ICC Angkor: 15 Years of International Cooperation for Conservation And

Cover photo: Monks from Wat Bo, Wat Damnak and Wat Polanka washing lion statues at Phimeanakas temple

Photo credit: Michael Blazek, Czech Republic Gopura Team, 2008.

Translated into English by: David Rorke TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 PREFACES - Irina BOKOVA, Director-General of UNESCO, and Koichiro Matsuura, former Director-General of UNESCO...... 7 - Jean-François DESMAZIÈRES and Masafumi KUROKI, Cochairmen...... 11 - Teruo JINNAI, - Azedine BESCHAOUCH, 2 S"#$ - Brief history of ICC-Angkor...... 27 RC 3 ISSUES R....... 41 - Sustainable Development - Siem Reap Town Planning Projects R*."+""C"%........ 83 4 IMPRESSIONS - Mounir BOUCHENAKI, ad hoc6` - Giorgio CROCI, ad hoc6` - Pierre-André LABLAUDE, ad hoc6` RECOLLECTIONS - Teruo JINNAI, - Francine d’ORGEVAL, ;`<$%"c5and Bruno FAVEL,;`%C%%^<_ ANNEXES RC\$^...... 110 - List of Cochairmen...... 114 R_$.`ad hoc experts RC$%C R*@^C R+^C ...... 141 4 | R"#$7 R"#$7|

+<"_ CURRENT UNESCO ^*S#"~"^ FORMER UNESCO ^*S#"~ | R"#$7

+C_%$."$@C\$^``"$@.+;`5 ."@@;.+^.\%5^ 5 _ R"#$7| 7

Irina BOKOVA Koïchiro MATSUURA Director-General of UNESCO former Director-General of UNESCO (since November 2009) (November 1999 - November 2009) It is a great honor for us to call to mind the programs that have been developed over .% ` C . C $`$ @1R put to the service of safeguarding the Ang- C$5 . ` . kor site. programs on the ground, the new policy choices being made today by the Cambo- For UNESCO, safeguarding the Angkor %.1.$$ site, inscribed on the World Heritage List cultural diversity. 5 . %$ - 5.1CC% Angkor is a site that needs a comprehen- *.%C%$ 5 .C . .$ `- `5.$.C$.$.- guarding, one that covers all of its dimen- rable role played in this undertaking by the sions—material and immaterial. Since the C$` inclusion of the site on the World Heritage the Safeguarding and Development of the List, UNESCO’s focus has been to promote \`"$@^_5%. an expanded vision of what safeguarding 1@ ` . *@ ` ^ Angkor means, based on harmonious de- _.+`- velopment made possible by appropriate ^_5- <$ . ` %C viding the services of Standing Secretariat development in the region, bringing bene- for the ICC, is seeing to the implementa- .%C$. `.C$- It is our common hope that UNESCO, cess and assistance mechanism. C$.C% C$5 1CC % C< C` %- `C`. $$$C.- as we read through the pages of this pub- tect and promote this site of outstanding C5%.%$ universal value. .5 .1$ Ad hoc expert visit - Phnom Bakheng 8 | R"#$7 R"#$7|

+<"_ THE COCHAIRMEN 10 | R"#$7

C$.%1.\;=$$.+._..5 February 27, 2008. R"#$7| 11

Jean-François DESMAZIÈRES Masafumi KUROKI Ambassador of France Ambassador of Japan

C..`$$<. ICC, leading a very open debate process Norodom Sihanouk, the ICC-Angkor, co- among the archaeology and architecture . . `.c%~$- of France and Japan to Cambodia, is a <`_%.5@$ R`RR@ % _% c$ 5 . $% the form of a general assembly at both its has enabled the ICC to achieve, with the Technical and Plenary Sessions and can be % ` . "+"" C "%.R compared to a learned society whose aca- rity, a genuine consensus on the philoso- demic teams regularly interact with repre- ..C$ `.%$ at Angkor. We can add that the large num- `.C C $%C %C. teams that are working on the sites is con- 5 . % . %$..$.C$5_%C CC.%C7. "$@% Secretary, appointed by UNESCO, and two .;$ ad hoc groups of experts, one for conser- ^.C$5 .% - The sustainable development expert group CC_..`%C is the new boy on the block, and is wor- C ^5 5 king to reach its cruising speed. The very %5_ great openness of the Cambodian authori- %$.$.C$.*.. *. 6 $% ` . $%`%C5C . C ` . debate aspects of the country’s econo- 12 | R"#$7

Baphuon temple Bayon temple

mic, environmental and social policies that `^%$.. elsewhere would remain jealously guar- been foremostly a consensus builder, hel- %.=%`C- ping the Royal Government to decide upon C$C%. .c5.1..` preserving the Angkor World Heritage, the "@.$$.$%`6- sacredness of its sites in the eyes of the perts and picked up by the APSARA Na- C . C$ C "%. 1 15 6`- %C 1. . >.%C 5? velopment. .% C$ C ` CR $C6%1.%C` Thus, fully aware of the heavy responsi- the temples of Angkor must be reconciled bility incumbent upon them, the ambas- 1. . c $R%R sadors as Cochairmen, and the Deputy and-go of Siem Reap town. Prime Minister, Chairman of the APSARA C "%.5 @ C *...%5`15 to HM King Norodom Sihamoni regarding .%`. the proceedings of the ICC. .%.C#- R"#$7| 13

INTRODUCTION 14 | R"#$7

Aerial view of Angkor Wat temple R"#$7|

Teruo JINNAI

C .*@C Cultural Day - Phnom Penh `"$@5.- C $ ` . 5 C % Safeguarding and Development of the His- UNESCO is needed. `"$@^R"$@_1- C..C1$.5 "$@ 1 . ~ ` one a Technical Session, the other Plenary. World Heritage in Danger on December Japan and France have agreed to cochair 55%1%$.C .$. Heritage List in 2004 thanks to the mea- C%51.C sures taken by the Royal Government of the services of Secretariat and covers all 5C$1.C costs related to the missions of the ad hoc R"$@. 6$%` be a forum par excellence for the exchange 5`..- 5 R"$@ . logies. The issue of structural fragility at successful in terms of the assistance it "$@ C$ C `5 gives to the Royal Government of Cambo- while sustainable development of the site `.C has become a challenge for all part-ners of the Angkor World Heritage site, in kee- %CC . "%- ping with World Heritage criteria. The prin- .`.+`. C 1.. R"$@ `% . Management of the Siem Reap-Angkor Re- been replicated for Iraq and Afghanistan, $^"+""_.` 1. C CC 1 $- that ICC-Angkor will be called upon to play | R"#$7

an even more crucial role in the years to C`$CCC- come. C@.C.C$%C . ` . "+"" C "%- *.%C.$- thority. quaint the general public with the func- $ ` R"$@ C%C I would like to take this opportunity to % . 5 - thank the Cochairmen, the ad hoc experts, C`"$@5.%$. . ` \ ;= . ` .5 .C$5 `.C#- 5`- 5CCCC 5%C CC$% ` . %$ %5 - UNESCO is very proud to provide the ser- ``.5 I am personally delighted to see the posi- % . . %C 1CC 1.$1@$% your understanding of ICC-Angkor and `"$@$. ..%%` $; <1CC%.`- guarding and development of the Angkor CC.1% `.$%. ahead, ICC-Angkor will be increasingly es- World Heritage List.

Pediment - Angkor Wat R"#$7| 17

ANGKOR SAVED, ++**\" R*C 18 | | R"#$7 R"#$7|

Azedine BESCHAOUCH `R"$@ ;`."X _CCR~^%`<_

With my background of more than 40 River of One Thousand Lingas - Kbal Spean .C$^.;- streaming down from a break in the $_5 $ . 1@ clouds, no purpose is served by looking for %C.$ ^$.5 stars enshrouded in darkness. %C_5$$C.- CC%`%C%C.$ Angkor, now, is dazzling. ^1.. C $ C ` 1 terms as Chairman of the World Heritage The days of landmines, the threat of a fa- `%%_5 tal accident or being crippled for life, are .1..- all but bad, sad memories of the past. The 1."$@ archaeological site has been painstakin- gly demined. The temples were carefully %C151 combed and ridded of the many explo- % 1. . .CC$$ % ` %..@ ` . _% C there during the dark war years. 1 "$@ C$ . .% ` ` ; V CV15 %.$C @ C CC @$ and determinedly, is: Angkor has been $%`.>.$C%? saved! have ended vandalism and brought orga- <C$.C*."$@. Obviously, though, there are imperfec- been made secure. _%`<

Safety of life and property now prevails at 15=.%$ Angkor. A squad headed by an army gene- clean site. ral has been assigned to that detail. It is an $C1..- %$.11.CC.. der about, even stroll through the forest, with archaeology. Archaeology can only with nothing to fear. thrive in an enabling environment. And this has been the case at Angkor over the The temples—sacred spaces both inside last few years. Exploratory digs may not and out—are watched over by the vigi- %C = C lant eyes of guards. Visitors receive kindly _% . $ ^.%$. is ongoing, and the results to date have $ ._ . C- been outstanding. Historians have gleaned nity of the place and the values inherent in greater insight on chronology, notably that .$C@`1. of the Baphuon and Bayon temples. But when visitors will no longer need such re- archaeology has also been taking a broad minders. look at Angkor territory and has made some very meaningful breakthroughs in Our delight is unbounded when seeing the our understanding of Angkor. Research in place scoured of rubbish! Garbage is being Angkor Thom, the preeminent Angkorian CC$%CC.1$. >5?.C%C$5R

Ad hoc expert visit - Ta Prohm temple a delight to walk about Angkor now. The ; - %C%C % rists, upgrade themonument perimeter fort putforth to improve accessfor tou- ".1%C1`C.`- ".CC1%C%.* C temple that ishometo nolessthansixin- right insideAngkor Wat, the landmark temples oftheSrah Srang area, thenmove the NorthernBaray, withPreah Khan,the C$5?1$ "$@*.5.`.>- a course from onemonument to another and Banteay Srei, to thenorth.Thentake and forth between Roluos, to thesouth, no drudgery. Theroad would take usback % C$5 1%C C *. $$ CC ^`%*_5`1.. % c ` major programs implemented by30or 1%?_5.1%C1$. `1@>$. C^ and inpeople’s ways adecade ofthinking, tually imposeditselfonthelandscape If we hadto describeareality that even- the golden age ofAngkor. C$<%$ %*..C1C@ kor anditsenormousspacefor agricultural . extent offormer satellite villages ofAng- $ % C . C %CC studies have revealed numerous human ~5 $ hectares asinscribedontheWorld Heri- C%.;5 ."$@1.>1@?` %CC%`5$ signing ofurbanspacethrough aperpen- >$1.1;$;@? And we’ve moved onto what comes next: >"$@*?* 1%.C%7 $5$C One’s gaze looks outto serene horizons. forest resounds withthesingingofbirds. R"#$7 | 21

Ceramics - Preah Norodom Sihanouk-Angkor Museum 22 | R"#$7 PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED ON THE ANGKOR ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE

CONSERVATION

1 ANGKOR THOM Archaeological research in the city of Angkor *.^<_^<_

A BAPHUON 1 ANGKOR THOM C<M;6YR^<_ 10 B _" A Restoration of the Bayon temple B ""^R"+""R_ *_"" 2 PHNOM BAKHENG C;%<%^_ 2 3 ANGKOR WAT 3 [BAS-RELIEFS AIRPORT #"+= ANGKOR WAT ^#_ [Western causeway-dike .^_ [Western dike embankment, western Gopura and cruciform terrace, West Bakan pavilion, southern $CC^1_ Ingegneria Geotecnica e Structural ^#_^CR_ [Churning of the Sea of Milk Gallery C;%<%^_

ROLUOS 4 ".C$C.^<_^<_ SIEM REAP

RESEARCH

[ ".C$C."$@*.5C%$.$^<_ [ C.%.C$C.^$_ [ ..%C."$@*.C+C^<."`_< [ ".C$C.$%C^"^<%_ [ C.."$@$^^"_ [ ".C$C.$.$^#<_ [ R*.C=..C`"$@+.^"+""R*.C_ _"*" R"#$7| 23 34 km

_"*" _+=^1<C_ 11 12 TA NEI C%`%C%C+` *@^_ *"~_"" 7 TA KEO 7 [.`$$"$@^._ 8 [_C+C^<_ 8 TA PROHM ".C$C%`^_

ZONE #1 SRAH SRANG UNESCO/APSARA-Jet Tour Funds-in-Trust

10 PHIMEANAKAS #%^<.%C_

ZONE #2 11 PREAH KHAN ;<^_

12 TA SOM ;<^_

ROLUOS PHNOM KULEN ".C$^C<%^#__ KOH KER C"$@<%^\%$_

2 5 km 4

STONE CONSERVATION SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

[ "$@5$1..^#"+_STONE CONSERVATION[ Regional Heritage Training School for Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam [ *@C^_C+C_ ^%.1@C%$#^C^#;"_^<R_ [ "$@5$1..^^^_ [ "$@;$+C^1CR"+""_ [ *C^*@%_ [ \$;$<1@^"%CR"+""R_ [ %+*^%_ [ ~$1.\$5#"$@+=^`_ [ %*@RCC$5"+""C"%. [ %C+.$%C^"^<%_ 24 | R"#$7

No. Team

ONGOING PROJECTS

RESTORATION

1 Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient `_.%C [email protected] ^<_ 2 UNESCO/Japan/APSARA `_C [email protected] `$%$"$@^""_^_ Angkor Thom 3 ".C$C%`^_ `*+.C Z . co.in 4 .`$%$"$@^._ `*$C .C UNESCO/Ingegneria Geotecnica e "$@C [email protected] %%C^C_ C;%<%^"_ "$@5+. [email protected] Bakheng, Preah Khan and Ta Som temples 7 .^_ `."$@1- [email protected] ern causeway-dike, phase II 8 UNESCO/APSARA-Jet Tour Funds-in- .1$` [email protected] Trust Srang RESEARCH

