DOCSLIB.ORG

Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul by TG

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul by T. G. Tucker Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul by T. G. Tucker Online Distributed Proofreading Team LIFE IN THE ROMAN WORLD OF NERO AND ST. PAUL by T. G. TUCKER 1924 PREFACE The reception accorded to my _Life in Ancient Athens_ has led me to write the present companion work with an eye to the same class of readers. In the preface to the former volume it was said: "I have sought to leave an impression true and sound, so far as it goes, and page 1 / 388 also vivid and distinct. The style adopted has therefore been the opposite of the pedantic, utilizing any vivacities of method which are consistent with truth of fact." The same principles have guided me in the present equally unpretentious treatise. I agree entirely with Mr. Warde Fowler when he says: "I firmly believe that the one great hope for classical learning and education lies in the interest which the unlearned public may be brought to feel in ancient life and thought." For the general reader there is perhaps no period in the history of the ancient world which is more interesting than the one here chosen. Yet, so far as I know, there exists no sufficiently popular work dealing with this period alone and presenting in moderate compass a clear general view of the matters of most moment. My endeavour has been to represent as faithfully as possible the Age of Nero, and nowhere in the book is it implied that what is true for that age is necessarily as true for any other. The reader who is not a special student of history or antiquities is perhaps as often confused by descriptions of ancient life which cover too many generations as by those--often otherwise excellent--which include too much detail. I have necessarily consulted not only the Latin and Greek writers who throw light upon the time, but also all the best-known Standard works of modern date. It is perhaps scarcely necessary to state that in matters of contemporary government, administration, and public life my guides have been chiefly Mommsen, Arnold, and Greenidge; for social life Marquardt, Friedlaender, and Becker-Goell; for topography and buildings Jordan, Huelsen, Lanciani, and Middleton; nor that the page 2 / 388 Dictionaries of Smith and of Daremberg and Saglio have been always at hand, as well as Baumeister's _Denkmaeler_, and Guhl and Koner's _Life of the Greeks and Romans_. The admirable _Pompeii_ of Mau-Kelsey has been, of course, indispensable. I have also derived profit from the writings of Prof. Sir W. M. Ramsay in connexion with St. Paul, and from Conybeare and Howson's _Life and Epistles_ of the Apostle. Useful hints have been found in Mr. Warde Fowler's _Social Life in Rome in the Age of Cicero_, and in Prof. Dill's Roman_ Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius_. A personal study of ancient sites, monuments, and objects of antiquity at Rome, Pompeii, and elsewhere has naturally been of prime value. Those intimately acquainted with the immense amount of the available material will best realize the difficulty there has been in deciding how much to say and how much to "leave in the inkstand." For the drawings other than those of which another source is specified I have to thank Miss M. O'Shea, on whom has occasionally fallen the difficult task of giving ocular form to the mental visions of one who happens to be no draughtsman. For the rest I make acknowledgment to those books from which the illustrations have been directly derived for my own purposes, without reference to more original sources. I am especially grateful for the permission to use so considerable a number of illustrations from the _Pompeii_ of Mau-Kelsey, from Professor Waldstein's _Herculaneum_, and from Lanciani's _New Tales of Old Rome_. page 3 / 388 T.G.T. October 1909. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTERS I EXTENT AND SECURITY OF THE EMPIRE II TRAVEL WITHIN THE EMPIRE III A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE PROVINCES IV THE IMPERIAL SYSTEM: EMPEROR, SENATE, KNIGHTS, AND PEOPLE V NERO THE EMPEROR VI ADMINISTRATION AND TAXATION OF THE EMPIRE page 4 / 388 VII ROME: THE IMPERIAL CITY VIII STREETS, WATER-SUPPLY, AND BUILDING MATERIAL IX THE ROMAN TOWN HOUSE X THE COUNTRY HOMESTEAD AND COUNTRY SEAT XI ROMAN FURNITURE XII SOCIAL DAY OF A ROMAN ARISTOCRAT--MORNING XIII SOCIAL DAY OF A ROMAN ARISTOCRAT (_continued_)--AFTERNOON AND DINNER XIV LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER CLASSES XV HOLIDAYS AND AMUSEMENTS: THEATRE, CIRCUS, AMPHITHEATRE XVI THE WOMEN: MARRIAGE, THE ROMAN MATRON, AND HER DRESS XVII CHILDREN AND EDUCATION page 5 / 388 XVIII THE ARMY: MILITARY SERVICE: PUBLIC CAREER XIX ROMAN RELIGION--STATE AND INDIVIDUAL XX STUDY AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE ROMANS XXI PHILOSOPHY--STOICS AND EPICUREANS XXII THE ROMAN PROFUSION OF ART XXIII THE LAST SCENE OF ALL--BURIAL AND TOMBS INDEX ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. Frontispiece View into Roman Forum from Temple of Vesta, A.D. 64. page 6 / 388 (Restoration partly after Auer, Huelsen, Tognetti, etc.). 