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Article Title: Ten Troopers: Men Who Served at

Full Citation: Frank N Schubert, “Ten Troopers: Buffalo Soldier Medal of Honor Men Who Served at Fort Robinson,” Nebraska History 78 (1997): 151-157

URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1997TenTroopers.pdf Date:

Article Summary: Ten of the twenty-three buffalo soldiers who received the Medal of Honor for actions in frontier conflicts or the Cuban Campaign of 1898 served at Fort Robinson. These included Ninth cavalrymen Emanuel Stance, George Jordan, Thomas Shaw, Henry Johnson, Augustus Walley, , and John Denny, William O Wilson, William H Thompkins, and George H Wanton.

Cataloging Information:

Names: Emanuel Stance, George Jordan, Thomas Shaw, Henry Johnson, Augustus Walley, Brent Woods, and John Denny, William O Wilson, William H Thompkins, George H Wanton, Moses Williams, Edward M Coffman, , William McBryar, Murray Kempton, William W Gwaltney, Thomas T Thornburgh, Francis S Dodge, Frederic Remington, Caleb Benson, Robert Emmitt, Chief Colorow, George Jordan, Thomas Shaw, John Graves, Henry Carroll, Henry Green, Moses Green, Clarence A Stedman, Lewis Glenn, George Waterford, Miller Milds, Hank Reynolds

Place Names: Fort Robinson, Nebraska; , Nebraska; Drexel Mission, South Dakota; Wounded Knee, South Dakota; Milk River, Colorado; Ft Myer, Virginia; ; , Indian Territory; Reisterstown, Maryland

Keywords: Medal of Honor; Buffalo Soldiers; The Old Army; Seminole-Negro Scout; Pine Ridge Campaign; court- martial; Ninth ; Ute; Captain Dodge’s Troopers to the Rescue; K Troop; war; F Troop; Sioux

Photographs / Images: Historical Marker to the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry, Fort Robinson; Detail from group portrait of Troop K, Ninth US Cavalry: George Jordan and Henry Johnson identified; Thomas Shaw and a group of Ninth Cavalry noncommissioned officers; Squadron of the Ninth Cavalry at Fort Robinson about 1892; Frank N Schubert at August Walley’s grave, Reisterstown, Maryland

By Frank N Schubert

There are many reasons to be fond of a society that only rarely and begrudg­ istics of the buffalo soldier community. Fort Robinson, and for me one of the ingly honored black achievement? Most were career soldiers: thirteen of most remarkable things about the post Readers familiar with Edward M. the nineteen regulars and two of the is that so many of the buffalo soldiers Coffman's The OldArmy, or maybe my four Seminole-Negro Scouts served who received the Medal of Honor book on Fort Robinson, already have a twenty-five years or more. Of the rest served there. Ten of the twenty-three pretty good idea of the shape of the buf­ only scout Adam Paine and deserter who received the medal for actions in falo soldier community from whence William Wilson served less than five frontier conflicts or the Cuban Cam­ the twenty-three came. For them soldier­ years. Despite their long service and re­ paign of 1898 served at the post. Seven ing was a more attractive occupational tirements before the age of fifty, early in of them had already earned the medal. choice than it was for whites, so they life by civilian standards, few lived long These included Ninth cavalrymen tended to stay in the Army enough to enjoy their retirements much. Emanuel Stance, George Jordan, Tho­ longer. Consequently they more often They had lived and worked hard under mas Shaw, Henry Johnson, Augustus tended to be married and have children austere and perilous conditions, in­ Walley, Brent Woods, and John Denny. than other soldiers.l dulged in the normal amount of carous­ An eighth, William O. Wilson, earned The twenty-three holders of the ing along the way, and survived only a the medal while assigned there. Two of Medal of Honor shared these character­ few years beyond retirement age. Only these men, Jordan and Denny, even re­ tired to the nearby town of Crawford, al­ though Denny ultimately moved back east and died at the Soldiers Home in Washington, D.C. Another, William H. Thompkins, served there first, then re­ ceived the medal for valor in later, and the last, George H. Wanton, re­ ceived the medal in Cuba and then served there with the Tenth U.S. Cavalry. Incidentally, an eleventh, Moses Will­ iams of the Ninth U.S. Cavalry, served doWn the road at Fort Niobrara. But ten of the twenty-three-ten of nineteen if we count only the regulars and leave out the Seminole-Negro Scouts, were there, and this fact about Fort Robinson makes it a singular place to me. So who were these heroes, these black men who were singled out for rec­ ognition because of valor in combat by