C.%` Research at Prasat Top West [email protected] %C%C+^_ 10 École française d’Extrême-Orient - Archaeological research on greater ..` ^<_ Angkor Thom territory [email protected] R`_.%C [email protected] - Archaeological research at Koh Ker _%%`` 11 C.` Environmental and archaeological re- [email protected] %5$^_ search at Angkor Thom and research on the prehistory and environment in Siem Reap region 12 Khmer-Thai Joint Research Project Research on Royal Road from Angkor [email protected] ^R*.C_ to Phimai 13 Czech Academy of Sciences ..%C [email protected] ^<.%C_ Angkor Thom Royal Palace site 14 C%`%C%C Joint research on Ta Nei temple stones [email protected] +`*@^_ Archaeology and Development Archaeological research on Phnom [email protected] <%^#__ Kuken Environment Research Development Environmental research in Angkor .=c@<1R% "$@^_ region ac.jp R"#$7|

17 C"$@<%^\%$_ Archaeological research at Koh Ker [email protected] 18 `_^#_ ."$@ [email protected] STONE CONSERVATION

#" `RC` .C¢R@C +=^#_ Angkor Wat 20 _C+C^<_ `*$C m-francoise.andre@univ- bpclermont.fr 21 Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst `"$@ [email protected] German Development Service Koh Ker, training ^#_ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

22 1C"$`- Angkor Management Plan +.C\1<$< al Development-APSARA 23 L"%CL"+""^<%R Heritage Management Framework [email protected] R*%_ 24 `^"%C_ Living with Heritage, Greater Angkor C.% Project edu.au Czech Project in Angkor .C5+.@ [email protected] ^<.%C_ temple Chaillot School, French Ministry Regional Heritage Training School [email protected] of Culture/Cambodian Ministry of Culture/APSARA 27 "+""C"%. Run Ta Ek eco-village for sustainable ^_ development 28 "$%C^<_ Agriculture development in [email protected] Siem Reap C Planning of Siem Reap town water- [email protected] "$^_ works system COMPLETED PROJECTS

30 _+= Development of Banteay Srei parvis rolf.grossenbacher@atelier- ^1<CR"+""_ gs.ch 31 C;%<%^"_ 1@_@.$5. [email protected] 32 #^C_ 1@"$@ [email protected] embankment and Pre Rup temple 33 .^_ ".C$C6_ R.c. $C%`+. ac.jp Norodom Sihanouk-Angkor Museum 34 .`$%$"$@^._ `.%* .C temple | R"#$7

Japanese Safeguarding Angkor `+%+^*R [email protected] ^_ *_5"$@.C Bayon northern library HOLCIM Group of Companies `_@$$ [email protected] 37 Poland Archaeological research at Bayon temple 38 C`$ Research on Phnom Kulen ceramics

4 CONTINENTS 16 COUNTRIES

Europe Asia Oceania America

1. <^._ 1. ^._ 1. Australia 1. USA 2. Czech Republic 2. China 2. New Zealand 3. Germany 3. India 4. Great Britain 4. Indonesia Hungary Singapore Italy 7. Switzerland 8. Poland R"#$7| 27

_<\* <S"#$ ".C$C6R.$ 28 | R"#$7 R"#$7|

Philippe DELANGHE Culture Programme Specialist

Preah Khan temple

51..`%$`.- `%C %$ ;"$@ ^"$@ _5 C%C.C"$@ an on-site branch of the École française . CC % `$ ` C d’Extrême-Orient, in Siem Reap, the years, with monuments in the Angkor area <. $ C` $ CC C %.C5R and in some cases even destroyed. But by ` ; .1C$...< Angkor monuments. Over the next several 5=c1 5\;.$$<- %5 1. `%C CC ther Norodom Sihanouk, Chairman of the % ` % C %C ` 5 sites both in and outside the Angkor area, launched an appeal to UNESCO to safe- @$. *.%C guard the Angkor monuments. One month `.Cc51..% C555.+ 5 CC agreements were signed, thus freeing %`%C . C . 1 %C .C . C ` C ` *. C with the outbreak of civil war, the Viet- . 1 ` . 5CC5.$.%$ *C "%. ^- dictatorship that took over the country in *"_ . 1 . .C$ ` 1.%$ `C 30 | R"#$7

CC_%%.%`5C$

55. Inclusion on the World Heritage List in appeal of HM the King Father, Federico Danger, however, was a decision that must Mayor, Director-General of UNESCO, of- also be seen against the backdrop of the CC C%. . > "$@? - CC C % C$ $ 1. . C %5 .C1. %$ . ` C $ 1@ 5 % campaign to safeguard one of the world’s many parts of the historic site of Angkor C6`.C% 1CC%$.%$ *.CC`C1 control. .1_%@C `CC1 C ^- _% $ . >R$? C C 5 . . ` . brought advantages, especially in terms of C \$ <5 C51..C. USA, the Angkor site was inscribed on the $<$`.C`R World Heritage List in Danger. This was a "$@*@5 very important step, as a site can only be The event brought together various mem- inscribed on the World Heritage List if cer- ` . C % - support of Angkor. The decision was made C1.<%CCC C..C$ ` . C `.`$%$^R `.%CCC C`.\`"$@^R .;C$C%.C "$@_*.$C$R"$@.C Heritage List in 2004. +C +. +. ^55. R"#$7| 31

France and Japan, with UNESCO providing $ "$@ ^"_ *. =5 1.. the services of Secretariat. From that his- currently in its third phase, was renamed toric moment on, ICC-Angkor would meet the Japan-APSARA Team for Safeguarding twice yearly, one session Technical and the "$@^""_5C$ other Plenary. the managerial success and technical qua- C . . "+"" C "%- *.C1%C thority acquired over the years, thanks to the mechanism needed to facilitate, moni- CCC 5C%C%- UNESCO went on to manage projects with taken on the site, especially through its the Italian government through the Italian independent group of ad hoc experts for Funds-in-Trust and is currently caring for a _%$.- number of smaller research and restora- $C% %@$1.. the World Heritage List, capacity building Other ventures are being carried out on a was also needed to cope with the gigan- bilateral basis, having, as is true of all pro- $ @ . *.`5 jects, received the required prior approval ."+""C"%.1R of ICC-Angkor. Today, some 30 projects in- C. 5C11 C$Cc% %C%C .$ *. "+- C. ""C"%.51.c .C5 ;=CCR 1 $ %C C ` . ted towards purely technical research and 5 $- %~C- ` . *. C .$ 1$%CC5 C1 . C$C %- as expected, since it was only recently that ment required to guide it in those tasks. C$$$1. the tourist boom in and around Angkor. The . 5 c ` C%51..% . "+"" C "%. of the Royal Government of Cambodia, training both abroad and on the site, most therefore changed course. During the se- frequently in the framework of research C`"$@ = $. "$@ held in Paris in 2003, to commemorate the that had been approved by ICC-Angkor. tenth anniversary of ICC-Angkor, to take APSARA Authority experts carefully honed stock and prepare for the future, sustai- their technical skills and have proven to be nable development was given a prominent C . % c place on the agenda. It has now become save the monuments. Under the aegis of a major concern of the ICC-Angkor, which ICC-Angkor, UNESCO started to intervene now has an independent group of ad hoc "$@ .%$. . experts for sustainable development and <%RR*%`.+`%C- a very lively agenda on which urban deve- tural Property and with the technical sup- lopment and water resource management port of the Japanese Team for Safeguar- $%C 32 | R"#$7

*. . `%$ ` R"$@ partners have learned valuable lessons .1.."+""C"%- from it. It has matured into a strong interna- thority contributed to Angkor being taken C... c . C \$ ~ ^$ 5C.R6 CC . C of Cambodia. It is hoped that many others Heritage List. may draw lessons from this unique experience and that ICC-Angkor may serve as an ICC-Angkor is a success story for Cambodia 6C.651.C%- *. ing to play its vital role in Cambodia.

".C$C6R.$ R"#$7| 33

TIME MARKER

1907-1975 C`M;6YR^<_ %.%CC`."$@ ^;"$@_

%R CC`\;=. [ $%`.C King Father Norodom Sihanouk, in his $`. capacity as chairman of the Supreme Safeguarding and Development of C%C5CC$` the Historic Site of Angkor. Cc [ 1st Plenary Session of the ICC in safeguard the Angkor monuments. Phnom Penh, cochaired by France and Japan. Signature of the Paris peace agree- ( ments. C.`."+""C Authority. # Appeal from the UNESCO Director- * #C.C%- "`.~1+` >"$@? C%C%C\$

% #R Inclusion of Angkor on UNESCO’s List C`"$- of World Heritage in Danger. kor held in Paris.

R * C`"$- "$@@c.~`C kor held in Tokyo. Heritage in Danger and put on the World Heritage List. Ad hoc expert visit - Angkor Thom moat 34 | R"#$7 R"#$7|

ROLE AND OPERATIONS <S"#$ | R"#$7

Ta Prohm temple R"#$7| 37

Bun Hok LIM C+$ ^%C%_

Role *. C $ mechanism for the assistance provided by c % $< ` the safeguarding and development of the historic site of Angkor.

`%CCC C5 . @ Ad hoc expert visit - Ta Prohm ` % = C%@. *. $ . site and in the Siem Reap-Angkor region. of a methodological document on the It sees to the consistency of the various . ` =51.5. "$@ ^5 .1$ .CC_% C_ It highlights, when needed, any points _%$ . ` . The ICC holds two sessions a year, once at the plenary level and once at the technical The ICC implements procedures to take level. under advisement, assess and follow-up on 5 C The Plenary Session is usually held in projects put forward for the Angkor site. early December and is cochaired by the ambassadors of France and Japan in 38 | R"#$7

The Technical Session is held in the early `%51..%C.CC .%C%C"c for France and the Minister-Councilor from the embassy of Japan. The ICC members . .C "CC 1. $$ "$@ $1`.51.. is followed by a technical discussion.

6R . $`. $ 5 . %.< %$ _% . Cochairmen via the secretariat.

" 6 $ . _% CC .C 1 ` . 5 . "+""C"%.5. $ of France and Japan, and UNESCO. Its %.C .% $%"¤% % . `%CC ;$ .C . ` . ` . _% . $C.$ and discussions focus on overarching by the Secretariat. C % ` funding available/fund-seeking for new The ICC enjoys the technical support of projects at Angkor, the Plenary Session 1 . $% ` 6 *. %%CC group is the ad hoc group of experts for % C *. .C 5 % ` `% 6 are also invited to it. The Plenary Session with diverse but complementary skills in C% .C % `$%$ on its agenda, although the technical The two Cochairmen recommend one "$@ _% expert each, while the other two are submit beforehand their progress reports from ICOMOS and ICCROM. The second in English or French to the Secretariat. group is the ad hoc group of experts for These in turn are translated into the other sustainable development. This group, language, French or English, compiled and composed of three experts likewise of distributed. The progress reports thus varying and complementary skills, started collected are discussed at the session. `%$ . ` . 1 R"#$7|

Cochairmen designates one expert and the Challenges . C . "+"" C *. $ ` . Authority. growing in scope from year to year. < % 5 During the three days preceding each $ $5..6 There has also been a non-stop increase `` in the number of stakeholders on the currently being undertaken by technical Angkor site and in Siem Reap town, with teams. They give an oral report of their projects involving safeguarding as well as visit during the session. The ad hoc sustainable development. experts for sustainable development work %C%C$. *.%CC`= . ` . ` . %.`5. conclusions. Submission of the report is C6C$1.`%R C`.$ vals to Angkor, the fast-track development An assessment site visit may be conducted of the surrounding region of Siem Reap .6 and the pressure that these factors bring to bear on the monuments and natural With a view to keeping the ICC members % CC% . %CC informed of how things are going on the aspect of the issues present at Angkor. "$@ 5 . %%C . This has led the ICC to advocate measures the Secretariat works with the APSARA to ensure management of the site that C "%. $ % ` are more in keeping with world heritage %C 1@ . ` . guidelines and more consistent in a long- $ *.. . need to develop a management plan to This is followed by the actual indoor which all teams present on the site are $ . $ C% 1. expected to contribute. The establishment . `%C ` of the ad hoc group of experts for If adopted, they are distributed to all in sustainable development was a major step 1. 1 %$ . %$."+""C they are duly followed through upon. Authority in the management of projects The Secretariat is responsible for making . . ` . $ $C. priority concerns, issues as diverse as water French, which is distributed at the following resources, archaeology, environment, $ %C. . CC%5 `5 5 +. +. 1 ^111%$L $5 ` %5 .._ *. ` . +C CC$ CC @$5 %%5 Session is also produced in the Khmer 1CC % C$.$ = C$%$5 . C $ ` $%CC.`%` ."+""C"%. 40 | R"#$7

The future challenges of the ICC involve .C$."+""C"%. plumb in its management of the Angkor site with a long-term outlook, one that $ %. of the historical and natural site as to the necessity of sustainable development, while preserving the integrity and sacredness of Angkor.

Ad hoc expert visit - Angkor Wat

Ad hoc expert visit - Angkor Thom: Prof. Jacques Gaucher explaining the plan he has developed R"#$7| 41

RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION 1@.R*+. 42 | R"#$7 R"#$7| 43

In accordance with the Tokyo Intergovern- %= $ C ` ^ 5 as to their conclusions, highlighted the _.+- $%C ` "$@ +@ $C ` ^ and its environment: 5_5.R..- ological site of Angkor—on the World Her- 1. The Zoning and Environmental Ma- $ ~V_% > .5 .C nagement Plan (ZEMP) for the Angkor $.. 1%CC%- be undertaken, given that the Angkor site %C6% 5.57 the aegis of UNESCO, with funding [ a monument site from the UNDP and Swedish Interna- [ a natural site C^C"$ [ a tourist site as well as an economic space that is called 2. *^*\^~+;*<*\ upon to enhance the development poten- SIEM REAP REGION, conducted by ar- C`.$? chitects, urban planners and economists from the ARTE-BCEOM group, *. ^5 5 with funding from the Agence fran- C_ . . çaise de développement. . `1@ ` . C - C..@$ 3. THE SIEM REAP WATER RESOURCES C`151.1 *^, a project carried out by experts %$C$R^- `.C- ` "$@ +@ 1.C "$ maintenance of the individual monuments _ $ ^.R5 R Summing it up, Angkor is a truly unique, C$R_ complex site, with the following characte- 7 Before giving an overview of these opera- .1C@1C$^ 1. An archaeological park featuring `1..C- centuries-old grandiose monuments $`"$@_`. ` %C ` worth, if not exemplarity, a word of expla- one another. The site and the monu- $$..CC$ ments it contains extend over a land- of the task, the complexity of the obstacles scape marked by structuring elements and major stakes involved. ` .C ^ Three studies, complementary in their thoroughfares, barays, moats and 44 | R"#$7

C5 $_ - to the park, an urban center that is ^. mushrooming, driven by tourism at ..C_ Angkor, not always taking into account . C% ` $ 2. A natural environment inseparable the archaeological, monument and from the monuments, with a struc- C .$5 C - tured forest and various types of green butes to draw tourists. 5$.C`%$ .C^$%C+C%R The foregoing underscores how big the % .5 .CC_ 1- challenge is: Angkor, an archaeological 1@5CC@$ park and monument complex, with its of by-gone hydraulics engineering %C C- prowess. 5 %C .% C `%$%C%C5 3. An environment in which some `%1.1 100,000 inhabitants live and work, c$%@`C. comprising 112 villages and hamlets 1<51.$ throughout the 40,000 hectares of the `%^- site included on the World Heritage C _ *. %C 1 ~*.@$%C%5% $ ` $5 ` 1.C- . % C C ing interests, seeds for ongoing disputes $%CC- ^ 1CC C*_5 _%R .. insurmountable obstacles to harmonious management. 4. A living religious space, with a great $% *.%%C`@71C cultural heritage on tenterhooks between " `% % . $% .% C ^ C- becoming increasingly popular as re- C$.%$.%"$@+@_6$- .5 .1$ %.%C^.1` c .C %C- Reap with over 100 hotels, guesthouses, C.C$ innumerable restaurants and cafés, mar- things to do. @ %_%5 1CC %% government buildings due to Siem Reap’s The town of Siem Reap, the human C.CC_ C ` 1.. $. % R"#$7|

INTERNATIONAL TEAM PROJECTS

ASI^".C$C%`_.7LL

*.`*+.CC6%.C$ ..$C`.%*.%.%$ .%5`.$1$$..%%*. strategy therefore revolves around the basic concept of conserving both the natural and built-up heritage of this temple.