1. The Pont du Gard (Aqueduct and Bridge). 2. The Appian Way by the so-called Tomb of Seneca (Laneiani, _New Tales of Old Rome_). 3. Plan of Inn at Pompeii. (After Mau). 4. Ship beside the Quay at Ostia. (Hill, _Illustrations of School Classics_, FIG. 498 ). 6. The Acropolis at Athens. (From D'Ooge). 7. Plan of Antioch. 8. Emblem of Antioch. (_Dict. of Geog_. i. 116 ). 9. Emblem of Alexandria. (Mau, _Pompeii_, Fig 187). 10. Emblem of Rome. (From the column of Antoninus at Rome). 11. Augustus as Emperor. page 7 / 388 12. Coin of Nero. (In the British Museum). 13. Bust of Seneca. (_Archaeiologische Zeitung_). 14. Agrippina, Mother of Nero. (Photo, Mansell & Co.). 15. Bust of Nero. 16. Some Remains of the Claudian Aqueduct. 17. The Rostra: back view. (Modified from Huelsen). 18. Ruins of Forum. (Record-Office in background with modern building above.) (Photo, Anderson). 19. N.E. of Forum, A.D. 64. (Complementary to Frontispiece). 20. Temple of Fortuna Augusta at Pompeii. (Mau, FIG. 58). 21. So-called Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli. page 8 / 388 22. Vestal Virgin. (Hill, FIG. 340 ). 23. Temple of Mars the Avenger in Forum of Augustus. (After Ripostelli). 24. Exterior of Theatre of Marcellus. (Present state). 25. Exterior of Theatre of Marcellus. (Restored). 26. A Greek Exedra. (Baumeister). 27. Circus Maximus (restored). (Modified from Guhl and Koner). 28. Building Materials. (From Middleton). 29. Typical Scheme of Roman House. 30. Entrance to House of Pansa. 31. Interior of Roman House. (Restored). 32. House of Cornelius Rufus. (Mau, FIG. 121 ). page 9 / 388 33. Peristyle with Garden and al fresco Dining-Table. (After Guhl and Koner). 34. Peristyle in House of the Vettii. (Present state) (Mau, FIG. 162). 35. Kitchen Hearth in the House of the Vettii. (Mau, FIG. 125). 36. Cooking Hearths. (_Dict. Ant_. i. 672). 37. Shrine in House of the Tragic Poet. (Mau, FIG. 153 ). 38. Household Shrine. (Hill, FIG. 345). 38A. Leaden Pipes in House of Livia. (From a photograph). 39. Portable Braziers. (Daremberg and Saglio). 40. Manner of Roofing with Tiles. 41. House of Pansa at Pompeii. (After Mau). page 10 / 388 42. House of the Vettii at Pompeii. (After Mau). 43. Specimen of Painted Room. 44. Specimen of Wall-Painting. (Mau, FIG. 264). 45. Plan of Homestead at Boscoreale. (After Mau). 46. Roman Folding Chair. (Schreiber). 47. Bronze Seat. (Overbeck). 48. Framework of Roman Couch. (Mau, FIG. 188). 49. Plan of Dining-Table with Three Couches. 50. Sigma. 51. Tripod from Herculaneum. (From Waldstein, _Herculaneum_, Plate 41). 52. Chest (Strong-box). (Mau, FIG. 120). page 11 / 388 53. Mirrors. (Mau, FIG. 213). 54. Lamps. (Mau, FIG. 196). 55. Lampholder as Tree. (Mau, FIG. 202). 56. Cup from Herculaneum. (Waldstein, Plate 45). 57. Kitchen Utensils. (Mau, FIG. 204). 58. Pail from Herculaneum. (Waldstein, Plate 42). 59. Patrician Shoes. (_Dict. Ant_. i. 335). 60. Roman in the Toga. (Waldstein, Plate 18). 61. Slave in Fetters. 62. Litter. (_Dict. Ant_. ii. 15). 63. Reading a Proclamation. (Mau, FIG. 17). page 12 / 388 64. Sealed Receipt of Jueundus. (Mau, FIG. 275). 65. Discus-Thrower. (Photo, Anderson). 66. Stabian Baths. (Mau, Plate 5). 67. Bathing Implements. (Mau, FIG. 209). 68. Acrobats. (Baumeister, i. 585). 69. Surgical Instruments. (Guhl and Koner). 70. Bakers' Mills. (Mau, FIG. 218). 71. Cupids as Goldsmiths. (Wall-Painting.)(Mau, FIG. 167). 72. Garland-Makers. (_Abhandlungen, historische-philologische Classe Koeniglich Saechsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften_). 73. Bust of Caecilius Jueundus. (Mau, FIG. 256). page 13 / 388 74. Ploughs. (Hill, FIG. 383; _Dict. Ant_. i. 160). 75. Tools on Tomb. (_Dict. Ant_. ii. 243). 76. Pompeian Cook-Shop. (Mau, FIG. 131). 77. In a Wine-Shop. (Mau, FIG. 234). 78. Boxing-Gloves. (_Dict. Ant_. i. 329). 79. Theatre at Orange. (Restored.) (Baumeister, iii. 1742). 80. Theatre at Aspendus. (Guhl and Koner). 81. Tragic Actor. (Hill, FIG. 421). 82. Comic Masks. (Terence's _Andria_). 83. Scene from Comedy. (Hill, FIG. 422). 84. Plan of Circus. page 14 / 388 85. The Turn in the Circus. 86. Chariot Race. (_Dict. Ant_. i. 434). 87. Amphitheatre at Pompeii. (Mau, Plate 6). 88. Barracks of Gladiators. (Mau, Plate 4). 89. Stocks for Gladiators. (Remains from Pompeii.) (Mau, FIG. 74). 90. Gladiators Fighting. (Guhl and Koner). 91. Toilet Scene. (Wall-Painting.) (Waldstein, Plate 32). 92. Woman in Full Dress. (Waldstein, Plate 7). 93. Hairpins. (Mau, FIG. 211). 94. Writing Materials. 95. Horsing a Boy. (After Saechs.) (Baumeister, iii. FIG. 1653). page 15 / 388 96. Papyri and Tabulae. (From Dyer's _Pompeii_).
Recommended publications
  • A Many-Storied Place

