the rijksmuseum bulletin

140 the rijks frans hals: the portraits ofsleeping a mennonitemuseum in style watchmaker and his wife bulletin

The Provenance of Four Sandstone from

• william a. southworth •

his article examines the acqui­ Detail of fig. 12 still active today, was founded in T sition and provenance of four Amsterdam in 1918 by a group of sculptures from Cambodia in the private collectors and scholars, with Rijksmuseum collection. The question the idea of promoting the study and of provenance has become increasingly appreciation of Asian art in the sensitive over recent years, in particular Netherlands through special exhib­ for art objects from Southeast Asia. A itions and events. The success of these burgeoning trade in the illegal export temporary exhibitions encouraged the of antiquities from the region compels committee of the Society to establish museums to determine the history of an Acquisition Fund in 1928, for the each object. In the case of Cambodia, purchase of outstanding examples many sculptures in European collec- of Asian art for future display in a tions or on the international art market permanent museum collection. In less have little or no information as to how than six months, a remarkable sum or when they were first brought out of 150,000 guilders was collected for of the country. Moreover, details of this purpose through private dona­- where an object was actually found are tions alone.1 rare and limited only to a few selected In order to use these funds effectively, examples in the oldest museum col- the Curator of the Society’s collection, lections. In general, once this infor­ma­ H.F.E. Visser (1890-1965) and its tion has been lost it is almost impos- President, Herman Karel Westendorp sible to recover. In the present instance, (1868-1941), both embarked on tours however, consultation of documents of Asia with the idea of acquiring held in Amsterdam and Paris has made important artefacts for the collection. it possible to reconstruct both the In the summer of 1930, Westendorp process of acquisition and the exact travelled to Indonesia in the company provenance of the four sculptures of his wife (fig. 1), the artist Betsy concerned. Westendorp-Osieck (1880-1968). In Java, he began negotiations with the The vvak in Cambodia Dutch Archaeological Service in the The four sandstone sculptures featured Netherlands East Indies (Oudheid­ in this article were all acquired in kundige Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indië) Cambodia in the early 1930s by the for the gift or loan of twelve Central Vereniging van Vrienden der Azia­ti­sche Javanese sculptures for display in the Kunst (vvak) or ‘Asian Art Society in Society’s permanent collection in the Netherlands’. The Society, which is Amsterdam. After meeting up with

141 the rijksmuseum bulletin

Their home during the visit was to be the Hôtel des Ruines, situated in the archaeological park near the main western causeway to Wat (fig. 2).

The Angkor Conservancy The Angkor region had once been the centre of a powerful Khmer or Cambodian empire that extended its rule from the ninth to the thirteenth century into many neighbouring areas of modern , and southern . By the end of the fourteenth century, however, the empire’s power had declined, and when the centre of royal authority was moved to the south, to the area of modern , the former capital gradually fell into decay. The existence of a great ruined city in the jungles of Cambodia was later reported to an excited European public in the 1850s, and when Cambodia signed a Treaty of Protectorate with France in 1867, French scholars took a leading interest in the archaeology of the region. However, the Angkor area itself was not initially included in the treaties with Cambodia and it was Fig. 1 Visser in Japan for a highly successful only after a separate treaty with Siam Betsy Westendorp- series of journeys and acquisitions (modern Thailand) in 1907 that French Osieck and Herman during the autumn of 1930,2 the archaeologists were able to take formal Karel Westendorp. Westendorps returned by ship to control over the long-term manage- Courtesy of the vvak. Saigon via Shanghai to begin their ment of the site. trip to Cambodia. Unfortunately, severe stomach At this time, Angkor was already pains forced Westendorp to return famous for its overgrown, entangled, to Singapore, where he was admitted but eminently romantic ruins (fig. 3).4 to hospital. His illness was never To help bring some order to the chaos, fully diagnosed, but the pain gradually however, by conserving the surviving began to subside and after ten days buildings and safely opening the area he was declared fit to continue his to more visitors, an Angkor archaeo- journey.3 He and his wife subsequently logical park was created under the left Singapore on board the André supervision of the École française Lebon on 27 December, arriving in d’Extrême-Orient or French School Cambodia at the end of the year. of the Far East (efeo). The Conser­ After visiting the Musée Albert Sarraut vation d’Angkor or Angkor Conser­ (now the National Museum) in Phnom vancy, initially led by Jean Commaille Penh, they travelled by car to the town (1868-1916), was consequently estab­ of Siem Reap on 1 January 1931 to lished by the efeo to manage all visit the famous ruins of Angkor. archaeological activity at the site.

142 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

B A

C

Fig. 2 pages 144-45 Central Angkor Fig. 3 Region. Map from View of the H. Marchal, Guide temple by J.G. Mulder, archéologique aux 1907. The Hague, temples d’Angkor, National Archives, Paris/Brussels 1928. Spaarnestad Photo/ J.G. Mulder.

143 the rijksmuseum bulletin

144 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

145 the rijksmuseum bulletin

As the temples were gradually cleared reserved for Phnom Penh and Hanoi, of trees and undergrowth, sculptures but I nevertheless selected 3 pieces were also found and collected at the – a big head, a piece with 3 heads, and Conservancy’s headquarters and a figure – which I hope to get for the depot. Only a few statues remained Museum. That would be something!! 6 intact within the temples themselves, but pieces of broken statues and Marchal himself did not have the sculptural fragments lay scattered authority to authorize a donation or sale across the whole site and were often of sculptures, but was dependent on the discovered among the roots of trees decision of George Cœdès (1886-1969), or under piles of building debris. then Director of the École française Due to lack of space, only the finest d’Extrême-Orient in Hanoi, who was pieces were brought to the Angkor responsible for overseeing the archaeo­ -­ Conser­vancy and many of these were logical and museum service throughout subsequently distributed to museums Indochina. Nevertheless, Westendorp in Phnom Penh, Hanoi or Paris.5 and his wife returned to the store the At the time of Westendorp’s visit, next day to finalise their selection in the Conservation d’Angkor was led advance of an official request: by Henri Marchal (1876-1970), who had replaced Jean Commaille in the Friday 9 January difficult period following the latter’s … Bets and I [had] already walked all murder by robbers on 29 April 1916. around the ‘hangar’ and looked at the Marchal had met Westendorp and sculptures that stood there. There is a his wife the previous summer in large figure, very beautifully preserved … Indonesia, where he had spent four I shall ask for it, but probably with­out months as a guest of the Dutch success – and so it turned out. Never­- Archaeological Service, studying theless, our journey was not at all in vain, the temples of ancient Java and in because I have been able to exchange particular the techniques of stone the big head selected yesterday, which architectural reconstruction. Marchal only moderately appealed to us, for a had arranged to meet the Westendorps truly magnificent head, of the highest at Angkor and had agreed to help the quality, which would definitely cost 20 to vvak in its attempt to acquire some 30,000 francs in Paris. If Cœdès gives his examples of Khmer for the consent – which I do not wish to doubt – proposed museum in Amsterdam. The then my effort to return to Indochina diaries of H.K. Westendorp provide would be a coup for the Society! 7 short descriptions of their visits to the various temples and of their later On the following day, the Westendorps reception by Marchal: left Siem Reap to return to Phnom Penh, but their visit was only the beginning of Thursday, 8 January. a long and complex acquisition process. Marchal came to collect us at 7 o’clock. We went with him to the Bayon, and The Acquisition now saw far more, including the great A number of letters concerning the faces from close up. The sun was really purchase of the three sculptures from not yet strong enough for photos. Then Cambodia have been preserved in to , where we clambered the archives of the vvak, now kept round to the innermost sanctuary. at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.8 At the Porte la Victoire 2 photos, I These can now be supplemented by think only the last good. Afterwards the internal correspondence of the to the dépot. Piles of heads, torsos etc. École française d’Extrême-Orient, The most beautiful are for Paris, or currently held in the archives of the