Frank N. Schubert is a historian in the Joint History Office, Office ofthe Chairman, Joint In April 1997 at the Second Fort Robinson History Conference a cadre of reenactors Chiefs ofStaff, Washington, D. C. His most recent helped dedicate a historical marker to the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry. William W. book is Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Gwaltney (left) of Fort Laramie, , and Hank Reynolds of Mesa, , Medal of Honor, 1870-1898. who portrayed buffalo soldiers, flank the marker. Photograph by Michael Farrell

151 Nebraska History - Winter 1997

George Wanton and Augustus Walley George Wanton, also contracted a "cannot think of an enlisted man, tried reached what could be considered a venereal disease. in the line and certified a hero, who was ripe old age. A large portion of the Not surprisingly, most of the recipi­ ever afterward rewarded with large hon­ group was also married, at least thirteen ents came from the Ninth Cavalry. In ors in peacetime." Kempton was think­ and perhaps as many as fifteen. So in campaigning against the Apache Indi­ ing in particular of political success, but major ways the group fit the expected ans between 1877 and 1881, the Ninth there may be something in the perspec­ profile of black soldiers at large. They saw the most severe and protracted tive gained by willingly putting one's life were family men and inclined to stay in fighting experienced by any of the four at great risk that makes other striving the U.S. Army. black regiments. The nature of the com­ less important or meaningful.4 Overall, the twenty-three made up a bat against these fierce and tenacious The careers of these men throw im­ group of heroes, not a group of saints. native fighters, with small detachments portant light on the relations between People who want to use buffalo soldiers engaged in long pursuits and short, vio­ blacks and Indians on the frontier. Six­ as role models and examples for young lent skirmishes in which quick reaction teen of the twenty-three received their people to emulate have to understand sometimes meant the difference be­ medals for actions in wars against In­ that the troopers at Fort Robinson were tween life and death, put a premium on dian peoples. This fact clashes with the human beings, and even though black sound judgment and unflinching cour­ expectation of some people today that soldiers tended in general to represent age. The struggles with and the mere fact of nonwhiteness should less of a discipline problem than whites, , also in the Southwest, tested the constitute the prima facie basis for an al­ reflecting their more durable commit­ soldiers of the Ninth repeatedly and liance or common cause among people ment to the army, these men were a when they met the challenge, brought of color against a white oppressor. It rough-and-tumble bunch in a wild-and­ them the most recognition. But, it cannot be overemphasized that the sol­ woolly environment. There were some should be noted, the number of medals diers were Anglophones. They spoke very good citizens among them. You awarded to the regiment also said a English and represented a sedentary, could look long and hard at the records great deal about their officers. They agrarian-industrial, English-speaking cul­ of George Jordan and Thomas Shaw cared about the men who served under ture. Many were recently freed and new and never find a blemish. But to a large them and saw that they received the citizens in this framework, eager to vali­ extent they fought and brawled, and recognition that they earned. date their claims on citizenship by wear­ drank and whored. After turn-of-the­ The buffalo soldier heroes showed ing the uniform of the United States century service in the Philippines intro­ an enduring patriotism that withstood Army. Very few looked across the cul­ duced many to new vices, they might long years of second-class citizenship. tural chasm that separated them from also have gone into town for a snort of The few who lived to see the onset of the semi-nomadic warrior-hunters with cocaine or a toke on an opium pipe ev­ volunteered their services whom they did battle and perceived ery once in a while, just like lesser sol­ to the army, despite their advanced age, any similarity between their respective diers.2 Of course, Sgt. Emanuel Stance, None were quite as persistent as George conditions. Culture created a gap that the first black regular to receive the W. Ford, the old cavalryman who had was virtually unbridgeable. This funda­ Medal of Honor, stands out in his dual­ joined the Tenth when it was organized mental opposition may be frustrating and ity as the bully and hero. But there was in 1866 and still volunteered for duty in even seem incomprehensible to people also William Wilson, who earned the 1917 at the age of sixty-seven.3 But seeking to impose a Rainbow Coalition medal for valor at Drexel Mission, South Augustus Walley was over sixty and Wil­ frame of reference on the past, but it ex­ Dakota, during the Pine Ridge Cam­ liam McBryar was in his late fifties, isted all the same. It was basic to the paign of 1890-91 and who deserted when both volunteered and were re­ world view of virtually all who claimed while still on his first enlistment. buffed because of their age. American citizenship. As William W. Wilson's daughter Anna once attributed None of the medal recipients Gwaltney, himself a descendent of buf­ his reluctance to talk about his time in achieved any postmilitary successes. falo soldiers, said, "Buffalo Soldiers the army to his natural modesty. I think Most were essentially used up by their fought for recognition as citizens in a deserters tend to be modest about their service, and all were affected by the racist country and ... American Indian military service for other reasons. lack of opportunity in the pervasively people fought to hold on to their tradi­ As for the others, generally the group racist environment of their time. But tions, their land, and their lives."5 had its share of problems with military there may have been more to their over­ Even today, the huge gap between discipline. Eight of the nineteen regulars all lack of accomplishment than general the soldiers and the warrior tribes of the had court-martial convictions, and six exhaustion and discrimination. Colum­ West sometimes influences perceptions. . were reduced to private at least once. nist Murray Kempton observed, just one In the summer of 1995, I took a busload At least two, William McBryar and year before his death in 1997, that he of tourists to the Pine Ridge Reservation,