    A Many-Storied Place

    A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period
  • In This Study, Marcello Mogetta Examines the Origins and Early Dissemina- Tion of Concrete Technology in Roman Republican Architecture

    In This Study, Marcello Mogetta Examines the Origins and Early Dissemina- Tion of Concrete Technology in Roman Republican Architecture

    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84568-7 — The Origins of Concrete Construction in Roman Architecture Marcello Mogetta Frontmatter More Information THE ORIGINS OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IN ROMAN ARCHITECTURE In this study, Marcello Mogetta examines the origins and early dissemina- tion of concrete technology in Roman Republican architecture. Framing the genesis of innovative building processes and techniques within the context of Rome’s early expansion, he traces technological change in monumental construction in long-established urban centers and new Roman colonial cites founded in the 2nd century BCE in central Italy. Mogetta weaves together excavation data from both public monu- ments and private domestic architecture that previously have been studied in isolation. Highlighting the organization of the building industry, he also explores the political motivations and cultural aspirations of patrons of monumental architecture, reconstructing how they negotiated economic and logistical constraints by drawing from both local traditions and long- distance networks. By incorporating the available scientific evidence into the development of concrete technology, Mogetta also demonstrates the contributions of anonymous builders and contractors, shining a light on their ability to exploit locally available resources. marcello mogetta is a Mediterranean archaeologist whose research focuses on early Roman urbanism in Italy. He conducts primary fieldwork at the sites of Gabii (Gabii Project) and Pompeii (Venus Pompeiana Project), for which he has received multiple grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Loeb Classical Library Foundation, the AIA, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. He coordinates the CaLC-Rome Project, an international collaboration that applies 3D mod- eling and surface analysis to the life cycle of ceramic vessels from the Esquiline necropolis in Rome.
  • The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

