices, and The new technology which is toward an ephemeral progress. satellites may the subject of this report, communications nations: it holds excit be yet another test for developing today yet its capacities for ing possibilities as can exist great. On the one hand satel abuse and ineffectual use are an opportunity to quickly imple lites offer many countries with huge quantities of people ment a media system to reach while on the other hand, the virtually any kind of information a system can hold many wind- design and establishment of such system may or may not falls. The development of a satellite ii reason that the following invoke progress. It is for this inform, to provoke ideas and report was written. Intending to not project impossible dreams. considerations, this work will being done with satellites.now Rather it will suggest what is particularly with respect to and what the future holds for them, what brand of progress the developing countries. No matter development is certain. It is satellites may contribute, their innovators of today to inform left to the leaders, educators, progress. that development of affirmative index Over the past twenty years a new 'ascendency' the use and development has been identified: it concerns well constitute of communications. Communications may call the third great what some later day historian will development of agri technological revolution, after the process which culture and then the industrialization the third techno began in the nineteenth century. "How is still far from logical revolution will shape our ends are already becoming clear, but its nature and substance was concerned with familiar. The industrial revolution its technology the production and distribution of goods; jenny and the was that of the steam engine, the spinning blast furnace. The post industrial rvolution is concerned with the production and distribution of information; its 2 technology is that of computers and communications." Where the previous technological advance replaced much human labor time and more efficiently worked natural resources into manufactured goods, the recent computer/ communications innovations advance our knowledge and access to information. And like the two previous major 'revolutions' the coming technetronic age will produce (and is producing already) its own set of parameters for our relationships -- economic, social, political, cultural - with an 'expanded global reality'. However, as the pace of scientific innovation quickens so also the problems associated with it multiply. Specifically, in a world of bits and pieces struggling for economic success, develop ment, education, a certain way of life -- in a word, a certain ascendency -- the impact and application of a new technology becomes difficult to gauge. To a large extent the vision of a technologically advanced present and future is now limited to the already 'developed' countries -- the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, much of Europe, the USSR and Japan and a few others. Most African, Asian and Latin American i %, nations fall victim to quite another vision: the accom plishments of the major powers loom large as ideals or goals while at the same time the historical forcvs goading the requisite technology have not touched every country equally. The desire for advanced country standing on the part of the developing nations presents a situation wherein the major powers occupying the fulcrum from which advanced technology and information can be disseminated to the recipient less developed countries are integral factors influencing international development. This has been the case so far with respect to industrializa. tion. Emerging over the last two decades as a technology which could be important to the developing .countries, industrialization has been elevated to paramount impor tance. The same is now being recognized for the communi cations field. In particular, a possibly very useful, possibly very hazardous instrument is now unfolding: communication satellites. They may help to unlock a very different world for all peoples, a world in which instantaneous contact among individuals is only the most superficial, least subtle aspect. In facilitating broad casting they can offer the services of an improved infor mation flow, not only for the classroom but for the purposes of natural disaster warning, health and hygiene information, V and weather forecasts, agricultural advice, newscasting, may, other data delivery. It is this innovation which through transfer of advanced country expertise, fulfill some of the development hopes of less developed countries. This possibility is the basic subject of the following document. The use in particular of communication satellites by less developed countries presents several interesting considerations. Basic to any discussion is a recognition of first of the difficulties characterizing interactions technology transfer with respect to cultural relationships. developed Naturally the existing gaps between the already and developing countries can camouflage one's understanding economic of the other. For example the establishment of or less growth in portions of Latin America has been more was patterned on the process of industrialization which some so successful in the United States. However, in devasting nations a rapid industrialization move evidenced poverty repercussions: population movement from rural market areas into cities where a would-be lucrative labor crop produc could not absorb increased manpower; decreased unemploy- tion and a weakened subsistence food base; massive the serious ment. One writer notes, "To a very large extent, the unemployment and underemployment that characterizes vi today is due to less-developed nations of South America techniques an indiscriminate

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