146 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

efeo in Paris. A file containing over pieces is included on the lists that twenty individual letters and telegrams cover deliveries to the museums or de­tailing every aspect of the sale, many prohibitions on leaving the depot.15 including handwritten transcripts, has recently been consulted there (fig. 4).9 In February 1931Westendorp returned It is clear from these documents that to the Netherlands, where he received Westendorp had come well prepared. a letter from Marchal advising him Cambodia at this time was a Protector- of Cœdès’s decision. The sculptures ate of France and part of the wider could not be given to the Vereniging, administration of French Indochina but could be acquired by it for a sum or Indochine française. Before leaving of 2,000 piastres,16 a price Westendorp Europe, Westendorp had been given considered ‘un prix d’ami’.17 Photo- a letter of introduction by his friend, graphs of the Cambodian sculptures Raymond Koechlin (1860-1931), one were shown to the Committee of the of the founders of the Société des Society on 31 March. The purchase of Amis du Louvre and President of the the three sculptures was unanimously Conseil des Musées Nationaux. This approved, with a rider to the effect letter was addressed to George Cœdès, that a request should be made for the the Director of the École française fourth sculpture as well. This decision d’Extrême-Orient in Hanoi.10 Moreover, was communicated by letter and tele­- Henri Marchal had already sent a gram18 to Henri Marchal and sent on to telegram to Cœdès on 4th December George Cœdès.19 However, due to the to inform him of Westendorp’s plans.11 exceptional quality of the sculptures, In response, Cœdès wrote a letter the a further confirmation of the sale was same day to the Governor General requested from the Governor General, of French Indochina, Pierre-Marie- who gave his formal assent on the Antoine Pasquier (1877-1934; known 26 May 1931. In his letter to the Gover­- by his nom de plume of ‘le Gougal’), to nor General, Cœdès wrote: tell him about Westendorp’s visit and to request approval in principal for I have the honour of asking you to freely his acquisition of sculptures for the sanction the definitive release of these Society’s museum in Amsterdam.12 sculptures, the export of which will not The approval was actually granted by deprive the archaeological heritage of the office of the Governor General on Cambodia of any unique piece, but will 20 December 1930, while Westendorp contribute to expanding the knowledge was still in hospital in Singapore.13 of Khmer art in one of the countries of Following his visit to the depot at Eur­ope most likely to take an interest Angkor, Westendorp sent a hand­ in it. 20 written letter to Georges Cœdès, asking in polite and polished French The final price agreed for all four for official permission to purchase sculptures was 2,400 piastres.21 In the three sculptures he had chosen.14 confirming this sum and in response This was supplemented on 15 January to Westendorp’s earlier letter, Henri by a typewritten letter from Henri Marchal wrote on 13 May: Marchal, in which he gave details of each of the three sculptures and an I must agree with you that these prices, additional female torso: given the beauty of the pieces you have chosen, are much less than their real Mr Westendorp has not requested it, value. But I will be happy to see Khmer but he has chosen it to replace one art well represented in a museum in of the pieces that might be refused, Holland, alongside the fine pieces that should this occur. None of these you have had from Java.22

147 the rijksmuseum bulletin

148 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

Fig. 4 File of letters concerning the sale. Paris, efeo archives.

Fig. 5 Photograph no. 2127 of ak-mak-228 and 221 at the Conservation d’Angkor (nos. 1244 and 2319). Paris, efeo archives.

149 the rijksmuseum bulletin

The money was not to be sent to boundaries of its specific cultural con- Marchal or to the efeo, but rather text. The original archaeological or to the École des Arts Cambodgiens architectural provenance of the statues in Phnom Penh, a college founded consequently remained unpublished alongside the present National and has been forgotten ever since. Museum by Georges Groslier It is clear from the surviving cor­res­ (1887-1945) for the training of a new pondence, however, that this was generation of Khmer artists.23 The not the case at the time of the sale. sculptures were sent in two crates In fact, the Conservation d’Angkor from Siem Reap to Phnom Penh on kept detailed records of where each 12 September 1931,24 before being taken sculpture was found before it was to Saigon on the fifteenth for shipment brought to the depot. This key infor­- to Amsterdam.25 mation is revealed in the internal cor­respondence, now kept in Paris, The Provenance between Henri Marchal and George Although the acquisition was con- Cœdès, in particular in Marchal’s ducted entirely within the former letter of 15 January 1931: colonial framework of French Indo- , it is nevertheless hard to be I have the honour of sending you the critical either of the intentions of photographs …of the three pieces from those involved in the purchase or its the depot requested by Mr. Westendorp final outcome. While undoubtedly during his visit to Angkor for the larger and more important sculptures Museum in Amsterdam: remain on display at the National The statue of a woman numbered Museum in Phnom Penh and at 2319 measures 57 cm in height and Angkor itself, the four sculptures comes from the Prasat Phnom C ˇ on Lu… acquired by Westendorp during his The piece numbered 1425 is a head Asian tour nevertheless retain their with 4 faces, of which one, carrying own significance as part of the early a figure in the chignon, is broken: history of Khmer art in the Nether- it measures 38 cm in height and comes lands. The sculptures were proudly from … displayed in the new Museum van Finally, the bodhisattva head no. 485 Aziatische Kunst, which opened measures 38 cm in height and was found in 1932 in rooms belonging to the close to the west gate of An · kor Thom. Stedelijk Museum – the municipal The female statuette without head museum of Amsterdam. Shortly no. 1244 appearing in photo 2127 comes afterwards, an article featuring the from Chau Say.27 four sculptures from Cambodia was commissioned by the vvak from This letter reveals for the first time the young French orientalist and art the names of the temples where each historian Pierre Dupont (1908-1955), of the sculptures was found. One of who was himself a student of George the photographs mentioned in the Cœdès. However, although Dupont’s letter (photo 2127) is still attached to article accurately describes the art the file in Paris and shows the two historical significance of the statues female torsos in the Angkor Conser­ and their aesthetic value, no indication vancy, with their respective inventory is given as to where the statues were numbers added in ink at the bottom found.26 This omission reflected the (fig. 5). Moreover, the inventory interests and concerns of the time and numbers for all four sculptures, of the Society itself, which actively mentioned here and in two other promoted the aesthetic quality of letters,28 can be cross-referenced with Asian art outside and beyond the the archaeological records of the