"%CC..`.` .C".$$6.C% %$C.`%5%%CC.C$ of the compound, as well as the geo-technical and arboriculture aspects of the site. | R"#$7

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT ASI *."5`% 5.``%CCC$C`- .C$C$5`%C%C.$" 1`C$C5.";%".C$C "5 5`.`%`C5 1CC."_%"*%"5 5$%C._%- %*.$<%CC`5 .C$C %C.C$`.C` 17. C\$. .;`+.$+$.CC56*``1- ship of Cultural Property.

PROJECT STARTUP This project was formally launched in February 2004, during the Ta Prohm Symposium. .5".1@$C1.."+""C"%.R rity.

BSCP^_+=_ *.=`_+;.C$R`.C` %%C.%".%C.C$CC- 5.C`.$$C<%. successfully been implemented. The second phase of the project focused on the devel- `%.CC$1. in order to reduce the stress of heavy visitor numbers on the historical monument. This =$C=1.."+""C"%.

PROJECT PHASES _+=^R_ _++=^ R_ R"#$7| 47

CSA^.#*``$%$"$@_ .%*%.5`.#`"$@*.5 opposite Thommanon temple. The Chinese Government Team for Safeguarding Angkor ^"_1$<.C%`%C%C+%- =.C` *.=1C- %..C$`. `%C%CC

This temple was originally accessed from Siem Reap River. Because the riverbank was %C5".@%C%.C- %1CC%*.$C `6C5%`.6C5.1 .1.1%@C.C

*.=C%.`$5$1C5 %$C$.C5CC$1$%- $%%C%`.C6C%.%15%- ciform terrace, four gates of the enclosure wall, two libraries and a main shrine.

"C=*$C.`%% 48 | R"#$7

EFEO^C<M;6YR_ The École française d’Extrême-Orient^<_5<..C`"%5- %%.$`.<.;`\$.%.1. .CC%`.CCC<`"

<%5.<.=.`."$@ %.C`$.%1 ..<1 .$1..$`."$@`$% the many temples, the EFEO established a permanent branch named the Angkor Conser- vancy " 5.%1. .;`%C%5%%<C%C.$. %$@1

5.$.<%` .51.R jects have been carried out.

RESTORATION WORK 5.<5C.C*`"$@ *.5C%$.*`.~$$^R _.*`.CR R"#$7|

.^ R_5.<%1@._.%CR%

MAIN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECTS - Angkor Thom research program - Archaeological research on the greater Angkor territory GACP ^#"+=_ The aim of GACP is to protect and preserve the reliefs at Angkor Wat and other sites in Cambodia. The project is based .=7^_. %`."$@ sandstone and weathering processes; ^_6%`- 6^_$`$.- 6.$

#"+; . C - C C R . *. 1@ `CC1 a risk map which was prepared at the start of the project. Most important is the training of Cambodian conservators on an CCC

+*\* R .`.="$@ "C.C 1@%."$@ 6`.1@.C Angkor, Koh Ker and Phnom Kulen Since 2007 Project Garuda: Flying Squad for Angkor and remote temples

MONUMENTS ON WHICH GACP HAS BEEN INVOLVED "$@ 5 "$@ >.%$ ` . ` ;C@? $CC ^ 1. ;<_5"$@*.$5_.%^1.<_5_^ 1.""_5+.$5_@$5~C5_.%5;5+%^ 1.#_5*$+$5+._@5_$;C5$.$5+.$%C$ animals. | R"#$7

GAP^#"$@+=_ The University of Sydney has two projects in Angkor. The Greater Angkor Project, in col- C1.."+""C"%.<5..6`. Angkor urban complex that covers about 1,000 km2 of embankments, house mound clusters, water tanks and walled enclosures. The current focus is the archaeology of the 1$1@.C``%%C in the demise of Angkor.

*.~$1.\$+=CC$1.."+"""%.R .1.%C5%C%C heritage and contemporary society in Greater Angkor, both within the World Heritage park and far beyond it.

"#R`.C.`"$@.5R nagement and governance related to the needs of the diverse stakeholders in Greater Angkor. R"#$7|

JASA ^"+""`$%$"$@_ To safeguard the monuments from further damage, the Japanese government formed the Japanese Government Team ``$%$"$@^"_ launched a project funded by UNESCO/ Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Preserva- `C%C%C\$"C` over 700 Japanese experts from various C . . $$ C$ ` - 6 " % ` . = ` . further safeguarding of the Bayon temple are ongoing.

PREVIOUS RESTORATION PROJECTS .~`_^R_ Northern Library of Angkor Wat ^R_ Prasat Sour Prat, N1 and N2 Towers ^R_

MAIN ONGOING PROJECTS [ `.%.~` the Bayon [ ..%%CC< of the Bayon central tower [ ... for the Bayon inner gallery bas-reliefs NARA% *.C.%`%C%C+._% 5C$$.5%C1@. .1$`%C%C.."+""C"%.5%. %`.*%%6.C%@ 1@.+*%^.5R_ | R"#$7

RESEARCH SITES _ $ ^R _5 % Sophia University Archaeological survey at the Tani Kiln Site " @C^ R_ +*5.^R_ +*5.^R_

Sophia University *.."`.\%^C^."_. ."$@ 1@. .`CC1$.C7^_1..$$`@$ CCc%`C`R% 6^_CC@1% ."$@%6^_. and maintenance of a proper balance between the economic and socio-cultural deve- C`.CC%. Angkor region. Sophia Asia Center is guided by these principles as it pursues ` . `."$@.$

The Sophia Asia Center is involved in a variety of projects associated with the development of and changes in the sur- %$5. Asia Center launched a project focusing on the coexistence and co-prosperity of .%$^CC$_5% ^`_%C%^.$_51. the Center cooperated with the local inhabitants living in the vicinity of the historical sites for the purpose of revi- $ . C %C% - C 1. . C `.%` the monuments of Angkor. R"#$7|

WMF ^C;%<%_ C ;% <% $ `% .%C 5 $ C$RC<+.$.5+._@.$**.C%- `.`..%$`.`;C@$CC"$@ ;<; 5.$<;.. `$.C.%$..CC$5CC% and capacity building.

+*"**^"* +.$.7 "$@^.%$`.`;C@ $CC_7 R^.%- _6R ^.CC- C$_6 ^- _ *7 Phnom Bakheng: 2004 to present

I.Ge.S. ^$$#%%C_ The Italian Government Team for the Safeguarding of Angkor has been working on struc- %C+%"$@`.C structural supports were installed to address the severe damage sustained by the brick structures of Pre Rup.

At Angkor Wat, the moat embankment that collapsed due to heavy rain in September 1 % #. were applied as reinforcement to the com- C..- bankment from 2001 to 2003.

Since 2003, monitoring of the displacement at the outer gallery of Angkor Wat has con- %*.CC` | R"#$7

11.`%."$@%..1$%`. inner gallery, the balustrade of the cruciform terrace, the west gopura of outer enclosure wall, and the northern half of the western moat embankment.

#.%`.C#.C`C $$%C$6C<.C``%%5 general civil works, geology and geotechnical engineering, as well as hydraulic and structural engineering. GEOLAB ^~`+.CC#$._ R_~"+""~*`CR< .7LL111%RC`L~"_L$CL

<CC1$%%<.$$. ^C. 5.~`+.CC#$. `._C+C$.."$@ site in Cambodia. The central pyramid of the Ta Keo temple-mountain displays severe 1C`%.`` C$.*.*$=51..$ %1.."+"" C"%.5.#"+. < .5 . `% =7 ^_ %`.`- .R6^_ _% ` . % ` RC- $ RC$ 6 ^_ .< ` . C stress undergone by sandstone carvings %`C$6^_$` @<C`- nario of future stone damage.

The Laboratory of Physical and Environmental Geography of the Blaise Pascal University is involved in the training of young specialists in Southeast Asia and is currently deve- C$.1.CCCC` .CC..`%C6 .C.%..$`."$@.C$C@ sustainable management strategies. R"#$7|

OPERATIONS

1. 6C%`."$@".C$C+@ ^_

2. Proposal of the Ta Keo research project on the impact of forest clearing on contem- ^ _

3. <C$.`%`.`.*$C^ _

4. .R$C$$.`.``*$ C^ R$$_

Photogrammetric campaigns on deteriorated surfaces for comparison with old pho- $.^ R$$_

~%.$`C$`1.CCC`- ^ R$$_

7. ~%R%.$C\$*$^ R$- $_

Ta Keo Temple | R"#$7

$."+""C"%.;C PKAP `."$@$ ^+.$%C".C$C+$_ *.=`.$. This program is being funded by the Ar- training of Cambodian students speciali- .C$ ^C <% zing in archaeology. Each year for a three- C1...- month period, the program takes in some < ^ R_ $ % % ` . C ` . 1. . "+"" C < " ^<%C ` ".C$_5 .% Authority. Its main goal is the safeguarding $$`..% of the archaeological heritage in Phnom 1@.C6.1 Kulen. This has resulted in the research archaeological data are processed. ` .C$C atop this rugged and mined highland area. The Phnom Kulen Archaeological Program Only limited research has hithereto been is also involved in local development. In done on the plateau despite its assumed c$ C =5 archaeological importance for Angkorian . $ $ C %- history. Simply abandoned and unmain- port to isolated village health centers and tained, these sites have also been looted. .C . C% %$ to various bridge-building projects. An ar- The purpose of this program is to there- chaeological site demining program was ` % .C$C ` C .`` the highland, carry out archaeological ex- CC$% . ._%% There are many archaeological sites and .%*.- The long-term goal is to provide greater in- gram has a long-term outreach and consid- $. $$ . C ` 1CC.$6 Phnom Kulen, as well as to provide overall beyond 2010. management of these sites, thus exten-

Prasat Rong Chen, Kulen, view of the three top levels from the northeast R"#$7|

Micro-climate study - Ta Nei

C < *$% .%5.%1CC$ . C $1. ` . *.*@C.%` species found in this area and collect envi- %C%C + ._% C $ *. % Japan. In Cambodia, it conducts research 1CCC%.%`%RR with the APSARA Authority, including mi- cC.1.6 croclimate monitoring, cleaning of stone ` C1 C . ` surface, as well as studies on microorgan- stone surfaces. ^C._. of sandstone. Research reveals that more RESEARCH SITES work on the possibility of controlling the growth of these lower plants and micro- **C5.^R_ $ $%C$ %%$ - **C5.^R_ ;.C$C6$.*;R_ N R"#$7 R"#$7|

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | R"#$7

Kompong Phluk village - Tonle Sap R"#$7|

*""_~*;W"\"~~#< ANGKOR AND THE SIEM REAP REGION

By Jean-Marie Furt, ad hoc expert for sustainable development

*. ` %C C5 RC$<6% a term that was once heard only on the ` C ` % C lips of certain experts or decision makers, model and is opening the way for new has become much more commonly used. _%$ $1.5 $5 Nowadays, any development project solidarity and sharing. of any size, tourist or other, is assessed $ . @ ` %CV Tourists - Angkor Wat +5

But the road was a long one. It really started @ 1..` C ;$ of Biosphere Resources sponsored by UNESCO. Sustainable development then ; # \C _%C “a process of change of technological development and 7 G 888$ is development that meets the needs of the G7 8? This statement, which may appear to enjoy a broad consensus, is in fact %$%C`C C.$$CC | R"#$7

Kompong Phluk village

*. %C @1C$ 1 *. %C< ;` $.. on the environment and development that or mollifying the incisive tone of some endeavored to anchor change in reality. @ . . ` `.C$5. the earth to that of a burning house and Rio Summit most noteworthily pushed $ . % ` C 1. C@ CC.@$C.$ the other way. Some, of course, do so .`CC $CC5.5%..CC$ ."$$`*. are just too overwhelming or the concept was followed by the Kyoto Conference too broad and awkward to handle. Allusion . >C1C1. C ` $.% $ 5 .$ C $% development can be worked out together, CC`.?V.%C5 The outcomes may seem to be modest, % C 1 $1$ The challenge of seeking overall It points out major cleavages between $ . . ` ` developed countries, some of whom sustainable development—economic, do not want to give up what they call C CV C >. $1. C? >1 1CCR policy makers and economists to go $? CC C@ ` Rc *. $ . ` C$ %5 1@$ C $ who see the measures advocated on *5%C$%C both the environmental and social level %$$ as constraints that would eventually keep individually. The people are then invited to them in a state of underdevelopment. get involved, to strive doubly hard to come to the defense of the planet. R"#$7|