152 Buffalo Soldier Medal of Honor Men

by Frederic Remington in the painting, Captain Dodge's Troopers to the Rescue, but a strange kind of rescue it was. The Utes watched in astonishment as Dodge charged right into the trap! He did con­ tribute fresh rifles to the defense and ul­ timately received a Medal of Honor for coming to the rescue, but the basic situ­ ation after his arrival remained un­ changed. The Utes still surrounded the soldiers, and the dead horses continued to pile up. There was reason for the Indi­ ans to be amazed at this display of sol­ dier behavior. Henry Johnson ultimately received the Medal of Honor for his efforts on Milk River. He was cited for two actions in particular, leaving his position under heavy fire to make the rounds of the for­ ward detachment and check on his men, and risking his life to fill canteens for the wounded from Milk River. Milk River was near, but the Utes ..a.ia- Detail from a group wear­ were always watching. Only at night did ing their Medals of Honor: George Jordan (bottom row, second from left) and Henry soldiers sneak down to the river to fill Johnson (standing, second from right). NSHS-R659-2599 canteens for the command, especially South Dakota, to view the scene of The experiences of one of the Medal the wounded, some of whom suffered William Wilson's brave dash for help in of Honor recipients, Henry Johnson of greatly from thirst. Johnson went to the December 1890. For the previous three the Ninth Cavalry, shows us that even river on October 4, making sure that days, I had been unable to convince people who are not separated by long there was enough water for the some of the people on that bus, particu­ periods of time can bring widely differ­ wounded by doing SO.7 larly a skeptical black reporter, that the ing perceptions to bear on the same There are three views of what hap­ and the buffalo soldiers event. Johnson received his medal for pened that night, when Dodge sent him viewed each other across a cultural valor during the fight with Ute Indians and a party of troopers to the river. First abyss. Then everything cleared up for on Milk River in Colorado during Sep­ there is Johnson's. He later remembered him and the others who shared his view. tember 1879. The circumstances that that the Indians had fired on them, but At the base of the hill on which sits the led to the battle involved a familiar pro­ they had fought their way to the river, Wounded Knee Cemetery, a Sioux cess: white encroachments onto Ute filled their canteens, and returned safely. woman stopped her car and.asked my lands and the efforts of an Indian agent Others disagreed, and two alternative journalist friend, who was walking with to force children into schools and adults explanations of the dash for water my wife, what he was doing at onto farms caused increasing native an­ emerged. Caleb Benson, a young buf­ Wounded Knee. When he said he was ger, confrontations, and finally a pan­ falo soldier of D Troop who had lied on a buffalo soldier tour, she replied: icky call for troops. . about his age to enlist and who retired Buffalo Soldiers and the white man killed Maj. Thomas T. Thornburgh rushed from Fort Robinson to nearby Crawford, my people. My ancestors are up there. And to the rescue, got himself killed, and left reminisced about the White River Cam­ I don't appreciate you being here. Why his command in serious trouble. The paign fifty-five years later in an interview don't you go visit Abraham Lincoln's grave? first troops to arrive on the scene, three with a Nebraska newspaper. Benson re­ Then she sped off. The reporter said days after the Utes sprang their ambush membered an affinity between the that he left Wounded Knee with "a dull, and trapped the soldiers behind mounds black cavalrymen and the Indians. He sick, guilty feeling at the pit of my stom­ of rotting horse carcasses, were Capt. claimed-erroneously-that two white ach."6 He also learned something about Francis S. Dodge and the veteran buf­ soldiers were killed while getting river imposing present-day values and expec­ falo soldiers of D Troop, Ninth Cavalry. water for coffee, although Ninth Cavalry tations on the past. Dodge's arrival has been immortalized cooks had done so without harm.