150 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

Conservation d’Angkor, preserved of Lokesvara´ was found near the west in six hand-written volumes at the gate of (see fig. 2a) and headquarters of the efeo in Paris. this can be confirmed by details in the Entitled the Journal des Fouilles, these Journal des Fouilles for 1924, at a time volumes were consulted in October when the archaeological service was 2011 and provide precise details as to restoring the original line of the road where, when and how each sculpture leading eastwards from the west gate was found (fig. 6). of the city to the central temple of the Bayon. It is clear from this account The Head of Loke svara´ that the head was found by Marchal Of the four sculptures acquired by himself: Westendorp in 1931, three were found at Angkor itself. The first to be Saturday, 26 April 1924. discovered was the head of Loke svara´ Went with the head Ranger to examine (Conservation d’Angkor no. 485, the proposed line of the road connecting now ak-mak-226) so admired by the the Bayon to the west gate of Angkor Westendorps on their second visit Thom. This line leading from the axis to the depot (fig. 7). Pierre Dupont of the Bayon arrives slightly to the ascribed this head to the art of the south of the axis of the west gate. Bayon, a style named after the Bayon A readjustment, which will not be temple at Angkor, which was built at visible to the eye, will allow us to rectify the end of the twelfth and beginning the line. of the thirteenth century. Indeed, it On arriving close to the west gate, is a perfect example of this style.29 at about a hundred metres from it, Although earlier stone statuary from I noticed some blocks of and Angkor is largely Hindu in inspiration, several dressed pieces of sandstone, the sculpture of the Bayon School which emerged from the top of a raised is dominated by Buddhist imagery, mound of earth. – A cordon of laterite including statues of the Buddha seated was partially visible on the south side, in meditation and standing figures like the edge of a terrace (?) and on the of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara.´ north side, at the level of the ground, Known in ancient Cambodia under a rather beautiful bodhisattva head the name of Lokesvara´ or ‘Lord of the was found with a figure in the chignon, World’, Avalokitesvara´ was associated which I have taken back to the store with universal compassion and viewed (no. 485).30 as the active manifestation of the cosmic Buddha Amitabha,¯ who is Thanks to Marchal’s diligence in re- depicted in meditation at the front of cor­ding the inventory number given his headdress. to this sculpture at the Conservation During this period, an entirely new d’Angkor, both in his excavation planned city enclosure was constructed journal and in his letter to Cœdès, we at Angkor, with the Bayon temple at its can now be certain that this is indeed centre. Known today as Angkor Thom the sculpture bought by Westendorp or ‘Great Angkor’, the city was based for the Society’s collection. Moreover, on a square plan with surrounding as well as telling us the exact position stone walls and a wide defensive moat. and date of the head’s discovery, the Access to the city was restricted to five journal also gives some tantalizing gates (one at the centre of each of the details regarding other parts of the pages 152-53 four walls, with an additional gate on the statue and the archaeological context Fig. 6 eastern side), each gate surmounted in which they were found. Three days Journal des Fouilles, by four colossal stone faces (fig. 8). after first finding the head, Marchal vol. 6, pp. 125-26. According to Marchal’s letter, the head continues: Paris, efeo archives.

151 the rijksmuseum bulletin

152 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

153 the rijksmuseum bulletin

154 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

Fig. 7 Head of Lokésvara from Angkor Thom, Cambodia, c. 1175-1250. Sandstone, h. 36 cm, w. 20 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, inv. no. ak-mak-226; on loan from the Vereniging van Vrienden der Aziatische Kunst.

Fig. 8 Carved stone faces above the South gate of Angkor Thom. Photo: Anna laczka.

155 the rijksmuseum bulletin

Tuesday 29th April 1924. were found further west on 9 May, Sent a team to make some probes together with the remains of five steps to identify the exact nature of the (three of laterite – a porous volcanic remains discovered on Saturday the stone – at the bottom, and two of 26th near the west gate of Angkor sandstone at the top) that appeared to Thom. mark the southern edge of the original We found under a tree, where the road. Moreover, the remains of two bodhisattva head was discovered, laterite channels covered by flagstones the body of the same with 4 arms. were excavated on the following day at It appears after the first probes the same point where the head and body that we must be in the presence of were found. This feature was restored 2 water drainage channels, which before being hidden once more under pass under the embankment of earth the surface of the new road.33 It is clear and must in former times have linked from this account that the statue was the Bayon to the west gate, We found not in its original position, but had been a completely glazed tile (486) in the collected (or abandoned) in antiquity excavation pit.31 at a point where a drainage ditch passed under the road. When, why or It is naturally frustrating that although by whom this was done is uncertain, the glazed tile was brought back to but sacred imagery was often ritually the depot, no mention is made of what buried or discarded in water when no happened to the body. Indeed, its size longer in use.34 Although statues of and the shortage of storage space may Avalokitesvara´ were common during have prohibited its inclusion. However, the Bayon period, the quality of the one week later, further discoveries head discovered here suggests that it were made at the same location: might have come from the west gate itself, where the central passageway Tuesday 6th May 1924. is flanked by an additional shrine on We found in uncovering the northern each side. extremity of the water drainage channel (?) at A, to the east of the The Statue of a west gate of Angkor Thom, at exactly Woman from Chau Say the same place where the head and The second of the three statues body of the bodhisattva were found discovered at Ankor was the last (p. 163 – 26 and 165 – 29) several statue chosen by Westendorp, and was fragments [including] the hands of the originally intended as a stand-by Avalokites´vara (on account of a book) should permission not be granted and a statue of a standing female, but for the purchase of one of the other only roughly outlined (placed under three. It is an elegant statue of a female the no. 491).32 figure (Conservation d’Angkor no. 1244, now ak-mak-228) in the same These details confirm that the statue was Bayon style and from the same period originally four-armed and probably held as the previous head (fig. 9). We know the standard attributes of Lokesvara´ in from Marchal’s letter to George Cambodia, including a book in his upper Cœdès that this figure was found at the left hand and prayer beads in his upper temple of Chau Say (see fig. 2b), known right. Again however, we are left in today as , which suspense as to what may have happened stands east of the city on the south to the hands. It is possible that these too side of a road leading westward into were taken to the depot, but no inventory Angkor Thom through the additional number has been listed for them. Some gate on the eastern side. This road more, unrelated pieces of sculpture continues westward until it enters the