Boat races - Siem Reap River Religious ceremony - Siem Reap

. 5 C< %_%C < 5 . 6 ^"CC5 and the gap is deepening day by day. _5`.5CC^_% In developed countries, environmental CC5 _.;C C%5 % C ^+5 while developing countries, taken with __%`%5 . . ` . $ public and private operators, along with product and standard of living, are not travelers, are constantly made to feel $$.C. guilty and accused of erasing cultural 5`$CC%C% *%`$CC$$CC< `.$C< has always been a major issue in these "$$%%C. C% . @ . C *% $<5 ` . without losing out on the tourist 6 5 . 1CC % >5?$$%C$. `.$.%15 ` % % mainly by the fact that people who were They are supervising the use of labor and previously outside the boundaries of the including in their development strategy the consumer society now have access to need to capture value, while preserving leisure. space, and to develop in a culturally- friendly manner. Some ventures are Developing countries, encouraged by producing charters and labels, arguing for C $<5 $ . ` >C %?_% 1>@?`.$C 1.. . @$ $% and intangible heritage and thereby access simply underscoring a genuine challenge the Western way of life. This sets the stakes to come up with another way of travelling, CC ` %7 . CC % everyone seems to be in hot pursuit of announced for the 2020s can contribute sustainable tourism, singing the praises to the development of a great many of ecological, solidarity or community countries, provided, however, they do not tourism. ‘kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.’ | R"#$7

The diversity of approaches seems to The Kingdom of Cambodia, and more indicate that there is some confusion. %CC R"$@ $5 C .1 .1 %C provides a wonderful laboratory, so to cC$$5 speak, in which these issues can be worked @.`%5$ with. The opening up of the country has c>R<RR made it possible for anyone in the world CC?C to enjoy Cambodia’s natural and cultural wonders. Angkor’s inclusion on the World 5 %C % = \$~@%=. .C`1@..%CC . . C 5 . ~< ` `%% $5 ..>%C$CC thus opening the way for further legal bearable in the long term, as well as documents. economically viable, and ethically and CC _%C ` CC %? A common commitment was thereby made This emphasis on ethics, not contained .`1@ . C5 1 % _%1.1$`.-\1 the Global Code of Ethics adopted in . 1 ` 5 ` 5 .C*%$< C 1 CC 5 This document states that tourism is C$%C-\1=` a factor in sustainable development. these wonders be preserved for the world It therefore advocates the need to without trivializing and, down the line, >`$% . %C 1. $.- 1 .$ %5 %% and sustainable economic growth .1@`.*@^C5. $ `$ _%C . Second Intergovernmental Conference on ` `%% the Safeguarding and Development of the $? Historic Site of Angkor held in Paris in 2003

Rice paddy - Siem Reap R"#$7|

. C ` . C Authority, has had the support of an ad $ ^_ . .$%`6 7 need to work toward sustainable, solidarity [ % . .C % *. ; C $%C5 aspects of project proposals adopted in 2008, include some of this %. terminology, but rather than emphasizing [ 6.C%C$ solidarity, they highlight ethical tourism, the Angkor site and its monuments. giving things a new dimension in terms [ Obtain informed opinions on any of both method and expected outcomes. %=%% A level has thereby been established at by the Cochairmen. which these vital issues will be addressed, @$C% The requisite studies take the experts right the pillars of a strategy shared by all and out to meet the operators, to discuss their thereby assist the country to achieve %C @ genuine sustainable development. of their needs and the progress they @$ ..C *.C$ involved, so a genuine interchange can has therefore become, through its take place; ideas can be moved forward; . 1. .C 5 C 1 ` $ .$ preeminent stakeholder in development examined and experiences shared. of the site. But what is taking place on a day-to-day basis reveals the immensity of These principles were expanded upon in the challenges at hand. . ; C $%C ; 5 THE ICC—A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE %C C$% C1 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT present in the approach taken, and . 1CC . C Sustainable tourism means framing a sustainable development, a framework in . . 6 which it is harder to pinpoint things, while countrywide. This methodology, to be .$=. `CC1 CC C ` the Agenda 21 program, is found in the . C % + ^C . ethical, sustainable tourism so that ` %C CC5 . CC %5 1.. % 1CC $5 %CC C.5` approach to all problems. This involves . C5 . % %C1@. 5 = 6 %C%C unshakeable faith that has enabled the enrichment. That is where challenges are C $ %CC% . % and come to an understanding on such- its purview. This work, carried out in R%. ` 5 . 1. . "+"" C 6.=C$C NR"#$7

Wat Bakong - Siem Reap

technical in their approach. But without What these new experts are doing is CC 5 CC .`CC.% %C C< . yet achieve a cruising speed as they handle . C ` >%C % . C? 5 . C % response and those that require long- $ % C ^ . C C6C`$ newness of this group, the ICC has been .1 ` $ % + able to call upon it to analyze a number C % . ` =5 @ R ``5 depth look at the water supply and urban for anything done in this respect can have development sector, and draw up a list of = . CC % C % c$ . CC . Siem Reap-Angkor region. This expanded . C65 5 . . . $ ` ICC established a group of three experts the stakes and the threats that, every specializing in sustainable development. day, are weighing more heavily on the One of the experts is appointed by the environment of a site that looks like an Japanese government, one by the French island being nibbled away at by developers government and the third by the APSARA 1.$1$ C"%. Although each individual visitor or stakeholder may now be convinced of R"#$7|

. cC . take a look at some recent sessions of the C`5 _% $ @ ICC and some of the debates that show within the ICC. What about commercial that future dangers are foremostly linked %`.-\1%c< C< ` . 5 $ -"CC51.. changed into a mere convenience good, as 1`- 1CC`.$

THE ICC—FUTURE CHALLENGES Keeping the charm of the place

<15.%`% Capturing value from heritage for development has been the subject of development remains something quite hot debate with regard to Angkor. In fact, manageable, to the extent that there is a this concern was implicit in some of the legal framework and means to enforce it. `..C The government of Cambodia established \$ 1. . ` . "+"" C "%. .1$<*.$ doing so gave itself the means to preclude of this issue was then given lengthy any direct encroachment on heritage. .+^C1CC *5 ` . C now guide some of the expert appraisals considered as a success story. Overall, the %`.c >CC`.C.?5$.<` highlight the importance of the upcoming the space involved. stakes and challenges in this area, we will

Bayon temple | R"#$7

^$5%@c >.5 %R? ` . have made it possible for the public and is used indiscriminately for commercial specialists to discover more things. The purposes. _%C`.c1@$ the site has led to keener insight on Khmer 5.1 C< _% . C %CC c>R%5?. 1$ $ 1 ` to give an economic boost to a place or ` .C increase its popularity and patronage. ` . % _% 1.C % There is a widespread leaning to apply the % % 5 C %C`@$.$.$ are apparently not staying longer. They `C%C\$ .C . %%C >%R *. . .*.C ?C`"$@._ of the ICC looked into this, querying the C 1$%.C` advisability of some temples being turned the site to maintain its sacred character. $ C C$.$ % This issue was raised at the technical level others as a way to get visitors to stay longer, `.*. CC perhaps also giving them a new buzz. These upon to look into problems of managing projects were met with certain reluctance, 15 . ; C $ 1CC % ` _%7 ^ capacity and, collaterally, tourist safety. %. CC . World Heritage site like Angkor to get more `._%C c-.%C $%C`5 `C..`.C which obviously means dialogue or .$C.- %C< 1. % If the decision is made to open things up, Others can be dealt with by improved .1%.C local tourism management, as well as by ..-\1. $ %C % C *.5 kept from becoming nothing more than an however, is not an urgent issue because %- well-informed tourists can be expected to . . +$ *.`.C @ 1. $ 6C and reveal the commitment to keep the 5 %C $ C sacred spirit of Angkor. Without blanket cope with a possible drop in numbers, 5 . . `%% should enable visitors to go through the shows be limited to certain spaces, that site at their own speed, to look beyond they come across as something special the monuments per se and enjoy the %`._%C5. ` .%C C C C % the atmosphere that exudes from certain . . CC1 C 5 . $ . ` become mundane. The same is true if the site becoming humdrum, which could certain temples are to be illuminated as a result if visitors rush through only the 1`$1$$ R"#$7N

Mural - Wat Bakong

%C`.% C15C5C 6.$1%. c%C%_%. CC. $5$.@`%@Rc5 sites. the ICC has recommended that studies and limited trials be undertaken. It pointed out _% "$@V . that there is no rush, because there are @ . C %5 %C % ` = for both climate and technological beyond the protected areas. 5 . CC _% of the real value of such ventures. If the Defending a broad vision of heritage C ` :` ; $ %5 then only a minority of visitors can be *. . +C . C . C ` Technical Session provided an opportunity overriding. On the other hand, if the CC%` decision is made to pursue this type of number of problems that, as was pointed thing to interest visitors as individuals or %6. small groups, people willing to take their 5 C . . 6 .$ 1 future of tourism at Angkor. The site is c5 . %C 1.1.C a tremendous drawing card, both for meaningful. The desire to share a prize %.%%$% _%C 5 1.% $ The pull it has, in the absence of a genuine, exclusive, is fully in line with the vision of well-thought-out development strategy C%.1.5 for the country, or at least for the province, 70 | R"#$7

induces a dual risk: C5 .% $$ First, it would hinder tourism C$@$%c."$@ development on other sites 5%%.cCC that cannot compete with this ...C$ overwhelming product of the 1.% C%5.C. $ $C 1%C C % C %C 6% ` As for the second item, it has fortunately %C been handled with a measure of success . >$C? ` ` . "+"" C opportunity and jobs with tourism Authority. The ICC has reviewed various growing so quickly. This is a typical projects involving water management and happening, something widely the repossessing of urban and suburban C<^_5_5 space by the local community. and it is happening here. As so many .%>;?.1C5 Water is indeed of paramount concern Siem Reap has seen phenomenal c % 1. growth in just a few years and C< 1 %`%C people living there have quickly capturing and managing it, making it into a experienced a measure of prosperity. feature of their power base and wealth and, Some real work remains to be done C5.$^C<65^$5 to achieve what the World Tourism _ R"$@5 $< $7 *% what is observed in the Mediterranean, % >CC `5.%` viable, and ethically and socially is its quality more than its scarcity. But _%C ` CC %? .%`<..C. >*. C$ .%C CC$`C5 . ` the hotel boom that, in the high season, % requires more frequent pumping from the should aim to integrate them, to water table, are increasing uncertainty the extent possible, in the local regarding the future of the ancient C`? .%C^#C5 _*.% 1%CC`. *. C CC *.$C@$. %.=%`. C.CCC_%% and especially Siem Reap, appear to tour on the Issue of Water, held in Siem Reap in operators as the logical extension of an 2007. The issue was framed immediately " *. @ . .$5 subject to the direct onslaught of tourist a classic, hygienic or economic vision, arrivals crammed into the last months of $$ CC .@$ 1 $ the year and involving only a few places. .C*.%`.`%% c $ C . `% ` . _5 . R"#$7| 71

` $ . . _5 CC hit by the full brunt of wildcat urban for water to be considered not just as a C. $` resource, but rather as a feature of the fast-track tourism development. A point Angkor heritage, inseparable from the to ponder was made at the 14th Plenary %C$1@. Session, which proposed making the is therefore incumbent on all to preserve whole area from Phnom Kulen to the Tonle %CCC.@$ Sap Lake into one ecosystem. This could moving forward on this front. Stakeholders provide a vital lead to grasp the urban with apparent divergent interests were expansion issue and take it to all parts able to discuss the issue in the light of their of the country that have tourist industry experiences, agreeing to a measure of drawing cards. C%C<`c The ICC insists on the need to have a short- Urban development and the territory of term, territory-wide master plan. It also Siem Reap next came up on the agenda. supports projects outlined by the APSARA These issues are more complex, because, in C "%.; ^C CC Department, with its key focus on the urban factors, a society-wide project is involved, heritage of Siem Reap town, including its $$$._%7\15. pagodas and ancient canals. The planned %C5 %.$ . = C c ` % 1.% .%$.%$C%`%$ $ - <5 in heritage tour routes to include pagodas, by all observers and contained in the C.5%C1. ` . . *.C C C$ 5 R $ *. $ C C1CC$. Management Plan for the Angkor site only can rediscover the rural dimension of Siem %CCC1..%` Reap town. Such measures will make it territorial management and sustainable C ` . 6$ % safeguarding of a World Heritage site c . 1 `% CC

Ancient bridge - Kompong Kdei Siem Reap River 72 |R"#$7

Flooded forest - Kompong Phluk

Angkor Park, by proposing the repossession .5. of some parts of the town. Without $5 % overlooking this economic aspect, the ICC the faith and drive of a few individuals. stressed the social and cultural impact of These proposals run the risk of remaining such a project that purports to improve the completely isolated, of being lost in the people’s standard of living by giving them ocean of facility, unless they are made .`$.5 part and parcel of an overall approach. enabling them to maintain agricultural *. . . 1.` ` . ; 5 their land. such as building the future of Siem Reap- Angkor, into an Agenda 21 program that The experiences presented provide could be implemented by the sustainable plenty of lessons in sustainable tourism development observatory now on the development. The general commitment drawing board. R"#$7| 73

_`.1C;`<$"c5%$1C C%"$@+@ 74 | R"#$7

ANGKOR MANAGEMENT PLAN

1C.1@$ Management Department were given 1. . C "%. ` . .C C $ + ` . ;$ C$.1$$ ` R"$@ $ ^""_5 . cC 1. CC$ % government agency charged with managing . % 1R1 1@$ the park to help address the challenges C. . . @ % `$*..`%% The team worked with two pilot villages a management plan for the park. The . @5 % . ` . second phase will pursue the overarching Cambodian NGO Vaddhanak, to help build $C`%.@ .CC$;`.`%% ` . % C.%$` The steps required by the villages and ANA the program, and overall development to make these visions a reality were all ` . @5 . C. 1 `CC$C*.C "".@%" $`.$.`% .C..; `CCC`"".@ people living within the park have found %%C..C% %C . the sustainability of the area. requirements of a World Heritage site, %...$CC` 1C%$1@CC 1`. with the ANA as it implements phase two of @"C%. =`>$ $ ` . $ 1 ; of natural resources and capacity building C@ $. C$`C$. .C.51.$%C $"$@?+=C slated for 2012. A new team of seven community liaison ` ""; ~ \ R"#$7|