153 Nebraska History - Winter 1997

Benson recalled that "the Indians never When Johnson pinned on the medal, misplaced currycomb escalated quickly shot a colored man unless it was neces­ he was a private in K Troop. He had to threats, with Stance warning Graves sary. They always wanted to win the risen back up to sergeant for the third that he would "mash his mouth," and fi­ friendship of the Negro race, and obtain time by 1889, but tangled with the bar­ nally both men throwing punches. Capt. their aid in campaigns against the white tender at the Fort Robinson post can­ Henry Carroll, defending Stance at the man."a According to Benson's view, teen after the latter cut him off, so he court-martial, called him "one of the Johnson made it to the river without lost his stripes again. best sergeants I have in my company," drawing fire because the Indians sympa­ In addition to Johnson, K troop had and said that he had "always been atten­ thized with the blacks. two other Medal of Honor heroes, 1st tive to duty ... and shown a wish to im­ Another view, expressed by Robert Sgt. George Jordan and Sgt. Thomas prove himself in tactics." Then Stance Emmitt in his book on the Utes, also held Shaw. Thirty-year men like Johnson, they got into a nasty brawl with 1st Sgt. that the Utes did not expend much am­ both got the award for leadership in Henry Green of his troop in December munition on the black troopers. How­ battle during the . Jordan re­ 1872. In the course of that fray Stance ever, Emmitt did not attribute this one­ tired from Robinson and remained in bit off part of Green's lower lip, resulting sided truce to racial empathy. He Crawford; Shaw left the army at Fort in a mayhem charge that cost him his claimed that the Indians were contemp­ Myer, across the river from Washington, stripes and six months in the guard­ tuous of the buffalo soldiers because and stayed in suburban Virginia. Unlike house. From that time on, it was chutes they carried water for the white soldiers. Henry Johnson, these two fine soldiers and ladders for Stance, regaining his "All soldiers were funny" to the Utes, ac­ had unblemished records and long unin­ stripes, getting busted, and regaining his cording to Emmitt, but these buffalo sol­ terrupted tenures as noncommissioned stripes, at least five times until he ar­ diers "were the funniest soldiers [Chief] officers. Both retired as sergeants. rived at Fort Robinson with his troop in Colorow or any man had ever seen." Shaw was one of the first-generation 1885 as first sergeant. . According to this view, the Utes were not buffalo soldiers who staked their claim When he got there, he had already impressed with the water detail. They on citizenship by taking up its responsi­ survived an attempt on his life by a watched as two of the troopers came out bilities as a soldier. A broad-shouldered, trooper at Fort Reno, Indian Territory, in of the impromptu fort, and warriors "be­ bewhiskered, and mature noncommis­ 1883. Stance had dropped his pipe on gan to wave and shout at them." To the sioned officer when he served at Fort the barracks floor, and someone had ac­ amazement of the Utes, the buffalo sol­ Robinson, Shaw had nothing about him cidentally kicked it under a bunk. Stance diers carried buckets instead of rifles. or his manner to suggest that he had accused Pvt. Moses Green, drew his sa­ They were going down to the river for wa­ once been a slave. But he had started ber, and threatened to run him through. ter and did not wave back. In fact, they out in the U.S. Army after walking away After others separated them, Green went acted as though they did not even hear from his master during the Civil War and outside to the wood pile, selected a the shouting from the hills. "The Buffalo into a Union recruiting station. A soldier thick log, returned to the barracks, and Soldiers," it seemed to the Utes, "had not from that time on, Shaw possessed an waited for his tormentor. When Stance come to fight; they had come to work for upright posture and firm gaze. One look returned to the squad room, Green the white soldiers," making the young at him tells you that you are in the pres­ struck, hard, laying open Stance's head Ute warriors "very disappointed."9 They ence of a tough, seasoned veteran, ex­ and breaking his arm. As Green said at did not waste bullets on such people. perienced, poised, and dignified. his court martial, "I knew that if I hadn't Whatever the Utes thought, the sol­ George Jordan was also a well-liked struck Stance a strong blow he'd injure diers who went out for water felt posi­ and highly-respected old trooper with me as it is his habit of striking men with a tively threatened when they left their the bearing of a professional soldier. carbine and I knew that if I didn't give makeshift defenses. Johnson convinced Emanuel Stance, who served at Fort Stance a strong blow he'd get up and in­ the War Department that his actions were Robinson too, has intrigued me ever jure me, because it is his custom to strike indeed heroic, and he received his Medal since I started researching buffalo sol­ men." Private Green got ten months, a of Honor at Fort Robinson on September diers nearly thirty years ago. The first pretty light sentence for almost crushing 22, 1890. According to the citation, he buffalo soldier to receive the Medal of a sergeant's skull, because the court, re­ had voluntarily left fortified shelter and Honor, for his leadership against Indi­ ferring to Stance's threat with his saber, under heavy fire at close range made the ans in Texas in 1870, Stance was barely acknowledged "the unreasonable and ill­ rounds of the pits to instruct the guards, twenty years old and just over five feet advised conduct of Sergeant Stance to­ and had fought his way to the creek and tall. He was also a harsh and violent dis­ wards the prisoner." back to bring water to the wounded. But ciplinarian. He had a string of court­ Old habits die hard, and Emanuel ·there were at least three conflicting views martials that started in 1869, when an ar­ Stance never got the message. At Fort of what actually happened. gument with Saddler John Graves over a Robinson, he continued to browbeat