156 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia open area directly in front of the royal of Ta Prohm at Angkor (see fig. 2c). enclosure or palace compound. According to a four-sided stone stela Henri Marchal attributed the temple inscription discovered in situ, this of Chau Say to the style of temple was founded by the king the eleventh or early twelfth century, Jayavarman vii (c. 1181-1219 ad) but the present statue is clearly later in in honour of his mother, and a cen­- date.35 This is in itself a good reminder tral image of the ‘Mother of Jinas’ that the temples at Angkor often re- or ‘Mother of Buddhas’ was conse- mained in use long after their initial crated here in 1186-87.37 construction, and it is not unusual The four faces of the sculpture are to find additional or replacement carved individually, but with a shared sculptures donated to earlier temples. column of hair rising in the centre In the case of Chau Say Tevoda, it is (fig. 11). The statue was probably clear that although the temple itself intended to face each of the four must have been built in the eleventh cardinal directions, but the eyes of or twelfth century, it nevertheless each face are closed in a serene, continued in use at least into the meditative expression. Two of the pages 158-59 early thirteenth century. No specific faces are slightly larger and more Fig. 9 reference to the discovery of the finely finished than the others. One Female figure in Rijksmuseum statue could be found of these faces is beautifully preserved, Bayon style from Chau Say Tevoda in the Journal des Fouilles. However, but the face on the opposite side is (Angkor), Cambodia, as the numbers given to sculptures at almost completely erased (fig. 12). c. 1175-1250. the Conservation d’Angkor followed a This may have been done deliberately, Sandstone, sequential and roughly chronological during a later phase of anti-Buddhist h. 41 cm, w. 16 cm. order, based on the date of their arrival iconoclasm or Hindu reaction at Amsterdam, in storage, it is clear that the statue Angkor. However, above the lost face, Rijksmuseum, must have been discovered during an exquisite figure of the Buddha inv. no. ak-mak-228; on loan from the clearance of the southwest quadrant Amitabha¯ can still be seen seated in Vereniging van of the temple between September and meditation on the headdress. This Vrienden der 36 October 1926. feature was given special notice in the Aziatische Kunst. The Khmer word tevoda denotes report of the discovery of the head in a tutelary deity, often perceived as a the Journal des Fouilles: Fig. 10 beautiful goddess. In the case of the Rear view of the Rijksmuseum statue, the loss of the Saturday, 13 August 1927. female figure in Bayon style (fig. 9). head and arms of the sculpture make it The corporal removing the blocks impossible to identify the female deity from the interior of the central pages 160-61 it was meant to embody. Nevertheless, passage of Gopura E. IV. at Ta Prohm Fig. 11 her skirt with flower designs (fig. 10) has discovered under the fallen stones Head with four faces and the moulding of her body are at the very centre of the said Gopura from Ta Prohm archetypal for female images of the a really nice head with 4 faces in (Angkor), Cambodia, Bayon style, which show a youthful opposing pairs. One of these last is c. 1175-1200. Sandstone, figure and form. broken and lost, but the expression h. 34 cm, w. 40 cm. of the 3 other countenances is Amsterdam, The Head with Four Faces particularly fine; moreover the hair Rijksmuseum, Perhaps the most interesting of the four in a cylindrical chignon carries inv. no. ak-mak-227; sculptures acquired by H.K. Westendorp – above the lost face very clearly – on loan from the in Cambodia is a fine sandstone head the figurine of the dhyani-buddha Vereniging van of a four-faced deity (Conservation Amita¯ bha: A precious detail that Vrienden der Aziatische Kunst. d’Angkor no. 1244, ak-mak-227). This confirms the identification of the head is again attributed to the Bayon 4 faces in opposing pairs – so Fig. 12 style, and according to the documen­ frequent in the art of the Bayon – Rear view of the head tation comes from the great temple with Avalokites´vara (1425).38 with four faces (fig. 10).

157 the rijksmuseum bulletin

158 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

159 the rijksmuseum bulletin

160 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

161 the rijksmuseum bulletin

C

Fig. 13 The head was brought back to the Plan of Ta Prohm, depot four days later on Wednesday, showing the location 17 August.39 Gopura e. iv (denoting of Gopura e. iv, the eastern gopura or gateway in the from M. Glaize, fourth consecutive enclosure wall Les monuments du groupe d’Angkor, surrounding the temple) is in fact the Paris 1963. main entrance to the whole temple compound (fig. 13c). The gateway is much larger than its western counter- part and is decorated with unique sculptured panels representing Buddhist scenes (fig. 14).

Marchal used the small figure of Amitabha¯ in the headdress to identify the image as Avalokitesvara,´ and this Fig. 14 Detail of Buddhist association has been followed ever carving on the since. However, the identification eastern gopura of the seems doubtful when we compare the fourth enclosure of three surviving faces with the first of Ta Prohm, showing the sculptures bought by Westendorp the earth goddess at Angkor (see fig. 7). This head of wringing out her Lokesvara´ is of the same style and hair to wash away the army of M a¯ ra. period as the four-faced head from Photo: © 2010 Ta Prohm and also features a figure J.M.A. Eijsermans. of Amitabha¯ in the headdress. The face