HERITAGE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK "%CR"+""R^<%RR*%_

This project proposes the development 1@$ C %C 1. of a comprehensive framework for . % .C $ Angkor heritage management, addressing on the site, the Heritage Management %1CC Framework project will develop a coherent . ` % set of policies and procedures to enable archaeological sites and the surrounding . C # ^#_ %C%C C5 CC ^"+""_ . . $C $ < and intangible values of Angkor, improve < . C =5 6 1CC governance and help to alleviate rural be made for the sites of Beng Mealea and poverty. This framework will be based on a Kampong Phluk, situated in zones 3 and 4. `CC..$% of Angkor—including longstanding 1. C% ` C C$%5 .5 . . C \$ . C%V% % C C $ . C6 C. ^_`"$@5.=1CC% between heritage, tourism, development to more sustainable development and and the local community. The project’s CC5 components will involve training for through the appropriate heritage key RGC/APSARA personnel so as to management of Angkor. The project will facilitate skills development and ongoing also develop an exemplary methodology C`$ for the management of complex cultural and wide-scale community engagement in `%$ C$ % heritage management. $1$ % *. %C$ \$ Management Framework may be used The Heritage Management Framework at other Cambodian sites, such as Preah 1CC c Vihear, as well as more widely at other CC ` World Heritage sites that are facing similar Cambodia’s neediest provinces by enabling challenging management issues. the community to get involved and share economically and culturally in the dynamic _ C@$ CC % 1. . Angkor tourism sector. The project will %C$% `%``%

Siem Reap River 78 | | R"#$7 R"#$7|

SIEM REAP TOWN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 80 | R"#$7

Waste water disposal line - Siem Reap town R"#$7| 81

LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT tors pass through it every year. Currently, .%C1@`%" Cambodia’s cultural landscape features is producing 3,000 m3 of clean water a day, a symbiosis between culture and nature. serving some 22,400 inhabitants. The rest This blending is seen virtually everywhere ` . C 1CC % `C on Khmer historical sites, the best known ^.C5 $%.%5 %5 _ examples being Ta Prohm temple where draw their water from the water table. The the roots of centuries-old trees have en- "%.. clasped temple structures, the Kbal Spean .1CC5 sculptured riverbed of a thousand lingams and Phnom Kulen. *.C1%C.CC.` %.@`%$C` This image of green city, where the func- the Siem Reap-Angkor region. If drawing C 1. %5 % from the water table is not controlled, ` ` 1 C$ 1 ` Siem Reap’s tourist industry will become visitors. a real threat to the underground water source. Urban development projects are taking this value into account. Siem Reap must To deal with this threat, the local autho- .%`"$@51. 7 a seamless joining of the greenery of the [ Requested further funding from JICA @.C` to study and implement a clean water town. A project to provide a walking trail supply system that will meet the fu- along the banks of the Siem Reap River will ture needs of Siem Reap town to 2030. enable visitors to enjoy this reading. The waterway is the dominant theme of tours [ Set up a Siem Reap Water Working of Siem Reap town, from the archaeolo- Group with the special mission of mo- gical park to the old colonial downtown nitoring and managing the use of wa- area. Visitors can take in the pagodas, the ter resources to enable the sustainable CC%C$.C_%- development of the Siem Reap-Angkor ters, while enjoying the luxuriant green region. Its membership includes repre- C$.$C1$%` `.` this river. Reap, ANA, the Tonle Sap Authority, the Siem Reap Water Authority, Water ~""*++~ Resources and Meteorology Depart- ment, Rural 5;%C$%1 approximately 173,000. Two million visi- 82 | R"#$7

Beng Mealea temple

Development Department and Mi- de développement. The system recom- nistry of Planning. It reports regularly `$%$ to the ICC on issues involving use of private sewage disposal linked to a lagoon underground water for development @ 1 $ of the Siem Reap-Angkor region. C *. will be funded by a loan from the Export- SANITATION AND SEWERAGE _@`$^$6_@_

*.1`.1 The proposed drainage and sewerage funding assistance from the Asian Deve- system has sewers and drains with dif- lopment Bank to put in a combined drai- ferent conduits for sanitary wastewater nage and sewerage network unit, inclu- and storm water. Work is slated to start in $ C % ` 2011. this network is ongoing and was slated for CC The US$40-million loan from Korea will % ` % ` . $ . ` . 15 . 1` study for a drainage and sewerage mas- town that are not covered by funding from ter plan and emergency drainage work the Agence française de développement is being funded by the Agence française and the Asian Development Bank. R"#$7| 83

THE APSARA NATIONAL "*\*"^ S"#$ 84 | R"#$7

Angkor Wat temple R"#$7|

*.`%C` "%.`.+`. which many are not aware. Management of the Siem Reap-Angkor $^5"+""5`%C * C 1. 6C % .C$C5` of danger facing Angkor, the World .CC_ \$. ^^<5"_1 However, the ICC did more than simply see _% . >C .."+""C"%.^""_ #%C ` . C ` . 1C . . ` a C \$ 5? @$ CC . 6 %$ . . C5 % _%$ ` .$.C _%C . C %. `%CCC %C.%C`%CCC`%. mandatory prerequisite laid down by the C\$7C$C` One of them was to establish an adequately- c C @ agency. *.%5 . ~1 + ` C Cultural Heritage was enacted on January . ` . 5 " 1 5 ^ 5 5 +C %C%1 +.+.5.C ` . C1 1 $ ` . %C. % ` Safeguarding and Development of the the ICC. The legal arsenal, now complete, Historic Site of Angkor went to work, with up-to-date and commensurate with the .%C%`^_ % C$ . %5 15 <^._5.C however, preceded by a paramount the Kingdom of Cambodia to set up the C@ . $ C $ . C5 . $% ` C \$ 5 %$$$ zones corresponding to various levels of to it the baseline structures of a public 5C1..C 5$ .1%`1.$ % and Environment Management Plan ^`;+_51.. That led do the establishment, under provides the basis for land management in C`<%55`. the Siem Reap-Angkor region. | R"#$7

C ` ; 5 $ 7 of the Siem Reap-Angkor Region set the 1. ;%55 boundaries of the zones, with the region 5 .1$5 1. % $ @ 1 . zones in descending order of importance: 2. Research * Zone 1: monument sites 3. Training * Zone 2: protected archaeological 4. Tourism management on the basis of ^>%c?<_ cultural and heritage planning * Zone 3: protected cultural landscapes ^C$%1..%C$ * Zone 4: points of archaeological, on the site anthropological or historic Cultural and heritage management of interest Siem Reap town * 7R%C%C 7. " %$ C% ` . development area of the Siem province of Siem Reap Reap-Angkor region *. .CC$ 1 %$ . But to protect and properly manage ICC has unceasingly assisted ANA to meet "$@5 . %C `1@ .*..^% and legal and statutory instruments, of _.%$.%..$.=5 absolute necessity, would not be enough. %CC5 .$.RC 6 1 = provided by the ad hoc group of experts keeping with the originality of the site, so . 6% .%.%C % ^ C_*. Angkor is: 6c * "%C%C^.5%5 respected agency for discussion, analysis .C$C_ %C*.%$. * " %C ^5 1 c..% 5`5_ `%%RC@$ CC * " C$ ^ .% .@$*.. villages, tens of thousands of be an absolute must for ANA. ._ * " C$ C$% ^ Two years ago, the success of this experien- $%_ ce led the ICC to propose the establishment It was therefore recommended by the ICC of a second ad hoc group of experts to .""@%C%CC focus on sustainable development. These approach to integrated, sustainable 6.$.C5 development, one that would prove itself C6 C ` % . @ . mindful of the values inherent in Angkor. cue from their predecessors in providing *. 6C . %C well-thought-out, reliable opinions. given to ANA’s programs over the last R"#$7| 87

Another area in which ANA was given smoothness prevail. The ICC has thereby assistance is that of training. been able to assist ANA to quickly get on the same wave length as far as global *. *@ ^C ^ _5 ..$ . + ^C Along with the ANA, the ICC has been able ^ _5 6 . to provide a unique example wherein the ` . C C%. community to assist the sovereign people CC%1.% of Cambodia to ensure, through their own excessiveness or will for power. C< $ %5 . safeguarding and development of the eco- historic archaeological site of Angkor. The `CC1$..%.7 1. in all bilateral %CCC $ ANA carried out at Angkor ^"+""C"%._ 8 .R provided through an overseas studentship *."%.`.+`. program Site and Management of the Siem Reap- 8 of an up-to- "$@$^"+"""%._1 5$%5.<%C C $ *. of Archaeology and Architecture at authority is charged with research on the Royal University of Fine Arts %C%C.$5- 4. 3 1. 51CC%% through the provision of overseas development. A total of 14 departments scholarships C<$ %. C .R 5. : in heritage technology, as logy, tourism, land management, agri- recently provided in Siem Reap and cultural development, water and forest Phnom Penh by the French Ministry `%C%5.C management, cultural and heritage de- with the Chaillot School in Paris, C5@% the French Ministry of Culture, the %C`1@- Cambodian Ministry of Culture and C = ` . 5 - ."+""C"%. C`."$@ monuments is implemented in close co- It is obvious. Many are the areas in which 1..C%. the ICC has provided concrete support to ANA. The partnership is without known precedent, one in which warmth and 88 | R"#$7

ANA ORGANIZATIONAL CHART ^"+""C"%._

" % % . $ ` . ` . %C `;5."+""C"%.1%%%.` %@^$C%_`; 5 *.1C%`.- 1C51.@1%. issues and challenges that go along with a site on the World Heritage List. The key thrust is therefore to ensure management for all relevant areas of the site: its history, heritage, .651.C$$%.C- 1C``.%C$

*."+""C"%...^%+;.$`. %C`;5\@"51..C

Angkor Wat temple R"#$7| ^+*^*#"~ SIEM REAP URBAN HERITAGE DEVELOPS HERITAGE URBAN SIEM REAP MENT DEPT. OF MONUMENTS OUTSIDE CONSERVATION DEPT. PARK OF ANGKOR CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, MUSEUMS AND DEVELOPMENT, CULTURAL NORMS DEPT. HERITAGE <*5~*"~~"^"+"^ DEPT. MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHAIRMAN DIRECTOR GENERAL DIRECTOR *\"~++*"^*S* DEPT. PROJECTS COMMUNICATION DEPT. COMMUNICATION ADMINISTRATION, PERSONNEL AND PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION, DEPT. EQUIPMENT WATER MANAGEMENT DEPT. MANAGEMENT WATER "#~*"^;;*^~+S MENT DEPT. LAND USE PLANNING AND HABITAT MANS LAND USE PLANNING AND HABITAT DEPT. PARK IN ANGKOR AGEMENT TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT ANGKOR DEPT. ANGKOR AT DEVELOPMENT TOURISM DEPT. FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING DEPT. PUBLIC ORDER AND COOPERATION ANGKOR PARK MONUMENT CONSERVAS PARK ANGKOR *"^"\"~#"~# DEPT. *\"+"""*"~"*\* STRUCTURE GOVERNING 7, 2008 on May Adopted ad hoc expert visit - Angkor Thom N R"#$7 R"#$7|

IMPRESSIONS The ad hoc experts at work - Ta Prohm N R"#$7 R"#$7|

Mounir BOUCHENAKI Ad hoc6` Director-General of ICCROM

Ad hoc expert visit

1. Comments on the work of the ad hoc expert group

" C$%"^R#C51 the UNESCO Director-General as an ad hoc expert group member for the safeguarding and development project on the Angkor site in Cambodia. That was a great honor for 1CC`.<.C$.6- .C`.C$.CC..$% ` 51..C`%$$1@. Angkor zone and to provide input in my capacity as archaeologist for the reports made at *.C+C`.C$

*.1_%.$`%`^51."$@1% the World Heritage List, I had been monitoring all phases of what can be considered as the biggest cultural heritage safeguarding project launched by UNESCO since the famous $.%`"%C+.C$. *. >.C$?1$<`%- C1@1C51....6$%5 1.6.$$.C$C.1`%CC. @%%CC.$$- C%%.%CC | R"#$7

2. Changes on the site since the ad hoc group of experts began working

"5.C@$ ."$@C.1$< .C\$$<55^ <.$`%`^`.\$_.5 %C%5.^`.C\$CC"^R General for culture, I have been able to see the how the Angkor site has developed and `.%.%C%`;%%C `.1."$@51.>.C$R have changed Angkor, making it into a veritable open-air museum, with all that goes C$1.1`C``CVC$%C51 put on the List of World Heritage in Danger. The Angkor safeguarding project is an exem- C.@`$%C%C.$;1C5`C%- 5C5CC.%5. CC?.5.1@c.~`C\$ ^$*CC$1.$.*...`

Ad hoc expert visit - Angkor Wat R"#$7|

%C6$%.C$.%C`.6C Cc`$%C"$@*.$% of experts has been expanded to include the skills of economists and developers. The $%C...C5% by ever increasing visitor numbers, calling for new management strategies.

R"$@5 `$C`$%$- $5.$1CC.$%`%`. and discussion of projects and strategies for safeguarding and development, wherein .``.C%.$1..- %``.C%*1. .C_%`.51CC$$ C`.C@5.`C%%1 _%5`.*.C5.$1..6 `CCC.C`C%. ;=%

In conclusion, it is recognized by all today that the structure put in place to monitor safe- $%$C."$@C`$. `.$$`5.C`51CC`.C community. R"$@ Neak Poan temple | R"#$7 R"#$7|

Giorgio CROCI Ad hoc6` Professor of structural engineering, La Sapienza University, Rome Ad hoc expert visit - Ta Prohm

5$`6^C%$^_.%.5;C _5..5C`_+.+.C@.`$%$ `."$@".5.C`.61CC .1CC%.`.1..C $..=%%%CC1.. 61%C.5.156.1%CCC C5_%.".15.15.6 $.`..1` `%C%C

....`$.`.`$$ C$*. .6$%C%C6`...$` .._%@C$1`CC%1%C$5 only the Grand Hôtel d’Angkor was open and we were its only guests. In the evening, the 1151.%C$.$$C% .`.*.1.$%=`$C5C .$%`."+"""%.

*..C%C%"$C`65. .`%`.6`%C%CC5- %C..C.._%`*.% | R"#$7

%CC$..%*.6`.c C1@$"$@.5C$C5$C- sensus on the procedures to be followed.

Angkor can be considered today as the most important World Heritage site in terms of $C..C$56CCCcCC%5 C1.$.`="C.C 1.CCCCCC- ._%"C1$C$..CC%`. monuments.

C.$C`C`$%$.CC ..$1%.C.%%- 5..`.C$C%5.1$.`.- tory. Angkor is now so familiar to me that I feel completely at home there.