    The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus

    The meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Originally translated by Meric Casaubon About this edition Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus was Emperor of Rome from 161 to his death, the last of the “Five Good Emperors.” He was nephew, son-in-law, and adoptive son of Antonius Pius. Marcus Aurelius was one of the most important Stoic philosophers, cited by H.P. Blavatsky amongst famous classic sages and writers such as Plato, Eu- ripides, Socrates, Aristophanes, Pindar, Plutarch, Isocrates, Diodorus, Cicero, and Epictetus.1 This edition was originally translated out of the Greek by Meric Casaubon in 1634 as “The Golden Book of Marcus Aurelius,” with an Introduction by W.H.D. Rouse. It was subsequently edited by Ernest Rhys. London: J.M. Dent & Co; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co, 1906; Everyman’s Library. 1 Cf. Blavatsky Collected Writings, (THE ORIGIN OF THE MYSTERIES) XIV p. 257 Marcus Aurelius' Meditations - tr. Casaubon v. 8.16, uploaded to www.philaletheians.co.uk, 14 July 2013 Page 1 of 128 LIVING THE LIFE SERIES MEDITATIONS OF MARCUS AURELIUS Chief English translations of Marcus Aurelius Meric Casaubon, 1634; Jeremy Collier, 1701; James Thomson, 1747; R. Graves, 1792; H. McCormac, 1844; George Long, 1862; G.H. Rendall, 1898; and J. Jackson, 1906. Renan’s “Marc-Aurèle” — in his “History of the Origins of Christianity,” which ap- peared in 1882 — is the most vital and original book to be had relating to the time of Marcus Aurelius. Pater’s “Marius the Epicurean” forms another outside commentary, which is of service in the imaginative attempt to create again the period.2 Contents Introduction 3 THE FIRST BOOK 12 THE SECOND BOOK 19 THE THIRD BOOK 23 THE FOURTH BOOK 29 THE FIFTH BOOK 38 THE SIXTH BOOK 47 THE SEVENTH BOOK 57 THE EIGHTH BOOK 67 THE NINTH BOOK 77 THE TENTH BOOK 86 THE ELEVENTH BOOK 96 THE TWELFTH BOOK 104 Appendix 110 Notes 122 Glossary 123 A parting thought 128 2 [Brought forward from p.
  • Glitter Text

    Glitter Text

    All That Glitters – Spark and Dazzle from the Permananent Collection co-curated by Janine LeBlanc and Roger Manley Randy and Susan Woodson Gallery January 23 – July 12, 2020 Through the ages, every human society has demonstrated a fascination with shiny objects. Necklaces made of glossy marine snail shells have been dated back nearly 135,000 years, while shiny crystals have been found in prehistoric burials, suggesting the allure they once held for their original owners. The pageantry of nearly every religion has long been enhanced by dazzling displays, from the gilded statues of Buddhist temples and the gleaming mosaics of Muslim mosques and Byzantine churches, to the bejeweled altarpieces and reliquaries of Gothic cathedrals. As both kings and gods, Hawaiian and Andean royalty alike donned garments entirely covered with brilliant feathers to proclaim their significance, while their counterparts in other cultures wore crowns of gold and gems. High status and desirability have always been signaled by the transformative effects of reflected light. Recent research indicates that our brains may be hard-wired to associate glossy surfaces with water (tinyurl.com/glossy-as-water). If so, the impulse drawing us toward them may have evolved as a survival mechanism. There may also be subconscious associations with other survival necessities. Gold has been linked to fire or the sun, the source of heat, light, and plant growth. The glitter of beads or sequins may evoke nighttime stars needed for finding one’s way. The flash of jewels may recall an instinctive association with eyes. In jungles as well as open grasslands, both prey and predator can be so well camouflaged that only the glint of an eye might reveal a lurking presence.
  • The Other Face of Augustus's Aggressive Inclination to Egypt