154 Buffalo Soldier Medal of Honor Men

Sgt. Thomas Shaw (standing, second from right) and a group of Ninth Cavalry noncommissioned officers. A broad-shouldered, bewhiskered, and mature noncom, he had nothing about him or his manner to sug­ gest that he had once been a slave. Courtesy of United States Military Academy Museum and terrorize his soldiers. For all of Ten disturbances in that period in­ odds, sometimes violently so, while the his experience and age, he was still volved eight of the forty-five or so privates troop commander, Capt. Clarence A. the Emanuel Stance who had taken a and four of the ten noncommissioned of­ Stedman, watched and at least tacitly bite out of a sergeant's lip, wiry, battle­ ficers. Stance, the senior sergeant in the approved this style of leadership. hardened, and belligerent. As first ser­ troop, was himself involved in four con­ Stance's behavior had tragic conse­ geant, he became the center of a series frontations. Overall, F Troop was a tense quences. Just one year after sewing his of disputes and brawls which hit F and volatile environment, in which ser­ fourth gold, five-year chevron on his Troop during the last half of 1887. geants and privates were frequently at right sleeve, on Christmas morning 1887,

155 Nebraska History - Winter 1997

' ...... '.

-.':: ...... Squadron of the Ninth Cavalry at Fort Robinson, about 1892. This photograph was taken west of the fort. NSHS-R659-4569 he was found on the road to Crawford, Captain Stedman and the regimental of­ dier. But his leadership at other times shot dead with a service revolver. All of ficers condoned. showed serious shortcomings. Stance the circumstantial evidence pointed to Stance's personal effects were as in­ was an imperfect, flawed hero. men in Stance's own troop. triguing as the man himself. He appar­ But the same could be said, albeit Who did it? Perhaps it was Pvt. Lewis ently left his Medal of Honor and an au­ less emphatically, of most of the buffalo Glenn, who once warned Stance that he tobiography, never found as far as I solder recipients of the Medal of Honor. was "tired of you bulldozing me, Ser­ know, among his possessions. He also With Thomas Shaw and George Jordan geant Stance." Or it could have been left his pipes, a gold watch and chain, at one end of the scale and Emanuel Blacksmith George Waterford, who and an Indian beaded necklace, sug­ Stance at the other, the rest lived some­ growled at Stance that "anyone who ap­ gesting the tantalizing picture of a fron­ where in between. They came down oc­ proaches me this morning is tired of liv­ tier dandy to go along with the image of casionally with what was euphemisti­ ing." Or Pvt. Miller Milds, the soldier the mercurial little tyrant. cally called "a loathsome disease" or with chronic syphilis who was charged Emanuel Stance left an ambivalent forfeited their stripes for losing their but ultimately freed because witnesses legacy. As the recipient of the first temper, getting drunk, and starting a could not be found. We know Stance Medal of Honor awarded to a black fight. But such transgressions do not di­ browbeat and terrorized the soldiers regular, he was the original, officially minish their