Ad hoc expert visit - Koh Ker R"#$7|

Pierre-André LABLAUDE Ad hoc6` Inspector General of Historic Monuments

Ad hoc expert visit - Angkor Wat

;6%."$@%$@5 `.1%.C\$~1`C- .<.;`<$"c51..%` .;`%C%..=7

[ "._%`.%.5@ 1.C`.``.%- C6 `%$1..CC 1@.*.C%1C.%C $C...^_ _1CCcC%`$C<6.C parts of Angkor Thom that had been demined were one access road, the Royal Plaza, the built-up structures of the Bayon and Baphuon templs and the Terrace `.~$$_

[ ~@.`C`%$<.` $C$5`CC .%`C$` .1@..%.`15%CC. Baphuon, and propose what technical and doctrinal approaches should prevail `.1$.1.. 100 | R"#$7

`%.5$.5 suggest a future role for the École française d’Extrême-Orient, which had previ- %CC@ `.1@ the site.

*.1`.$`"$@%`C` my eyes. It was a rare privilege, the real meaning of which I sense especially right now. *.155%.%5$$`+`_%^%- marçay, formerly in charge of work sites for the Angkor Conservancy. Like his younger <CC$%5.C1.%CC..1C.`@1C$6R 1.1$$@

1%CC5 5.1=.$%`. . 6 . . ` . % . ` . <..CC.C$ *..@@$$.C@CC C6` problems involving an outstandingly rich heritage, one which we have seen expand in scope from year to year as the level of security in the region improved. This has been a truly incomparable professional experience for me. I pick up something new every day to add to my own knowledge and skills.

Enormous challenges had been induced by the turn of events, so it has also been su- premely rewarding in terms of human experience to coach the establishing and deve- C`C%.`.5$C.@CC`%$ `C51CC$%C5$$$1..%` CC..%.C..- @$%.

*.1RC$`.$..$%C. several dozen specialist and enthusiasts, many of them virtually volunteers, delighted to get together and swap views on the academic and technical problems encountered ."$@51.C%$5.%$..C`1@ $5@1C$`.55.1$$5. %CCC$CC%C

I feel that this experience at Angkor, shaped by what the ICC is doing, has given me the `CC1$=7 [ <5$5C5`$.CC7 the forest, the green cloak that has been enshrouding the temples and ancient $.`.`%.%5%1...C`%1. %C$1..`C%._%<51$CR $.%%5%$%.R`.C$$5$ R"#$7| 101

%.%.$$5 1..11%C1`<``1%C5%1..55 but ephemeral and can only end in death and ruin.

[ The emphasis that is placed, most meaningfully here, on issues valid for all %C$5CCCC%C%.%$.%.1C7. .%C$.`.@%.%. .`%-*..$`%C- $%5"$@%C-..`.%- ;$C^.`$5$C. _-5.5.%C.`%.1%. .C1C%.%^.%C$C<- _-`$%$.$`%$5 `<$5.`%1...1 %-

[ <CC51C..1.C_%C5R vious or unique.

"$@5RR5% %5%R =5.`$$_%.%%$%. $.$$$$1..%CC5` not right within the ad hoc expert group.

*._%C%C%.`c%5 `$>%5?.>5?1..1.$- $`$%%CC

*._%.`@.%$``C` `.."$@%6- tal laboratory without equal in the world, thus enriching a genuinely universal think tank in an extremely valuable way.

*.C`.`%C%5. `5`5`.%.*..C$.` %5.%$.`C%5%.C%`%1%C%5. part that is uniquely ours, as well as that which is common to all of us.

We are thereby invited, insistently, and that is no doubt the most important thing, to ..%$$51.1CC51.C5C`. %$.$5CC$C.C.C$C- dards to safeguard and showcase the various forms of cultural property and nature, but 102 | R"#$7

C`5``1CC$- 51.1..%C5.C5 jewels of their culture and products of their forebears, are also the heritage of all mankind.

.`..C.`CC between cultural diversity and universality of values that resides the key achievement, ..`%%1@`.C$` the Safeguarding of Angkor.

Ad hoc expert visit - Gallery of the Churning of the Sea of Milk - Angkor Wat R"#$7| 103

RECOLLECTIONS Cleaning - Royal pool of Srah Srang 104 | R"#$7 R"#$7|

Teruo JINNAI

"C*_@ 1 Gallery of the Churning of the Sea of Milk - Angkor Wat put behind the desk of the Culture Sec- ; +. +. stand why I feel that my experience with ;`CC$%CX ICC-Angkor has been one of the most re- 1.`. *.C 1$ $ .$.C$. ` C.$` career. ICC-Angkor. Truly, as is the consensus of all, it is an ; C 1 $ incomparable benchmark by virtue of its _%@C *. - C5 %CCC %C- `% ` % _%@C plinary dimension. obvious: The debates were of high caliber. The two Cochairmen, the ambassadors of It is my hope that it will long remain this France and Japan, had a good handle on 11CCC1%`$C things. The Royal Government of Cambo- memory for me. ;C$1%$C Southern Gate - Angkor Thom ..C1@$ % ` 5 .C %C%C$"5`%5. 1.C`R%C% of the Permanent Secretary, with whom I quickly made friends and who has proven 1.`%C

On this backdrop, you can certainly under- | R"#$7

Francine d’ORGEVAL Bruno FAVEL Ministry of Foreign and European \`%C "c5< "c^5;`%C% %5<

7*.C$- ..%$. `.`$%$^C- is nothing short of outstanding. The ICC’s `.\`"$@^_5 c % C$R - spurred on by the Kingdom of Cambodia, .5C` .C`.* reference and an exemplary French-Japa- nese team of copilots at the helm, in part- The ICC was formed in the wake of the ap- nership with UNESCO. peal launched by His Majesty King Noro- .%@ 5. $`.C +``CCC% community’s commitment to safeguard .% and conserve the Angkor temples for fu- %$<%CCC *. C . . .%%% %C`%CCC$.`$%$ . <. ; ` <$ = `. % "c ` %C% . *@ ^C ` 5 % @C R `.^R_11 nisterial framework that also leaves much are half way through the second decade, `.;`\$.% where the bywords are sustainable devel- and Research. .5 .+^C` Through the dynamics generated by the ICC and bolstered by the role that the R"#$7| 107

"+""C"%.C1.5C`C.R =`.55.C`"$- kor.

*.C%CCC`.C%5%1.. genuine debate takes place, knowledge is transferred, methods and ideas are confron- ted. The result is a comprehensive, equitable approach that serves the needs of the Angkor site.

For us, it is a marvelous epic that, like the Ramayana, is played and replayed. As the years have gone by, we have been able to form warm bonds of friendship with all our colleagues, both Cambodian and foreign.

<.$$`5.;%..CC$`1 $`1.C.`%%`.%

Reclining Buddha - Baphuon 108 | R"#$7

Neak Poan temple R"#$7|

ANNEXES 110 | R"#$7

^;"^_*\;;** R"#$7| 111

Fronton - Preah Khan 112 | R"#$7 R"#$7| 113 114 | R"#$7

LIST OF COCHAIRMEN:

FOR FRANCE FOR JAPAN

AMBASSADORS AMBASSADORS ^.+C_ ^.+C_

1. Philippe COSTE^R_ 1. %@IMAGAWA^R _ 2. Gildas LE LIDEC^R _ 2. Shohei NAITO^ R _ 3. André LIBOUREL^ R_ 3. Masaki SAITO^ R_ 4. ROÉ D’ALBERT^R _ 4. Gotaro OGAWA^R_ Jean-François DESMAZIÈRES^ R Fumiaki TAKAHASHI^R _ _ Katsuhiro SHINOHARA^ R_ 7. Masafumi KUROKI^R_

CULTURAL ADVISERS MINISTERS ^.*.C_ ^.*.C_

1. Gilles CARASSO^R _ 1. Keiji ";";*^ R_ 2. Jacques GÉRARD^ R_ 2. Eiji ";";*^R_ 3. Dominique DORDAIN^R _ 3. Katsuhiro SHINOHARA^R_ 4. Dominique FRESLON^ R_ 4. Susumu INOUE^R _ Norio ;"";"^ R_ Hiroshi KAWAMURA^R_

Beng Mealea temple R"#$7|

STANDING SECRETARIAT OF THE ICC AND THE AD HOC EXPERTS Ad hoc expert visit - Ta Prohm | R"#$7 R"#$7| 117

STANDING SECRETARIAT

Azedine BESCHAOUCH . C ` . " Director-General of UNESCO for Culture. He has been serving as the `.R"$@+.C with ICC-Angkor, Professor Beschaouch served as a member of the World \$` 51.C %_15.1;` C%C%C.$=^_\<$6+C6. _\1``.C$.` *%^*%_+R^<_..C` ~%^_C$%_ 5..`CC1`.<."X CCRC^%`<_\.%. %%%CC$$.1@

Philippe DELANGHE 1^ 5 ~%5_C$% ^%$ .;$%.5.C$ .C$5 +.C .C$C 6 +%5*%@51.`#.5_C$%^ R_

+.C=.@ "6`%C% C`%C%C.$=5;C and the Philippines.

5 +.C 1 +$ C ` %C% 1. . @ C.C.%$C%. $`*\%1=%C`7@"+% ^_5+%C.$5*.`_%%5+%C.$5

+.C1`;_ "551.. $ $ ` _ C . C ` $C .$ $ R % \ 1 C R%. ` . %C*.^%`%C%C\$_5_C_15 L

C 5+.C.1..+.+. 1..%C $ . %C% \ .$ ` $C $C %C% = C C$.C\$`"$@+.. 118 | R"#$7

Bun Hok LIM $.%%.^` Foreign Languages, Royal University of Phnom Penh, where he taught for `$$%`$%$C$% +^%%_5<%$..% 2000, he went back to university as a teacher for three years, followed by a R`..$.$.C$%$"~^C %`C~$%$C<_+\C1@` %C%C%C$<=$.R"$@ % \..%`C+$ 1..%C%\$; +. Penh. His knowledge of French has made him an invaluable go-between with the Royal Government.

Blaise KILIAN came in touch with Cambodia during his teenage years ^1...@, by HM Norodom Siha- %@_\$%`.+%`+CC% 1. %.".\.$.%$ C ^.``$ .$1.`%."%_1 @%C$%$C`.%C C$%C^"~_

\51..1@`%`%C and private agencies, both Cambodian and foreign, and taught economics ^<._`^R _.C`~1 Economics.

\$1@$;+.+. % `.R"$@$c1.1...CC 1@$\..C%`.C7%.<" <%C`".C$".%6.+..C6%C%C 6$<$`%` 5..$`= =^R~R<"R^+_`.`$C.$ %.`.$%;. ..`1@`1..%`%C C51CC.`%C%C@\R depth knowledge of the Khmer language and Cambodian culture make him C%C`; R"#$7|

Kérya CHAU SUN_%C`%%1. `1@$6.C<C1.%. decided to return to Cambodia to help rebuild her home country.

She graduated from the Paris-Sorbonne University and holds a master’s degree in modern literature, as well as a postgraduate diploma in tourism, culture and development. She recently completed her Master II studies in C%C%%$$\$C% her skills on behalf of heritage, notably on the Angkor site.

5.C.C$..``."+""C Authority as a public agency for the safeguarding, development and management of the World Heritage and historic site of Angkor and went on to set up its Tourism Development Department. She is now director of the Cultural Development, Museums and Heritage Norms Department.

$X@1`.@`%`C`R

5.%%$X.C$."+""C "%.;.$`R"$@

Tamara TENEISHVILI holds a PhD in archaeology and research. She joined $C.C`%C%C.$<%

. 1 $ ; +. +. 5 where she was put in charge of follow-up work on the Angkor project. She 1%.`.$c%C .`; _%5~5"C

.%C.$`.%C%C.$C`5 _._ "

During the years she served in Phnom Penh, she played a major role in building the credibility of ICC-Angkor. 120 | R"#$7

Anne LEMAISTRE%%.C$C^C1CC_ .$%^`%CR%.$;_. .^ R_1@$~"^~5+%_` and the UNDP on cultural heritage safeguarding projects in the region. From 5.1@1..%C%C\$^` 1.. +.+.%.C+- gram for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor ^_.65.%.$%`.- C$`"$@^R"$@_< 5.1C.$`;C.$ projects in Southeast Asia and in Central and Eastern Europe. Since April 2004, she has been in .$`.+C%C`.C\$. C\$^_\%.`$%$C`"$- kor is very much appreciated by all.

X""~`CC1%.C1CC \1$. +.+. "- 6`<\`. ."$@=.`.$ tandem with Anne Lemaistre, he focused on gathering and compiling the .C`.C%`.`$%$ development of the Angkor World Heritage site. He is remembered for his @C%.%`.+`^ _`1....1@$5.% .<.;`<$"c 5.. 1@$"".X1..`<_=$`.>- ?<C

Keiko MIURA received her M.A. in areas studies of Southeast Asia and 1@%C%C;+.+. `C 65` 51..1.$`$C%C%C .$5C.%C%<%C% . 1@1..#*``$%$"$@^"_ as a cultural anthropology researcher, studying local villages as well as as- $.C$C6._C%$ .1@`6`< 5.+.^ .1@5.$.C$.$.C.1.CC% and the Angkor heritage site. Since 2004 she has been teaching in Japanese %51.C%$...C`%C%5 "$@.$5CC%$%.$`%CC C`.%.`$%$C`"$@ R"#$7| 121

AD HOC EXPERTS

Mounir BOUCHENAKI holds a PhD in archaeology and ancient histo- \1C^R#C`;^C `.%`.+`%C%C+- _\.C$1.5 1 51..1^`.^` Cultural Heritage, Director of the World Heritage Center and Assis- ^R#C`%C%< 5.1C Director of Fine Arts, Monuments and Sites under the Algerian Mi- ``%C%

In 2002, Mr Bouchenaki was promoted to the rank of Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit by the President of the Republic of C"C 5.11.C`.CC Légion d’Honneur by the President of France. In November 2007, he received the Gold Medal of Cultural Merit of Algeria from the Alge- ;`%C%5..`. R"$@.$%`6`

Giorgio CROCI is a professor of structural engineering at La Sapienza Uni- versity in Rome, where he graduated with a degree in civil engineering in \.`..$%`6` .`.C`"$@"` C$%`65.%C- `.+`"$@;% <.1.`.C- `"C`%%`".%C\$ ;^C%C`;%_"5. ..\CC6`%. sites as the Pyramid Plateau, Leaning Tower of Pisa, Axum, etc. 122 | R"#$7

Pierre-André LABLAUDE is a government architect. He received his degree at the Centre d’études supérieures d’histoire et de conserva- %\.`.$- eral of historical monuments. Over the years, Pierre-André Lablaude .C.$`%$.- `.$C

.55...$`.$ @`.C^`CC.6^$ #5+*5_

.5.1@`.CC+%C%.- C%$.`C$.- 5C%$$511@5%CR% C5.`CC%.- cal records.