162 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia however is broader and has a strong, square jaw, while those on the Ta Prohm sculpture are more feminine in appearance, with a triangular face and a delicate chin. It is therefore possible that this statue is of the female counterpart of Lokesvara,´ identified in Cambodia as Praj n· ap¯ aramit¯ a¯ or the ‘Goddess of Transcendent Wisdom’, who is also sometimes known as ‘Mother of Jinas’. The surviving faces can indeed be compared to a famous statue found near the temple of Preah Khan at Angkor in 1929 and now kept at the Musée Guimet in Paris (fig. 15).40 This statue is one of several images believed to represent Jayavarman vii’s first queen, Jayarajadev¯ ¯ı. She was identified with Prajn · ap¯ aramit¯ a¯ after her death and immortalized in statues ordered by her sister Indradev¯ı, who replaced her as queen. In this case however, the deity does not wear a coronet and the chignon is lower and conical. Moreover, the figure has only one face. Nevertheless, bronze images of Praj n· ap¯ aramit¯ a,¯ identified by inscriptions on the base, have been found in Cambodia with eleven faces, arranged in two or three vertical tiers. One exceptional piece, now in the National Museum Phnom Penh, depicts the goddess with two heads; the lower with seven crowned faces and the upper with four. Only the frontal face on the upper head bears the image of Amitabha.¯ 41 Could the Inventory no. 2319, now ak-mak-221), Fig. 15 Rijksmuseum head be a fragment chosen by Westendorp on his first visit Kneeling figure of from such an image – perhaps even to the depot (fig. 16).42 According to Praj n· a¯ p a¯ ramit a¯ or the ¯ ¯ the central image of Ta Prohm? Sadly, Marchal’s letter, this statue was found queen Jayar ajadev ı, from Preah Khan no other fragments of the statue were at a temple called Prasat Phnom Con ˇ Lu, (Angkor), Cambodia. reported when the head was found which can be located about a hundred Sandstone, h. 125 cm and we can therefore only speculate kilometres east of Angkor near the great (without tenon), regarding its overall appearance and temple of Preah Khan of Kompong w. 48 cm. identification. Svay.43 Although difficult to access, Paris, Musée Guimet, heavily mined and therefore rarely inv. no. 18043. The Female Statue from visited today, the temple of Preah Photo: © rmn-Grand Palais (Musée Guimet, Prasat Phnom Conˇ Lu Khan has nevertheless been known to Paris)/Michel Urtado. The fourth sculpture is the only one European scholars from the time of the found outside the Angkor region. It is a earliest French colonial expeditions.44 female figure (Conservation d’Angkor After the archaeological mission to

163 the rijksmuseum bulletin

164 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

165 the rijksmuseum bulletin pages 164-65 Cambodia led by Louis Delaporte in the with traces of an enclosure and a small Fig. 16 1870s, a large consignment of sculpture structure furnished with a sandstone Female figure in from the Preah Khan area was sent to doorway on its south side.47 Baphuon style from ˇ Paris and is now displayed at the Musée Prasat Phnom C on Lu’ Guimet.45 All these sculptures can be It was not until 1937 that archaeologists (Kompong Thom), Cambodia, attributed to the Bayon style current at realized that this small shrine, discov- c. 1000-1100. Angkor during the late twelfth to early ered to the northeast of the temple of Sandstone, thirteenth century. Preah Khan, was in fact located within h. 40.5 cm, w. 16.1 cm. In contrast however, the Rijks­ the confines of an enormous square, Amsterdam, museum statue appears to be about a moated city enclosure, with the temple Rijksmuseum, century earlier in date. The high-backed, at its centre (see fig. 18). The size and inv. no. ak-mak-221; pleated skirt (fig. 17) can be clearly circumference of the moat is even on loan from the Vereniging van ascribed to the Baphuon style and dated greater than at Angkor Thom and the Vrienden der from the eleventh to twelfth century. It city of Preah Khan is in fact the largest Aziatische Kunst. was found on the afternoon of 21 April enclosed area of ancient Cambodia. 1930 by the great French archaeologist Parmentier’s account of the discovery Fig. 17 Henri Parmentier, who had been con- of the statue, however, suggests that Rear view of the ˇ ducting a new survey at Preah Khan the Prasat Phnom Con Lu’ was located female figure in and was staying at the nearby village even further to the northeast, outside Baphuon style (fig. 16). of Krasang (now called Ta Seng): the city boundary. The territory around Preah Kham is famous for its iron I was at Krasa `˘ n· on the 21st to see a production, and the same outlying new monument in the afternoon, the areas were used in the thirteenth and ˇ 48 Prasat Phnom C on Lu’, at 5 kilometres fourteenth centuries for iron smelting. North-Northeast of the village; a The statue preserved today in the Rijks­- square laterite shrine, profiled, open museum is therefore an important to the east, and raised on a rough and intriguing testimony to the early pyramid. I brought back from here to occupation and religious development the Angkor depot an exquisite female of this region. statuette, 57 cm in height, of which the feet are missing and the head Conclusion separate from the body (I 2319).46 By examining the provenance of these four sculptures, through the letters Unfortunately, the Prasat Phnom and telegrams preserved in the archives ˇ Con Lu’ is only known from this of the vvak in Amsterdam and the description and its exact location efeo in Paris, we have been able to remains uncertain. It may relate to reconstruct in detail each stage of their an area located about one and a half purchase and acquisition. Moreover, kilometres north­east of the central through the original records of the temple (fig. 18d), on the far side of a Conservation d’Angkor, it is now large rectangular pond or basin that possible to determine the precise was only fully explored in the early history of their discovery, thereby twentieth century. According to in- revealing their original archaeological formation gathered by G. Morand, context. This information is of more one of the early surveyors at the site: than merely anecdotal interest, because it allows us to re-evaluate the sculptures The great pond situated on the north according to their surroundings and

side of Pra h· Khan is called Bang Srê to advance our iconographic under- Lek. Following the embankment that standing and appreciation of the extends along the east side of this monuments themselves. pond, one can see in the undergrowth a completely ruined limonite building,

166 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

D

Fig. 18 Preah Khan of Kompong Svay. Plan from `˘ H. Mauger, ‘Prá h· Kh an · de Kò m· po n Svày’, in Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême- Orient 39 (1939), pp. 197-220, pl. xxxvii.