    The Other Face of Augustus's Aggressive Inclination to Egypt

    Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality Volume 12 - June 2015 - No 1 - Pages: (35 : 56) The Other Face of Augustus’s Aggressive Inclination to Egypt Wahid Omran Lecturer in Tourist Guidance Dep., Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum University Introduction The initial attitude of Octavian against Egypt is proved by his speech to his troops on the evening before the battle of Actium. Pride in his Roman birth is compared to the despicability of an Egyptian woman as an opponent, who is supported by Dio Cassius reference.1 "Alexandrians and Egyptians- what worse or what truer name could one apply to them?- who worship reptiles and beasts as gods, who embalm their own bodies to give them semblance of immortality, who are most reckless in effrontery but most feeble in courage, and worst of all are slaves to a woman and not to a man". Since The Roman poet Virgile (70- 19 B.C), 2 the Romans opposed the animal – cult of the Egyptians, and considered these gods as monsters.3 The Egyptian character of the Augustus's opponents is related to the Augustan propaganda, represented the Augustus's war against Antony and Cleopatra not only a civil war between Rome and Egypt, but like a struggle between the West and the East. Whose Mark Antony was a traitor joined the powers of the East, whereas Octavian's victory in Actium was not only for himself, but basically for Rome and the Romans. This struggle was described in literature's documents as a civil strife or a foreign war.4 Augustus also knew he had a compensated war against Antony and Cleopatra as a republican magistrate crushing Oriental despotism.5 He is supported by the Roman society ethics and the star of the sacred Caesar, on the other hand, Antony, once a great Roman commander-in-chief, but now supported by a foreign army and followed by unnamed Egyptian spouse.6 The Romans considered the battle not only a military, but either a religious one between the Roman and the Egyptian Pantheons.
  • Roman Literature from Its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age

    Roman Literature from Its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age

    The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Roman Literature from its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age. Volume I by John Dunlop This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: History of Roman Literature from its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age. Volume I Author: John Dunlop Release Date: April 1, 2011 [Ebook 35750] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE FROM ITS EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE AUGUSTAN AGE. VOLUME I*** HISTORY OF ROMAN LITERATURE, FROM ITS EARLIEST PERIOD TO THE AUGUSTAN AGE. IN TWO VOLUMES. BY John Dunlop, AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY OF FICTION. ivHistory of Roman Literature from its Earliest Period to the Augustan Age. Volume I FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION. VOL. I. PUBLISHED BY E. LITTELL, CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA. G. & C. CARVILL, BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 1827 James Kay, Jun. Printer, S. E. Corner of Race & Sixth Streets, Philadelphia. Contents. Preface . ix Etruria . 11 Livius Andronicus . 49 Cneius Nævius . 55 Ennius . 63 Plautus . 108 Cæcilius . 202 Afranius . 204 Luscius Lavinius . 206 Trabea . 209 Terence . 211 Pacuvius . 256 Attius . 262 Satire . 286 Lucilius . 294 Titus Lucretius Carus . 311 Caius Valerius Catullus . 340 Valerius Ædituus . 411 Laberius . 418 Publius Syrus . 423 Index . 453 Transcriber's note . 457 [iii] PREFACE. There are few subjects on which a greater number of laborious volumes have been compiled, than the History and Antiquities of ROME.
  • Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C

    Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C

    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Bernard, Seth G., "Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C." (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 492. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/492 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Men at Work: Public Construction, Labor, and Society at Middle Republican Rome, 390-168 B.C. Abstract MEN AT WORK: PUBLIC CONSTRUCTION, LABOR, AND SOCIETY AT MID-REPUBLICAN ROME, 390-168 B.C. Seth G. Bernard C. Brian Rose, Supervisor of Dissertation This dissertation investigates how Rome organized and paid for the considerable amount of labor that went into the physical transformation of the Middle Republican city. In particular, it considers the role played by the cost of public construction in the socioeconomic history of the period, here defined as 390 to 168 B.C. During the Middle Republic period, Rome expanded its dominion first over Italy and then over the Mediterranean. As it developed into the political and economic capital of its world, the city itself went through transformative change, recognizable in a great deal of new public infrastructure.
  • The Waterway of Hellespont and Bosporus: the Origin of the Names and Early Greek Haplology

    The Waterway of Hellespont and Bosporus: the Origin of the Names and Early Greek Haplology