"`.C`\;%5 ..%.%`%C5C%$~= CC5^C5%C. _ ~;"%*CC$^C. 5%_51.C.C- ing specialized heritage teaching posts in France and abroad.

5..C`%`6` .;`<$"c$%CCC ..CCC%C\$ monuments and sites.

Kenichiro HIDAKA is a professor of architecture history in the PhD $`C%C%C%5`*%@%^*%@%5 _5`1....\.C+.^.% ` . ` *@ 5 . . $ .%$+=`\$.5%C5.C%C of which were published and received the Architectural Historians of Japan annual prize. He was also honored with the Italian govern- ;;+C"1`.1@\;R $`.C- ``."C`%%`".%C \R$^""\_5%$+`\%@%<%@5 he became an UNESCO ad hoc expert group member for ICC-Angkor. R"#$7| 123

Hiroyuki SUZUKI is a professor of architecture history in the School of Cul- %C%5"#@%5\- .1R.`*- @51....C`.\%@%<%@.C a PhD in architecture from the University of Tokyo and has been awarded .+<`.`".%\ 5.- .6`R"$@\%C

Jean-Marie FURT .%C%C@$%C1$- `$.+.^@$>$X$?^.$.RCC 6`._\$C1.C1@- $%C$^%`.$.C`. home region to which he had just returned, he became involved in tourism. [ Opening a consultancy focused on territorial development. [ `%$..$.%C1%- ism developmental engineering. [ "$%C1.C$ .$^;%%5_`%C_

*..%%.5.C>%^%- %C$?C$1.1CC$%;1.C5..$ ad hoc sustainable development expert for ICC-Angkor since 2007.

Tetsuji GOTO has been on secondment to the Siem Reap provincial gover- ; "%$; \ %C$$%C$`. Reap provincial government.

5;#$1@$.C`%C- ous countries, including the Kingdom of Bhutan, Republic of Kenya and Sol- omon Islands. He holds a master’s degree in development studies from the Nihon Fukushi University in Japan. The theme of his master’s degree thesis 1>*.^C+C`"5$?\ has been an ICC-Angkor ad hoc expert for sustainable development since . .*.C$.C 124 | R"#$7

François HOULLIER: completed his engineering studies at the École poly- ._%CC%$X%C5%6`Y5% out by a PhD in forest biometrics. He has worked variously in engineering, $5..$c$< ^C<5CC%$X%C5 %6`Y5<.%`+.`a5C%` "$%C%C._

He has led research projects in forest ecology and plant modeling. He has .CC%CC<C1. %.C``5.. `>+C%%$C?1..C %`"$%C%C.\.R"$@.6 for sustainable development since 2007.

Pagoda - Phnom Krom R"#$7|

ICC INTERNAL REGULATIONS Western Baray | R"#$7 R"#$7| 127

INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR THE SAFEGUARD- ING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HISTORIC SITE OF ANGKOR

Adopted on December 1, 2008; ;5

*.C$ for safeguarding and sustainably develo- for the Safeguarding and Development of ping the site and its region. . \ ` "$@ ^_ 1 - tablished by the Intergovernmental Confe- Cambodia as a State Party to the Conven- rence for the Safeguarding and Develop- ` . + ` . C %C- ment of the Historic Site of Angkor and Its tural and Natural Heritage, and more par- $^*@55_ %CC . "%. ` . + held in response to the appeal made by of the Site and Management of the Angkor His Majesty Norodom Sihanouk Varman $5`."+""C of Cambodia for Angkor to be put on the Authority, in its capacity as project owner, C\$~` complies with the standards of the World the urgent need for coordinated interna- \$ ` . `$%$ C`.`$%$ and sustainable development of the Ang- `.%C%- kor site. ing its cultural, socio-economic and ecological dimensions. ARTICLE 1: POLICY PRINCIPLES

*. C . 1..*@^C5 . $< . "$@ 5 C 5 . 1 C. symbol of Cambodia, as one of the most C $ precious cultural heritages in the world. mechanism for the assistance made available for the safeguarding and develop- The ICC recognizes Cambodia’s sovereignty `."$@c%- over the Angkor site and its responsibility $< 128 | R"#$7

The principles of the ICC expounded in the sustainable tourism that showcases the *@ ^C 1 diversity of their cultural resources, both rounded out by the Second Intergovern- tangible and intangible, and helps them to mental Conference for the Safeguarding =%$5 and Sustainable Development of the His- the one hand, and employment opportu- `"$@$^+5 1$%C%C65 5_ on the other.

@$ 1. . + ^C ` The ICC encourages capacity building of 5 . %$ C . ` . . @1C$5 and sustainable development of the his- safeguarding and sustainable develop- toric site of Angkor, including strengthen- ment of the eco-historic site of Angkor in $..%C%` the framework of a comprehensive, mul- .%.5. C.$`- @CC`$.C6- creasingly predominant role to be played perts and their Cambodian counterparts, by the Cambodian side in its capacity as .CC`CC%- project owner, and fostering a spirit of co- "$@`.5 $.%@.C . ` $ .^C%$.C$5$. *..CcC`- ._51CC@$ `%C1.1 means available to them. sustainable development in follow-up to the Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable The ICC promotes measures to make the ^C^_5.>^- "$@ ` ` . C ^- C? . . $_.$^`.- President of France and the Prime Minister C$C C$ @$ %C%C of Japan, as well as the Millennium State- _ ment made by the Secretary-General of .$< <:=>7<=>

The ICC is aware of the need to develop *.C. ethical, sustainable tourism in the Siem coordinate the assistance made available Reap-Angkor zone that will provide a ge- c % $< %C`CC for the safeguarding and development of the historic site of Angkor. The ICC encourages the involvement of . CC % . R `%CCC``5. Angkor zone and area surrounding the @`= *C~@.`. C %@ site and development of its region through the site and in the Siem Reap-Angkor re- %..`.C5 gion. It sees to the coherence of the vari- R"#$7|

%=51.5 C%C`;%%^;_5 . .C C - . C %C ;% _%$. ^;_5 . C *% `.1.. $< ^*_5 . %. " felt. ; ` % $< Regional Centre for Archaeology and Fine *..C`- " ^"; L +"<"_5 . - cedures intended to promote the under- $< ` %5 standing, assessment and follow-through %C%^_5. ` 5 C- ^C+$^^+_5. ment projects proposed for the Angkor C% $ ^_ site. .C;%<%^;<_

The ICC coordinates the development of . 1 . a methodological document on conserva- *@+C` ."$@^- @$`. 5.1$C_ observers. In accordance with the Tokyo ^C5 R$C $<- <:=>7((=@>@F><#%F- 5 `%5 - SERVERS viduals with an interest in the safeguarding and sustainable development of the *. ` . . - . ` "$@ 6CC pants of the Intergovernmental Conferen- $ ` . `*@^_+^_517 _%% Germany, Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Cam- sent to the Secretariat who will forward bodia, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, Spain, the them for the prior approval of the Cochair- United States of America, the Russian Fe- . "+"" C "%. 5 <5 #5 \%$5 5 ._% Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Laos, Luxemburg, Malaysia, Mexico, Norway, New Zealand, ARTICLE 4: HONORARY CHAIRMAN the Netherlands, the Philippines, Poland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and The ICC is placed under the honorary Northern Ireland, the Republic of Korea, chairmanship of His Majesty King Father the People’s Public of China, Singapore, Norodom Sihanouk Varman of Cambodia Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, to whom the Tokyo and Paris Intergov- Tunisia, Vietnam, the European Union, ernmental Conferences paid tribute for . " ^C _@ ^"^__5 . \C R$<`< C C `$%$ "$%C%^<"_5.C;- Angkor. <%^;<_5.C `.%`.+- "`\;=- `%C%C+^;_5. rodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia, is 130 | R"#$7

%C.$` Report to the ICC on follow-up of the ICC. % $ ARTICLE 5: COCHAIRMEN Publish a general record of the ICC’s $ *. ` . *.- Cochairmen of the ICC is assumed by cal Session is published in English and France and Japan as represented by their French. The record of the Plenary Ses- *. sion is published in Khmer, English and ambassadors may be represented at the <.5C%.%CR Technical Sessions. `."+""C"%- thority.

ARTICLE 6: SECRETARIAT ARTICLE 7: PLENARY SESSION

The Director-General of UNESCO provides The Plenary Session is cochaired by the C5 C %- ambassadors of France and Japan and usu- port to the ICC through the provision of ally meets once a year. Cambodia is repre- a Standing Secretariat coordinated by the sented by a member of the Royal Govern- ment.

The services of Secretariat are facilitated The Plenary Session determines the main by a person designated by UNESCO to C ` . . R `%CCC . % ` sence of the ambassadors or their repre- *.%. C_%C- . ; %- _%. ..R@$%. These members may support the projects *. "+"" C "%. @ presented by providing them with funding CC . R or technical assistance. The Plenary Ses- cretariat to share in the work cared for by . - the Secretariat and ensure liaison with the posed by the Technical Session, decides Cambodian side. %C1..6 The role of the Secretariat is as follows: Technical Session and approves new scien- 1. `.5$< C=` C$`.$ the Angkor site. 2. . .$ Contributors at the Plenary Session are of- 3. ^1%.$`.$ C`. %C1... "C.`"$. 4. Write up, distribute and follow through ...- % . pants are informed by the Secretariat. $6 R"#$7| 131

C.C *.C%=.- . ¤% C proval of the Cochairmen and the APSARA @ . +C - C "%. . ¤% sion. However, observers may join in the `.C5. discussion sessions. contributor will be so advised by the Sec- retariat. ARTICLE 8: TECHNICAL SESSION *.`%CC`.% The Technical Session is cochaired by the be forwarded to the Secretariat no later `.`< ..$ and the embassy of Japan and is usually .C C 1. All contributors must keep within their .C`1`. CC.$"6- +C $ ` .%..C` and technical issues presented and de- the Cochairmen. C C regarding the Angkor site and its monu- ARTICLE 9: QUADRIPARTITE SESSION *.*.C `.`1 *. ¤% .+C`C . . ` Cambodia and UNESCO. It is a closed-door Contributors at the Technical Session are session to which no observers are invited. C`. "C.`"$ *.¤%.C$%CC the Cochairmen is sent to them. Other par- .$- `. ed upon by its members. It is generally or- $<C%7 C.C [ "C.+C . ¤% C Technical sessions of the ICC submit- @ . *.C - ted by observers. sion. However, observers may join in the [ *.C`1.1CC@ discussion sessions. %$ . %$ $ Occasional contributors may make presen- .*.C*.- " ¤% CC ` . % C 1. $%C $ the Angkor site and areas placed under the 6 $ % . 6- =% ` . "+"" C "%- press request of its members to deal with thority. Occasional contributors must sub- C_%$C$% CC$1.% in English or French to the Secretariat. 132 | R"#$7

ARTICLE 10: AD HOC GROUP OF EXPERTS "+"" C "%. have access to the content of the techni- An ad hoc group of experts is appointed to cal input provided by the ad hoc group of .`%`. experts. technical aspects of project proposals sub- .C%C$ ARTICLE 11: STUDY AND RESEARCH the Angkor site and its monuments. ACTIVITIES ON THE ANGKOR SITE

*.`=%`..$% *.%C<`"$@ `6C%^.- .%=`.= ology, architecture, engineering and re- Applicants must comply with the following CC_%CC 7 ^.C$5 5 5 %.C@_ ^_~%.7 [ Independent researchers desiring to The members of the ad hoc group of ex- %..C`- perts are appointed by the Cochairmen chaeology, architecture, anthropology, . ` C$5.C$.C . C ` . C$"$@%C%C- However, they remain independent and no <%%.< challenge to their conclusions is allowed ` . "+"" C "%.5 on an individual basis. which will inform the ICC. [ Only projects from large-scale aca- This group is an agency of the ICC to which C< % .C%@ % . ` C $<.$ the basis of an ad hoc expert appraisal. Only the Cochairmen and members of the Secretariat are authorized to accompany ^_.$7 the ad hoc experts during their visits. [ All researchers working individually or `%C The reports made by the ad hoc experts % %C ` . R are included in the ICC’s general report dings of their research to the APSARA prepared by the Secretariat. C "%. 1.. . right to use them, exclusive of scien- .$%5. $. ad hoc group of experts may be immedia- C`.%.- <:=>7(#%#[(::> retariat in order to gather the technical input needed by the competent authori- *.$<`. %*. are co-funded by: Secretariat informs the Cochairman. Only [ % . %- if authorized by the Cochairmen or the ` . 1 . ^< R"#$7| 133

_5 1. . C ` . of each of the two annual sessions. A press %$ 5 conference may be held at the conclusion . +.+. of the annual Plenary Session. [ The regular budget of UNESCO ^%C%_ ARTICLE 14: REVISION OF THESE [ $%C % ` . C INTERNAL REGULATIONS Government of Cambodia through the "+""C"%. [ *.C$%C%= exclusively to the approval of the two " %C5 . 1 . Cochairmen. They may authorize the %.<.`6- `1 C %`. members of the ICC for their informa- `%$`.;

<:=>73F=#(<@:# [ The two Cochairmen may take the ini- .C$%C- A press release is issued at the conclusion ^L_ Bayon temple 134 | R"#$7

Cambodian countryside R"#$7|

*$^~""*

DECLARATION ADOPTED AT THE FIRST INTERGOVERNMENTAL CONFERENCE FOR THE SAFEGUARDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGKOR SITE.