167 the rijksmuseum bulletin

notes 1 See M. Draak, ‘Chronicle of the Vereniging 7 ‘Vrijdag 9 Januari ... Bets en ik [hadden] al om van Vrienden der Aziatische Kunst’, in de „hangar” heen geloopen en de sculpturen P. Lunsingh Scheurleer (ed.), Asiatic Art in die daar staan bekeken. Er is een groote the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Amsterdam figuur bij, heel mooi bewaard… Ik zal erom 1985, pp. 9-27. vragen, maar het zal wel niet lukken, – en zoo 2 This part of their journey, concerning komt het ook uit. Toch is onze tocht allerminst their stay in Japan, has been reconstructed vergeefs geweest, want de groote kop, gisteren from the private journals or diaries of uitgezocht, en die ons maar matig beviel, heb both Betsy Westendorp-Osieck (see ik kunnen ruilen tegen een waarlijk prachtige M. Draak, ‘Het Rode Boekje van Mevrouw kop, van den aller­-beste kwaliteit, en die in Westendorp’, Aziatische Kunst 15 (1985), Parijs zeker frs 20 à 30.000 zou kosten. Als no. 4, pp. 9-12) and Herman Karel Westendorp Cœdès zijn toestemming geeft, – waaraan (see M. Fitski, ‘De Blaue Boekjes van ik niet wil twijfelen, – dan is mijn effort om Mr. H.K. Westendorp’, Aziatische Kunst 38 naar Indochina terug te gaan, een bof voor (2008), no. 4, pp. 39-47. de Vereeniging!’ 3 These details of their trip to Cambodia 8 Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, Archive of the have been taken from the diaries of Vereniging van Vrienden der Aziatische H.K. Westendorp, which have been Kunst, 3c. Westendorp Correspondence: preserved intact for this stage of his tour 127 and 128 (hereafter vvak 127 and 128). of Asia. I am especially grateful to my 9 Paris, École française d’Extrême-Orient, colleague Menno Fitski, who is currently Archives Box ix – G9, ‘Cession d’objets editing Westendorp’s diaries, for kindly archéologiques’; section R.10.5, ‘Subdivision providing me with the dates and quotations ventes’; ‘Cessions des sculptures khmères à used in this article. See also W.A. South- M. Westendorp, Directeur du Musée royal worth, ‘“The Vereniging” at Angkor. Four d’Amsterdam 1930-1932’ (hereafter efeo). Sandstone Sculptures from Cambodia’, My sincere thanks are due to the Aziatische Kunst 42 (2012), no. 1, pp. 18-27. directorate and staff of the École française 4 For further information on the photographs d’Extrême-Orient in Paris: To Professor of J.G. Mulder, a native of Haarlem, see Franciscus Verellen, Directeur de l’École J. Kleinen, ‘Jan-George Mulder (1869-1922): and to Dr Cristina Cramerotti, former salesman, adventurer and photographer’, Conser­vatrice de la bibliothèque, for their in J. Kleinen et al. (eds.), Lion and Dragon. permission to consult and photograph the Four Centuries of Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, relevant letters in the archives; to Mr Saming Amsterdam 2008, pp. 114-17. Prasomsouk, Bibliothécaire, for help in 5 The main recipients of sculpture redistributed finding and consulting the documentation; to in this way were the Musée Albert Sarraut Ms Isabelle Poujol, Responsible de la photo- (now the National Museum) in Phnom Penh; thèque, and to Dr Christine Hawixbrock, the Musée Louis Finot (now the National Membre associé de l’efeo, for their kind Museum of Vietnamese History) in Hanoi; help in the photographic library. Special and the Musée Guimet (now recognized as thanks are also due to Professor Pierre-Yves the Musée nationale d’art orientale) in Paris. Manguin, Directeur d’Études de l’efeo and 6 ‘Donderd[ag]. 8 Januari. Marchal komt ons Professeur à L’École des Hauts Études au om 7 uur halen. We gaan met hem naar Sciences Socials (ehess), for advising me Bayon, en zien thans veel meer, ook de on where I should look and whom I should groote gezichten van dichtbij. Foto’s, echter contact in advance; and to Dr Ian C. Glover, is de zon nog niet sterk. Vervolgens naar former lecturer in Southeast Asian archaeo­ ­ Prah Khan, waar wij rondklauteren naar logy at the Institute of Archaeology (ucl) de binnenste sanctuaire. Naar Porte la London, who first suggested consulting the Victoire 2 foto’s, denk alleen de laatste goed. archives of the efeo in Paris based on his Vervolgens naar het dépot. Hoopjes koppen, own successful research there in the 1990s. torzen etc. De mooiste zijn naar Parijs, of 10 efeo 3: Letter from H.K. Westendorp to gereserveerd voor Pnom Penh en Hanoi, G. Cœdès (‘Directeur de l’Ecole maar ik zoek toch een 3 tal stuks uit, – een d’Extrême-Orient’), from Angkor to Hanoi, groote kop, een stuk met 3 koppen, en een 10 January 1931. figuurtje – die ik hoop te krijgen voor 11 efeo 1 (no. 247): Telegram from H. Marchal Museum. Dat zou wat zijn!!’ (‘Conservateur Angkor’) to G. Cœdès (‘Direc-

168 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

[teur de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-]Orient’), 21 The prices for each sculpture were as follows: Siem Reap to Hanoi, 4 December 1930. No. 485 = 600 piastres, no. 1244 = 400, 12 efeo 1a. (no. 2763): Letter from G. Cœdès no. 1425 = 800 and no. 2319 = 600. vvak 128, (‘Le Directeur de l’Ecole française 2: Letter from G. Groslier (‘Monsieur le d’Extrême-Orient’) to P. Pasquier Directeur de l’École des Arts Cambodgiens’) (‘Monsieur le Gouverneur Général de to H.K. Westendorp, Phnom Penh to Amster­- l’Indochine’), Hanoi, 5 December 1930. dam, 15 September 1931. 13 efeo 2 (no. 4229 sa.): Letter from P. Pasquier 22 vvak 127, 5: Letter from H. Marchal to (‘Le Gouverneur Général de l’Indochine’) H.K. Westendorp, Siem Reap to Amsterdam, to G. Cœdès (‘Monsieur le Directeur de 13 May 1931: ‘Je puis vous affirmer que l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient’), Hanoi, ces prix, étant donné la beauté des pièces 20 December 1930. choisies par vous sont très inférieurs à leur 14 efeo 3: Letter from H.K. Westendorp to valeur véritable. Mais je serais heureux de G. Cœdès (‘Directeur de l’Ecole d’Extrême- voir l‘Art Khmer bien représenté dans un Orient’), from Angkor to Hanoi, 10 January musée de Hollande à côté des belles pièces 1931. que vous avez eues à Java.’ 15 efeo 4 (no. 17): Letter from H. Marchal 23 efeo 15 (no. 200): Letter from G. Groslier (‘Le Conservateur des monuments du groupe (‘Le Directeur des Arts Cambodgiens’) d’Angkor’) to G. Cœdès (‘Monsieur le Direc- to G. Cœdès (‘Monsieur le Directeur teur de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient’), de l’Ecole française d’Extrême-Orient’), from Siem Reap to Hanoi, 15 January 1931: Phnom Penh to Hanoi, 2 April 1932. ‘M. Westendorp ne l’a pas demandée mais il 24 vvak 127, 6: Letter from H. Marchal to l’a choisie pour remplacer l’une des pièces H.K. Westendorp, Siem Reap to Amsterdam, qui pourrait lui-être refusée au cas où cela se 12 September 1931. produirait. Aucune de ces pièces n’est portée 25 vvak 128, 2: Letter from G. Groslier sur les listes qui prévoient des envois à des (‘Monsieur le Directeur de l’École des Arts Musées ou des interdictions de sortie du dépôt.’ Cambodgiens’) to H.K. Westendorp, Phnom 16 vvak 127, 2: Letter from H. Marchal to Penh to Amsterdam, 15 September 1931. H.K. Westendorp, Siem Reap to Amsterdam, 26 P. Dupont-Caullier, ‘Het Khmer beeld­ 9 February 1931. The piastre de commerce was houwwerk in het Museum van Aziatische introduced as the main currency of French Kunst te Amsterdam’, Maandblad voor Indochina in 1885 and was originally a silver Beeldende Kunsten 11 (1934), no. 7, coin based on the Spanish and Mexican peso. pp. 195-200. In 1930, it was linked to the French franc 27 efeo 4 (no. 17): Letter from H. Marchal at a rate of 1 piastre = 10 French francs. (‘Le Conservateur des monuments 17 vvak 127, 3, and efeo 5: Letter from du groupe d’Angkor’) to G. Cœdès H.K. Westendorp to H. Marchal (‘Monsieur le Directeur de l’Ecole (‘Le Conservateur d’Angkor’), from française d’Extrême-Orient’), from Amsterdam to Siem Reap, 1 April 1931. Siem Reap to Hanoi, 15 January 1931: 18 vvak 127, 4: Telegram from H.K. Westendorp ‘J’ai l’honneur de vous adresser les photos … to H. Marchal, Amsterdam to Siem Reap, des trois pièces du dépôt demandées par 1 April 1931. M. Westendorp lors de son passage à 19 efeo 6: Letter from H. Marchal to Angkor pour le Musée d’Amsterdam: G. Cœdès (‘Mon cher ami’), Siem Reap to la statue de femme numérotée 2319 Hanoi, 21 April 1931. mesure 0m57 de hauteur et provient de 20 efeo 12 (no. 3079): Letter from G. Cœdès Prasat Phnom C ˇ on Lu ... (‘Le Directeur de l’Ecole française La pièce numérotée 1425 est une tête à d’Extrême-Orient’) to P. Pasquier 4 faces dont une cassée portant une figurine (‘Monsieur le Gouverneur Général sur le chignon: elle mesure 0m38 de hauteur de l’Indochine’), Hanoi, 28 April 1931; et provient de Ta Prohm … approved and signed, 26 May 1931): Enfin la tête de bodhisattva n°485 mesure ‘… j’ai l’honneur de vous prier de bien 0m38 de hauteur et a été trouvée près de la vouloir sanctionner définitivement la porte Ouest d’A n· kor Thom. cession de ces sculptures dont l’aliénation La statuette féminine sans tête n°1244 ne privera le patrimoine archéologique figurant sur la photo 2127 provient de du Cambodge d’aucune pièce unique, et Chau Say.’ contribuera à répandre la connaissance 28 vvak 127, 6: Letter from H. Marchal to de l’art khmer dans un des pays d’Europe H.K. Westendorp, Siem Reap to Amsterdam, le mieux placé pour s’y intéresser.’ 12 September 1931; and 128, 2: Letter from