    The Waterway of Hellespont and Bosporus: the Origin of the Names and Early Greek Haplology Dedicated to Henry and Renee Kahane* DEMETRIUS J. GEORGACAS ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. A few abbreviations are listed: AJA = American Journal of Archaeology. AJP = American Journal of Philology (The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Md.). BB = Bezzenbergers Beitriige zur Kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen. BNF = Beitriige zur Namenforschung (Heidelberg). OGL = Oorpus Glossariorum Latinorum, ed. G. Goetz. 7 vols. Lipsiae, 1888-1903. Chantraine, Dict. etym. = P. Chantraine, Dictionnaire etymologique de la langue grecque. Histoire des mots. 2 vols: A-K. Paris, 1968, 1970. Eberts RLV = M. Ebert (ed.), Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte. 16 vols. Berlin, 1924-32. EBr = Encyclopaedia Britannica. 30 vols. Chicago, 1970. EEBE = 'E:rccr'YJel~ t:ET:ateeta~ Bv~avnvwv E:rcovowv (Athens). EEC/JE = 'E:rcuJT'YJfhOVtUn ' E:rccrrJel~ C/JtAOaocptufj~ EXOAfj~ EIsl = The Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden and London) 1 (1960)-. Frisk, GEJV = H. Frisk, Griechisches etymologisches Worterbuch. 2 vols. Heidelberg, 1954 to 1970. GEL = Liddell-Scott-Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, 1925-40. A Supplement, 1968. GaM = Geographi Graeci Minores, ed. C. Miiller. GLM = Geographi Latini Minores, ed. A. Riese. GR = Geographical Review (New York). GZ = Geographische Zeitschrift (Berlin). IF = Indogermanische Forschungen (Berlin). 10 = Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin). LB = Linguistique Balkanique (Sofia). * A summary of this paper was read at the meeting of the Linguistic Circle of Manitoba and North Dakota on 24 October 1970. My thanks go to Prof. Edmund Berry of the Univ. of Manitoba for reading a draft of the present study and for stylistic and other suggestions, and to the Editor of Names, Dr.
  • Chigi Palace

    Chigi Palace

    - Chigi Palace - English Version Traduzione di Giovanna Gallo Ancient palace of the Sixteenth century located in the heart of Rome, it was conceived by Pietro Aldobrandini, Pope Clement VII’s brother and an important representative of the Roman aristocracy. The idea of the original plan, entrusted to the Umbrian architect Bartolini from Città di Castello, was to enlarge a pre-existent block of buildings, to incorporate some more houses and to construct a single building made of three floors with the main entrance on Via del Corso. The ownership of the palace was rather unstable because it was handed several times to other Families, such as the Detis, for almost a whole century, until 1659 when it was purchased by the Chigi family, among whose members there were also some cardinals and one Pope, Alexander VII. The Chigis were rich bankers with Sienese origins and backers of the Vatican and they changed the frame of the building, that was thus named after them. At least for two centuries the palace has been the residence of some aristocratic families and, later on, it became the seat at first of the Spanish Embassy (around the second half of the XVIIIth century ), then of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, being sold at last by the Chigis themselves to the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d’Italia ) in 1916, when it was assigned to become the seat of the Ministero delle Colonie ( Ministry of Colonial Affairs). In 1922 Benito Mussolini, both as Italian Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, ordered to transfer there the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  • Lot 1 a Modern 3 Height Bookcase in Black Ash/White Laminate; 2 Modern Light Oak Effect Bookcases; a Pine Bookcase Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% Inc VAT

    Lot 1 a Modern 3 Height Bookcase in Black Ash/White Laminate; 2 Modern Light Oak Effect Bookcases; a Pine Bookcase Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% Inc VAT

    Maxwells Auctioneers - Winter Fine Art and Antiques - Starts 22 Jan 2020 Lot 1 A modern 3 height bookcase in black ash/white laminate; 2 modern light oak effect bookcases; a pine bookcase Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 2 A mahogany 2 tier tea trolley; a nest of occasional tables; a stool; a brass top occasional table Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 3 An Edwardian box seat piano stool; an oak coal box with metal liner Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 4 A 1930's oak folding cake stand with 5 shelves; a 2 tier tea trolley Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 5 1950's Minty style secretaire/sectional bookcase Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 6 A 1930's pair of low seat armchairs with fretted backs; an Ercol stick back armchair frame Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 7 A trefoil occasional table; a marbled occasional table with mosaic top and undershelf NO BIDS SOLD WITH NEXT LOT Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 8 A Sony 32" flatscreen TV; a Sony stacking stereo and speakers Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 9 An Edwardian carved walnut side cabinet of 2 cupboards and 2 drawers and associated 19th century mahogany display cabinet/bookcase top enclosed by 2 astragal glazed doors Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 10 A 1930's oak bookcase/side cabinet enclosed by sliding and panelled door; 2 stained wood 3-height bookcases Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 11 A 1950's drop leaf kitchen table with Formica top; a stool; a gilt folding tea trolley Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 12 Two full height metal lockers/cabinets; a metal 4 drawer filing cabinet Estimate: 0 - 0 Fees: 20% inc VAT Lot 13 An aluminium extending ladder; etc.
  • Your MADE in ITALY Shopping List... The