*$5"+"^5_

5 . ` "%C5 Development of the Historic Site of Angkor Belgium, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, which was held in Tokyo on 12 and 13 China, France, Germany, Hungary, India, 55.`CC1$7 Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Laos, Luxembourg, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Norway, the 1. We recognize that the Angkor Philippines, Poland, Russia, Singapore, monuments are one of the world’s Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, most valuable cultural heritages in Thailand, the United Kingdom of Great " 1CC . C C Britain and Northern Ireland, the United of Cambodia and its people, and that States of America, Viet Nam, the European C ` . Community, the Asian Development Bank, safeguarding and development of the . C ` . % Angkor region, including the Angkor ` . ` %5`%C %C%C+^;_5.%. `C% ";`%$< Regional Centre for Archaeology and 2. We recognize that the people of < " ^";L+"<"_5 . Cambodia have sovereignty over ^C +$ ^^+_5 and primary responsibility for the .%C5 safeguarding and development of %C%C $< ^_5 the historic area of Angkor. Based . C% +$ . $5 1 1CC % ^_5$.$C . C; c Conference on the Safeguarding and bring about and pursue this task. We | R"#$7

pay tribute to His Majesty Samdech ` . % Preah Norodom Sihanouk, King of %C C .C ` \ `% ` ` `%. C C \ C " C ` 1.. . . C .5. ` . C< ` . 1CC . C C % ` . ^C$ and region of Angkor. We welcome the establishment of the new Government C % ` of the Kingdom of Cambodia as ; ` `$%$ ` %C ` ` ` C5 the Angkor monuments to date, as $ . ` ` 1CC`.$`. C`. a common heritage of mankind. This of Angkor and the surrounding region. C 6 We also welcome the announcement . %5 $< by the Government of the Kingdom `% 1..5 %C ` ` . % ` 5 @ @$ $<C C$C % % ` $ .5C$5 C%.$ 1@ . ensure the maintenance of security ` "$@ " C of the region as well as to facilitate ` . %5 $< ` 5 ^CC^+_`%5 C .C.6$ C 5 1 .%C 3. In holding this conference, we @ . . respond to the appeal of the of regional development that the Government of the Kingdom of Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia. We recognize the urgent Cambodia wishes to emphasize and for ` C which the Zoning and Environmental prevent the Angkor monuments from ;$+C^;+_5$. `%. % *. 1.C%.5 Cc.%C %`%C%` out in a coordinated manner for he . C ` C ` `$%$ ` . the region. monuments and historical area taking into account their cultural, socio- CC% economic and ecological dimensions. ` . C ` C C R$C 4. We hold this conference for $< 1CC %R the purpose of mobilizing such $<$. C c 6 ...1CC% the various means of assistance .c R"#$7| 137

7. We recognize that each country and 11. $ C. $ $< . 1 1 ^. _ . ` ambassadorial level in Phnom Penh with its circumstances to decide . C . ` what would be done in order to best ` C<C% 6 c % $< ` . 8. C . C previous paragraph. In order to assure community for its support to the $ C5 . Government of the Kingdom of 1CC CC ` ` $ . the details of work being undertaken C$ CC ` %C%C on the site and in the region. It will 1..%C$%. %.`.c heritage of Cambodia. =551.5 .C C We expressed, as requested by the 1CCCC.`. ^C$5% 1._% CC C%5 . $ ` .C 12. $...%C ``. . ` . ` "$@5 Kingdom of Cambodia and interested $`CC $ $< levels. We also encourage the transfer Relevant non-governmental organiza- of necessary know-how between `% . C 6 . . C % _%CC observers. It is proposed to place share the view on the importance that, . % . . C5 . %. presidency of his Majesty Samdech ` Preah Norodom Sihanouk, King of able to assume responsibility of the Cambodia. It will be co-chaired by C ` France and Japan, and UNESCO will works to be carried out. be in charge of the secretariat of . $ . CC 10. We took note of the Cambodian .%= ^C$; .5 1.% .$` prejudice to indispensable studies the Government of the Kingdom of to be undertaken, the assistance of *... its partners leads quickly to concrete 1 . . .%C .6% .C.` willingness to take into account these .C%`. . _%% session of the General Conference of UNESCO. 138 | R"#$7

13. We agree to establish, when appropriate, working groups and hold round tables `6.%C$< 1..`.

14. $$`.`%%1 .$%.`1

Ta Prohm temple R"#$7|

List of participants willing to contribute to the safeguarding and development of the historic site of Angkor

Participants willing to New contributors continue or increase initial, technical or other contributions

AUSTRALIA ASIAN DEV. BANK BELGIUM CANADA FRANCE CHINA #;" INDONESIA \#" ;"~"" INDIA PHILIPPINES *"~ RUSSIA JAPAN SRI LANKA LUXEMBOURG NETHERLANDS POLAND SWEDEN SWITZERLAND THAILAND UNITED KINGDOM USA EC SPAFA UNDP UNESCO UNV ICCROM 140 | R"#$7 Chong Khneas village - Phnom Krom Chong Khneas village R"#$7| 141

PARIS DECLARATION

+55

We, the representatives of Australia, meeting at the Second Intergovernmental Belgium, Cambodia, Canada, China, Conference for the Safeguarding and Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Sustainable Development of the Historic Hungary, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Site of Angkor and of its region, held in the Republic of Korea, Laos, Luxemburg, +55 Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, the following: New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, 1. We pay tribute to His Majesty Samdech Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Preah Norodom Sihanouk, King of Thailand, Tunisia, the United Kingdom of Cambodia and Honorary Chairman Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the of the International Coordinating United States of America, Vietnam, the Committee for Angkor, for his personal Asian Development Bank, the Food and commitment to the safeguarding and Agriculture Organization of the United development of the site and its region; ^<"_5 . C for the Study of the Preservation and 2. We pay tribute to the action `%C%C+^;_5 undertaken by the Royal Government the International Council of Museums for its ongoing involvement in this ^;_5 . C %C ` programme; ;% ^;_5 . C ; <% ^;<_5 . 3. We acknowledge that the mechanism Southeast Asian Ministers of Education of the International Coordinating Organization Regional Centre for the Committee for the Safeguarding and ".C$ < " ^";L Development of the Historic Site of +"<"_5.^C Angkor has enabled the successful +$ ^^+_5 . achievement of the goals of the Tokyo Educational, Scientific, and Cultural ^C ^ _ $< ^_5 . C _@5 express our sincere appreciation to . C ;% <% ^;<_ France and Japan for handling the . C *% $< ^*_5 responsibility of co-chairmanship and 142 | R"#$7

to UNESCO for its unflagging and very Coordinating Committee for the efficacious services as Secretariat of Safeguarding and Development of the the ICC; site of Angkor by strengthening the role of the APSARA Authority within 4. We extend our warm congratulations this mechanism and by maintaining the to the Cambodian authorities, in integrated, multidisciplinary approach particular to the APSARA Authority, of the Committee, as well as the spirit for the efforts put forth in recent of cooperation that characterizes its years to ensure the safeguarding and activities; development of Angkor. We encourage them to strengthen the human 7. We invite the international resources of the APSARA Authority, organizations and scientific and its financial resources, if feasible institutions that have contributed to with the shortest possible delay, by the safeguarding of the monuments implementing appropriate regulatory, to contribute to the elaboration of legal and administrative measures so a methodological document on the that this public institution can fully ethics and practice of conservation assume its role as partner of the "$@ ^5 .1$ international community, permanent C_5 . project owner and, as required, main recommendations submitted during contractor for the work to be done; this conference by the ad hoc working group on the points of reference for With reference to the Tokyo integrated sustainable tourism, as well ^C ` 5 5 as on the draft Bayon Charter being we express our satisfaction with the prepared by the Japanese Government plurality and quality of what is being *``$%$"$@^"_6 done to improve the knowledge, safeguarding and development of the 8. We warmly welcome the new partners eco-historic site of Angkor and express of the Kingdom of Cambodia and our deep gratitude to the countries, invite them to work with the ICC in organizations and scientific institutions harmonizing their project proposals for that have contributed to safeguarding heritage preservation, environmental the monuments and preserving the protection and the accommodation of site. We encourage them to give the local communities; increased attention to archaeological, epigraphical and historical research We affirm the need to direct our and to make appropriate means efforts in keeping with sustainable available; development as outlined at the Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable We reaffirm our intention to pursue ^C ^ _5 international cooperation in the . >^C? + framework of the International Chirac and the Statement made R"#$7| 143

by Prime Minister Koizumi on that 13. We recall the need for the necessary occasion, as well as in the Millennium transfer of know-how between Speech made by the Secretary General international experts and their of the United Nations; Cambodian counterparts and encourage all international teams 10. We recognize that sustainable ethical to contribute to the promotion of tourism can furthermore contribute university training and research. We to the dialogue among cultures and also invite the APSARA Authority to civilizations, to the recognition of the coordinate all initiatives that will be values of cultural diversity and to the taken in the area of on-site training; strengthening of solidarity and peace; 14. We encourage the pooling of 11. With this in mind, we recognize the knowledge and information about need to develop sustainable ethical Angkor through active and ongoing tourism in the Siem Reap / Angkor support to the International region as a tool in the fight against Documentation Centre for Angkor poverty. We stress the importance of ^"+""L_CC%CC seeing to it that the local communities stakeholders regularly to forward to it in this zone and around the Tonle Sap documents concerning their past and are involved in the promotion of this present activities; policy in order to highlight the diversity of their tangible and intangible We express our satisfaction with the cultural resources and to offer them steps being taken to ensure safety and access to education and training as security at the Angkor site through well as employment opportunities demining operations and efforts and a meaningful cultural life; to prevent archaeological looting. However, we address a solemn appeal 12. With a view to attaining sustainable to all members of the international development, we recommend that community so that a genuine network development projects in the province of solidarity may be developed to of Siem Reap / Angkor be discussed extend looting prevention measures in all their aspects, particularly to other sites in Cambodia; economic, social and environmental, within the framework of the periodic We express our satisfaction that meetings of the ICC. The planning of the international mechanism these projects should also be reported for cooperation that has proven to the World Heritage Committee, in efficient with regard to knowledge, line with the operational guidelines conservation and development of the implementation of the World of the World Heritage Site of Heritage Convention. Angkor is now starting to be viewed as a model for other similar actions throughout the world. We 144 | R"#$7

will see to it that this mechanism continues to strengthenthe activities, projects and programmes implemented by Cambodia to promote national reconciliation, social cohesion and the affirmation of cultural identity.

17. We agree to hold a third conference, at a suitable time, in order to examine the progress made and to debate the need for new actions. This conference could be held in the Kingdom of Cambodia.

RECOMMENDATIONS

*. C ` C . for the Safeguarding and Sustainable ethical principles and to the best Development of the Historic Site of `%C Angkor and its Region considers that It is recommended that the ICC . `1@ ` . C R Secretariat, with its ad hoc expert $ ^_ . group and in liaison with the APSARA cC1@$ Authority, coordinate the drawing up R % . C ` `#%C. cultural heritage management, as well as `."$@% `C 2. In terms of training, the progressive The Conference also considers, with transfer of skills and knowledge `5 . . C to young Cambodian heritage community –governmental, non- professionals should be ensured in $C5 %C CC C C . $ $<T.%C$6 of the Angkor site. This means that C % . .< all projects conducted at the site by development of the cultural site of Angkor. C .%C a training component that targets A. Safeguarding, Research and `%% C 6 Enhancement $.$ 6 1. . APSARA Authority. 1. `5 .%C$C$ 3. It is recommended that a mechanism for the maintenance of the site of Angkor. %C1 Bearing in mind the scale of the World APSARA and the Royal University of \$ ^ @_5 %C <"^<%C`".C$ . . % 6.$ ` ".%_C. . @1C$ 1 C R"#$7|

4. In term of enhancement of the site, the APSARA Authority. priority should be the management plan for the Angkor site as a whole, 1. C $ $ `.CC `%C%C 15`%C 5 %`%C conducted over the past ten years for It is also recommended to undertake a . ` . "$@ C `.C` Heritage Site should be extended to .1%C%C the cultural heritage of Cambodia as %.%C`.C 1.C5 %CC C %C; @1C$ sites. 1. . of a sustainable tourism that respects 10. . C ` C$C 5 the monuments and cultural heritage c .%C of Angkor. @$ C . C of the recently enacted sub-decrees Priority should be given to encouraging C C %CRC . cultural property. research in archaeology, epigraphy and history that contribute to the in- 11. It is recommended that all actors depth knowledge of the Angkor site. $C % C contribute to the establishment of an 7. In order to promote exchange .C 1 . c 5 of all Cambodian cultural property, . . C 1..1CC%C.$. ^% ^"+""L $CC _ ` 1. . support of UNESCO, and that a 12. It is also recommended that provincial compulsory deposit procedure be %. CC % introduced at the Centre for all reports work together in the interests of their %@% own cultural heritage to prevent the the Angkor Site. CC ` %C%C Cambodia. 8. UNESCO is requested to assist the "+"" "%. . B. Sustainable Development and ` . $%C ` . Fight against Poverty % . $ % ` C .$ 1. Programmes for development must laboratory under the aegis of the %C` $ C .% 5 % . % of economic wealth, notably through | R"#$7

.C. % `%% _% C$ 1. ^@$ 15 planning, landscaping and the electricity, sanitary equipment, urban $ % ` 1C5_ and human resources must be $.5 %CC $ 2. *. = ` . `$%C ` . % ` C ` _%C C . % ` R . 1. 1 `% ` other public partners, especially in the % %C %C5 C$ province of Siem Reap. .c. respect for their cultural wealth. *. ` %C 5 notably through the APSARA Authority 3. *. $1. %C 1 and the Province of Siem Reap, as well and visitor numbers leads to the 5 .%C CC1 $ ` . 5 the handling of the requirements such as of water, forests or landscape. ` CC `%% . This growth, and the major risks 6C ` C it involves for these resources, \15 . _% . C ` %C %. % well-coordinated and sustainable . C $%C ` %C $`C$R and private partnerships, as well term management. as the transparency of procedures ^C 1.5 C 4. Sustainable development programmes C_ should be envisaged through an economic vision and a regional 7. The diversity of future investments, approach involving not only the World R ` . Heritage Site of Angkor, but also Siem management of natural resources Reap and Tonlé Sap, as well as rural .CC`51CC 5 @$ % . as the management of programmes, consequences for the development necessitates the exchange of of the country as a whole. This ` 1 . development contributes to the involved in programmes of social, ` C@ economic and environmental tourism and culture, and is integrated development. It is recommended in within the economic region of the %C . . $ Greater Mekong. discussed within the framework of the ICC, in order to ensure their. The APSARA Authority has demonstrated its dynamism and willingness to take care of numerous UNESCO OFFICE IN PHNOM PENH

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