169 the rijksmuseum bulletin

G. Groslier (‘Monsieur le Directeur de l’École of over two hundred Buddhist statues in a pit des Arts Cambodgiens’) to H.K. Westendorp, excavated at the temple of , see Phnom Penh to Amsterdam, 15 September Y. Ishizawa and M. Marui, ‘La découverte de 1931. 274 sculptures et d’un caitya bouddhique lors 29 Dupont-Caullier, op. cit. (note 26), pp. 198-99. des campagnes de fouilles de 2000 et 2001 30 Paris, efeo archives, Journal des Fouilles, au temple de Banteay Kdei à Angkor’, Arts vol. 4, pp. 162-63: ‘Samedi 26 [avril 1924] Asiatiques 57 (2002), pp. 206-18. Allé avec le chef Forestier reconnaitre le tracé 35 H. Marchal, Guide archéologique aux temples en exécution de la route reliant le Bayon à la d’Angkor. Angkor Vat, Angkor Thom et les porte ouest d’A[ngkor] Thom. Ce tracé parti monuments du Petit et du Grand Circuit, de l’axe du Bayon arrive légèrement au sud Paris/Brussels 1928, pp. 139-40. The Baphuon de l’axe de la porte ouest. Un redressement temple and style are generally ascribed to the qui ne sera pas sensible à l’œil permettra de eleventh century ad, but the present author rectifier le tracé. has argued for a later dating of both from the En arrivant près de la porte ouest à une late eleventh century into the early twelfth centaine de mètres environ de celle-ci je century. See W. Southworth, ‘The Date remarque des massifs de latérite, et quelques of the Baphuon and the Later Chronology blocs taillés en grès qui affleurent sur une of Angkor’, in E.A. Bacus et al. (eds.), Inter- petite éminence de terre. – Un cordon de preting Southeast Asia’s Past. Monument, latérite apparait partiellement du coté sud, Image and Text, Singapore 2008, pp. 25-43. comme en bordure d’une terrasse (?) et du 36 A note on the transfer of sculptures found coté nord on trouve au ras du sol une assez at Chau Say to the Conservation d’Angkor belle tête de bodhisattva avec figurine au is included in the ‘Chronique’ section of chignon que je fais rentrer au magasin the Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême- (n° 485).’ Orient 26 (1926), p. 510. 31 Paris, efeo archives, Journal des Fouilles, 37 For details of the inscription, see vol. 4, p. 165: ‘Mardi 29 [avril 1924] G. Cœdès, ‘La stèle de Ta-Prohm’, Bulletin Mis une équipe à faire des sondages pour de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient 6 reconnaître la nature exacte des vestiges (1906), pp. 44-86. reconnus le samedi 26 près de la porte ouest 38 Paris, efeo archives, Journal des Fouilles, d’Angkor Thom. vol. 6, p. 126: ‘Samedi 13 [août 1927] – Le On trouve sous l’arbre où fut trouvée la tête Caporal qui enlève les blocs à l’intérieur de bodhisattva le corps du susdit avec 4 bras. du passage central du Gopura e. iv. de Ta Il semblerait d’après les premiers sondages Prohm découvre sous les pierres écroulées qu’on doit en présence de 2 rigoles au centre même du dit Gopura une fort jolie d’évacuation d’eau qui passeraient sous le tête à 4 visages – opposés deux à deux. L’un remblai de terre qui devrait autrefois relier de ces derniers est cassé et disparu – mais le Bayon à la porte ouest. l’expression des 3 autres physionomies et On trouve dans la fouille de sondage une particulièrement fine; de plus la coiffure en tuile vernissée entière (n° 486).’ chignon cylindrique porte – au-dessus de la 32 Paris, efeo archives, Journal des Fouilles, face disparue – très nette – la figurine du vol. 4, p. 168: ‘Mardi 6 [mai 1924] dhyani-buddha Amitabha¯ . Détail précieux On trouve en dégageant l’extrémité nord qui précise l’identification des 4 visages de la rigole d’écoulement d’eau (?) en A à opposes 2 à 2 si fréquents dans l’art du Bayon l’est de la porte O. d’Angkor Thom, juste avec Avalokiteçvara (1425). au même endroit où furent trouvés tête et The account of this find was also reported corps du bodhisattva (163 – 26 et 165 – 29) among other work at Ta Prohm in the plusieurs débris de statues des mains Bulletin of the efeo, but without mention of d’Avalo[kite[s]vara] (à cause de livre) et the location within the temple or the later une statue féminine debout mais ébauchée inventory number: ‘A Ta Prohm, on a relevé seulement (mis sous le n° 491).’ la balustrade de n[a]gas et un dva¯ rapa¯ la 33 Ibid., pp. 169-70, 189. For the recent tombés devant le gopura Ouest de la archaeological excavation of a similar 3e enceinte (pl. xlii, b). Dans le même laterite structure within Angkor Thom, see temple, on a trouvé une tête à quatre faces J. Gaucher, ‘Angkor Thom oder die Geometrie que la figurine d’Amitabha¯ dans le chignon der Macht’, in W. Lobo and H. Ibbitson permet de reconnaître comme une tête de Jessup, Angkor. Göttliches Erbe Kambodschas, Lokeçvara, ce qui vient à l’appui de Munich 2006, pp. 179-83 (esp. p. 182, fig. 4). l’interprétation actuelle des tours à quatre 34 For details of the decapitation and ritual burial visages du Bayon’ (from the ‘Chronique’