    Your MADE in ITALY Shopping List... The

    Your MADE IN ITALY shopping list... The stores in Rome, especially in the glamorous fashion vias adjacent to the Spanish Steps, are brimming with ideas fresh from the catwalk. THE BIG SHOPS The Rome shopping scene is less department stores, more streets of boutiques. La Rinascente: Piazza Colonna, Open Monday to Saturday: 9.30 am - 10.00 pm and Sunday 10.30 am - 8.00 pm. Men’s accessories, women’s accessories, lingerie, men’s underwear, sportswear, streetwear, gifts, perfumes, jewellery etc. (Map 1) THE SPECIALISTS For antique prints: one of the oldest galleries of its kind in Rome, the Galleria di Castro (Via del Babuino 71) is a gallery for antique prints from the 16th to the 19th century specializing in Roman scenes. Open Monday through Saturday 10 am 8pm. (Map 2) For accessories: leading world producer of luxury accessories and clothing, at Gucci (Via Condotti 8) you’ll find quality materials, a craftsman’s care, and avant-garde designs. (Map 3) For a bag: Furla (Piazza di Spagna 22 and Via Condotti 55-56). Bags, small leathergoods, shoes, jewellery, watches, sunglasses, belts. (Map 4) For children’s clothing: Pure Sermonetta (Via Frattina 111) offers clothing for children 0 – 14 years of age. Brands include Dolce & Gabbana, Roberto Cavalli Junior and Gianfranco Ferrè. Silvana del Plato (Via della Vite 75) sells clothes for children 0 – 12 of age by some of Italy’s most prestigious companies as well as handmade baby clothes in wool, cotton and cashmere made to order. (Map 5) For chocolate: hidden down a tiny alleyway, Chocolate & Praline Cioccolateria (Vicolo della Torretta 18) has delightful presentation boxes of traditional chocs and candied fruits with organic ingredients.
  • HA T·.Hesis Eubn:Lt.T:Ed L:1 Ra:R:I

    HA T·.Hesis Eubn:Lt.T:Ed L:1 Ra:R:I

    CALH'ORI:\IIA S'l'ATE UNIVERSITY 1 NORI'HIUDGE 'l'IIE HIS'l'ORY 0'"' CONCRB1'E FROH ROI-.!AN 'I'JJ,!E.S H TO 'l'HE EIGH'l.'BEl\!TH CEl\'l'URY A t·.hesis EUbn:Lt.t:ed L:1 ra:r:i:·.J..al sat:i.sfacti..on of the :t··f~(Jnix·enlC~!·~:.s fer t.£~·2 d.E:g~~c;e of X1la.st.er oE A.rt.s i~1 1\Tt hy Jum:>. 1979 The 'l'hes:i.s of Janet Irene Atkinson is approved: -;.=:----~-~r-------:.--r---:::_-.--.-~- -- -~ ~-'r. Rpqer [,_t,Jul_~.o •" Dr. Jean-LtlC Bordeaux. ---------~~·---· Dr. Donald S. Strong, Chairman -~~-----· California State University, Northrid<Jc ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my Father from whom I heard my first stories regarding concrete construction; Dr. Strong for his tireless patience; Charlotte Oyer, Librarian, loTho was able to locate many rare references; and Linda Hartman for t.yping this paper. iii TABLE OF' CONTENTS Page J~IST OF' ILLUSTRATIONS • v GLOSSARY viii ABSTRAC'r xvii INTRODUCTION . •. .. " . 1 Chapter I. THE :LEGl~CY OF' ROME 9 II. THE \1\JA:'NING OF' CONCRETE AECHITECTURE 46 III. THE REVIVAL OF CONCRE'rE IN EUROPEAN AECHITEC'lUHI~ 83 136 BIBLIOGRhPHY 146 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Map . • . 6 .2. Specimen of Mortars from Egypt:, Greece, Italy and Cyprus, 18 65 . • . ~ • • • • 13 3. Map of Italy 18 4. "Example of Poured Concrete 24 5. Use of Iron in Antiquity 27 6. ~l'emple of Castor 30 7. 'I'emple of 117 B.C.