achievements or their stat­ under him, that some warned him to recognized hero in a new phase of the ure. The fact is that you can find plenty back off and he did not, and that Pvt. history of black soldiers in the service of heroes in the frontier army. It is just Simpson Mann, who arrived the year af­ of the United States. His small physical not a good place to look for saints. And ter Stance was murdered, told historian stature and youth at the time of the these buffalo soldiers were by and large Don Rickey many years later that he award provide attractive material for singular heroes, emerging from slavery, had heard that the victim had been modem motivational speakers to use overcoming huge obstacles, and gain­ "dirty mean" and that the men of F with juvenile audiences, and at least ing the respect of the soldiers who fol­ Troop had done him in. No one was one children's book celebrates his brav­ lowed them into battle and the officers convicted of the crime, but Stance most ery. The reason for this appeal is clear. who trusted them with independent likely was killed by one of his own men Stance's decisive and bold behavior in commands. They were heroes, and they in the ultimate protest against the kind the face of an armed enemy represents deserve to be remembered. of leadership that he embodied and that the finest tradition of the American sol­

156 Buffalo Soldier Medal of Honor Men

Notes

Unless otherwise indicated, this essay is based on Frank N. Schubert, Black Valor: Buffalo Soldiers and the Medal ofHonor, 1870-1898 (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1997).

I Edward M. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784-1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986),309; Frank N. Schubert, Buffalo Soldiers, Braves, and the Brass: The Story ofFort Robinson, Nebraska (Shippensburg, Penn.: White Mane Publishing Company, Inc., 1993),61-63.

2 Schubert, Buffalo Soldiers, Braves, and the Brass, 14~6.

3 Schubert, On the Trail ofthe Buffalo Soldier: Bi­ ographies ofAfrican Americans in the U.S. Army, 1866-1917 (Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Re­ sources, Inc., 1995), 147.

4 Murray Kempton, "The Beat of War," New York Review ofBooks 43 (Febr. IS, 1996):40.

5 William W. Gwaltney, "The Making of Buffalo Soldiers West," Colorado Heritage, Spring 1996:47.

6 M. Dion Thompson, "Visiting the World of the Buffalo Soldiers," Baltimore Sun, Apr. 21, 1996.

7 Historians generally accept this version of what occurred. See William H. Leckie, The Buffalo Sol­ diers: A Narrative ofthe Negro Cavalry in the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1967), 207; Fairfax D. Downey, The Buffalo Soldiers in the Indian Wars (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969),73.

~. '---~- -- .... ~ 8 Northwest Nebraska News (Crawford), Aug. 9, . ,. ~~~L-:-_~'~" -".- -> --"'---'-,.­ 1934.

9 Robert Emmitt, The Last War Trail: The Utes and the Settlement ofColorado (Norman: Univer­ ~ ~ #=~-: sity of Oklahoma Press, 1954),221. ..SE'tn.... ;.: -jjZ .~~- The author at Augustus Walley's grave, Reisterstown, Maryland. Photograph by Erwin A. Schmidl

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