170 the provenance of four sandstone sculptures from cambodia

section of the Bulletin de l’École française 43 Although known by this name since the first d’Extrême-Orient 27 (1927), pp. 488-89). inventory of Lunet de Lajonquière in 1902 (see An undamaged pediment, showing a four- note 47 below), the temple is today situated armed figure of Lokes´vara, was discovered in the modern province of Kompong Thom. at the Bayon by Henri Parmentier between The old province name is only included to December 1923 and January 1924 (see the avoid confusion with the temple of Preah ‘Chronique’ section of the Bulletin de l’École Khan at Angkor. française d’Extrême-Orient 24 (1924), pp. 307, 44 E. Doudart de Lagrée, Explorations et 314). It was almost entirely obscured by later missions, Paris 1883, p. 255 (Prea Kan); building and encouraged the view that the F. Garnier, Voyage d’exploration en Indo- Bayon temple had originally been Buddhist Chine, Paris 1885, p. 85 (Preacan). in conception. The identification of the towers 45 L. Delaporte, Voyage au Cambodge, Paris with four faces at the Bayon and on other 1880, p. 64. These statues were taken from structures of the same period with Loke[s] three outlying temples located on the south- vara remains problematic, however, and there west corner, at the centre and on the south- is currently no consensus on this issue. east corner of a baray or artificial reservoir 39 Ibid., vol. 6, p. 127: ‘Fait rentrer au magasin to the east of Preah Khan, namely the Prasat les belles têtes trouvées dans le Gopura e. iv. Preah Stung, Preah Thkol and Preah Damrei de Ta Prohm (voir 126-13) sous le n. 1425’. respectively (see map, fig. 18). The sculptural 40 This comparison was already made by association with the Bayon style has been Dupont-Caullier, op. cit. (note 26), p. 200; underlined by more recent finds; see see also W.A. Southworth, ‘Straks weer C. Pottier, ‘A propos de la statue portrait te zien in het Rijksmuseum. Een gebeeld- du roi Jayavarman vii au temple de Préah houwde kop met vier gezichten van Angkor’, Khan de Kompong Svay’, Arts Asiatiques 55 Aziatische Kunst 42 (2012), no. 1, pp. 28-31. (2000), pp. 171-72. The statue (mg 18043) was sent to the 46 Quoted from the ‘Chronique’ section of the Musée Guimet in 1931 and is possibly the Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient ‘large figure, very beautifully preserved’ that 30 (1930), p. 222: ‘J’étais à Krasa`˘ n· le 21 pour Westendorp saw at the depot on 9 January. voir dès l’après-midi un monument nouveau, ˇ ’ For further details, see P. Baptiste and le Pr. Phno m· C on Lu, à 5 km. n. - n. - e. du T. Zéphir, L’Art khmer dans les collections village, sanctuaire carré de latérite, épannelé, du musée Guimet, Paris 2008, pp. 304-05 ouvert à l’Est et remonté sur une pyramide (cat. no. 92). grossière. J’en ai rapporté au dépôt d’A n· kor 41 Phnom Penh, National Museum, inv. no. 5333, une délicieuse statuette féminine dont les h. 15 cm. See G. Groslier, Ars Asiatica xvi. pieds manquent et qui a la tête séparée du Les collections khmères du Musée Albert tronc, de 0 m. 57 de hauteur (I 2319).’ Sarraut à Phnom-Penh, Paris 1931, p. 56 47 Reported in E. Lunet de Lajonquière, and pl. xv, 1; N. Dalsheimer, Les collections Inventaire descriptif des monuments du du musée national de Phnom Penh. L’art Cambodge, 3 vols., Paris 1902, 1907 and du Cambodge ancien, Paris 2001, p. 270 1911 (Inventaire archéologique de l’Indo- (no. 148). Although this example is seated Chine I; Publications de l’École française with a conical chignon, a similar standing d’Extrême-Orient, vols. 4, 8 and 9). Vol. 1, bronze figure with a cylindrical headdress, p. 254: ‘Le grand bassin situé sur la face

now in the National Museum Bangkok, has Nord de Pra h· Khan s’appelle Bang Srê recently been published by Piriya Krairiksh. Lek. En suivant la chaussée qui longe ce The author associates the eleven heads bassin à l’E., on aperçoit dans le sous-bois and eleven pairs of arms with the eleven un bâtiment en limonite complètement states of consciousness described in the ruiné, avec des traces d’enceinte et un Praj n· ap¯ aramit¯ a¯ sutra¯ and suggests that édicule muni d’une porte de grès sur sa face the image specifically depicts ‘the Mother S.’ Known as the Prasat Srê Lek or Prasat of Jinas’. See P. Krairiksh, The Roots of Beng Srê, this small temple is numbered 180 Thai Art, Bangkok 2012, p. 294, fig. 2.267. in Lajonquière’s inventory, while the Prasat 42 The head of the statue, shown in the photo- Phnom Chon Lu has been given the modern graph from the Conservation d’Angkor inventory number of 180.02. (fig. 5) and in the article by Dupont-Caullier, 48 I am grateful to Dr Mitch Hendrickson, op. cit. (note 26), fig. 1, was sadly stolen Assistant Professor in the Department during its exhibition at the Stedelijk of Anthropology at the University of Museum in Amsterdam between 1932 Illinois at Chicago, for this information. and 1952 and has never been recovered.

171