CUMBERLAND Summer 2007 Volume Twenty-four County History Number One

In This Issue

Move Over, Molly Pitcher! Stanley Miller

The Transformation of the Shippensburg Public Library Building john P Bland

Ka ufman's Station at the Village of Boiling Springs Richard L. Tritt

Narrow Escapes: Two Original Accounts of Civil War Shells in the Hands of Carlisle Civilians Mrer the War Edited by Barbara Houston

Book Review Jenkins , The Real AI! Americans: The Team That Changed A Game, A People, A Nation Reviewed by Barbara Landis

Notable Acquisitions, Hamilton Library- January through June 2007 Board of Directors Contributions Soli cited W illiam A. Dunca n, Pres id ent The editor invites articles, notes, or docu­ JeffreyS. Wood, Vice Pres ident ments on the hi story of C umberl and County Deborah H. Re itzel, Secretary and its people. Such articles may dea l with David Gori ry, Treasurer new areas of research or may review what has bee n wrinen and published in the past. Nancy W. Bergerr Manuscripts should be typed double­ Bill Burnen spaced. C itations should also be double­ James D. Flower, Jr. George Gardner spaced; rh ey should be placed at the end of Georgia G ish the rext. Electronic submiss ions should be Homer E. Henschen in Word format with any suggested graphics An n K. Hoffer digitized. Li nda Mohl er Humes Authors should fo ll ow rh e rules se t our in Steve Ka ufman rh e C hi cago Manual ofSty le. Earl R. Ke ll er Q ueri es co ncerning rh e content and form Virginia LaFond Robert Rahal of contributions may be se nt to the Editor at Rev. Mark Scheneman rh e Society. Hilary Simpson Membership and Subscription Publications Committee T he bas ic annual membership fee of the JeffreyS. Wood, C hairman C umberl and County Histori cal Society is Dr. Paul G ill $35. Al l members receive Cumberland County Paul Hoch H istOI)' as parr of their membership. Indi­ Dr. C had Kimmel vidual iss ues may be purchased for $7 each. C hristine Musser Corres pondence concerning membership Robert Rowland and subscriptions should be addressed to rh e Merri Lou Schaumann Executi ve Director ar rhe Society. C harles Stone Hilary Simpso n James Terry Cumberl and Coun ty Histo ri ca l Society 2 1 North Pin Street Executive Director P.O. Box 626 Linda F. Witmer Carlisle, PA I 7013

Guest Editor David L. Smith

Assistant Editor Barbara Houston

Photo Editors Ri chard Trin Bob Schwa rtz

© 2007 The Cumberland Counry Hisrori ca l Sociery, Carlisle, PA

A copy oft!H• ojjirinl registmtio11 ofrbt• Cumbaln11d Coull/)' Historiml Society may be obtni11edji'0111 t!Je l'enwyl11nllin Depnrtmtllt ofSrme by mlli11g rollfi'ee wit!Jilll'tiiW)'IIInllin 1-800-732-0999. Regisrmrio11 does 110t imp6• endorsement. CUMBERLAND COUNTY HISTORY

Cumberland County Historical Summer 2007 Society and Hamilton Library Volume Twenty-four Association: Carlisle Number One

In This Issue Move Over, Molly Pitcher! ...... 3 Stanley Miller The Transformation of the Shippensburg Public Library Building ...... 25 john P Bland Kaufman's Station at the Village of Boiling Springs ...... 36 Richmd L. Tritt Narrow Escapes: Two Original Accounts of Civil War Shells in the Hands of Carlisle Civilians Mter the War ...... 48 Edited by Barbara Houston

Book Review Jenkins, The Real All Americans: The Team That Changed A Game, A People, A Nation ...... 53 Reviewed by Barbara Landis Notable Acquisitions, Hamilton Library- January through June 2007 ...... 54 Contributors

Stanley Miller is professor emeritus at The Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Friends of Historic Peace Church. His most recent contribution to the Journal was pub­ lished in 2003.

John P Bland is a retired military and commercial aviator. He recently com­ pleted graduate work in Applied History at Shippensburg University. The Society recently published his research on the Prisoner ofWar Camp at Pine Grove, entitled Secret \Vtz1· at Home. He volunteers regularly at the Hamilton Library and continues research on a variety of local history topics.

Richard L. Tritt has been the Photo Curator at CCHS since 1990. In 1995 he was one of the co-editors of At a Place Called the Boiling Springs, a compre­ hensive history of the town of Boiling Springs.

Barbara Houston is the Library Cataloger at CCHS and assistant editor of this edition of the Journal.

2 MOVE OVER, MOLLY PITCHER! by D1~ Stanley Miller

Two women trudged alongside the American soldiers through 350 miles of uninhabited primeval wilderness in Maine, following a faulty map of an un­ marked route to Quebec. The terrain with its hills and deep ravines, the rivers, rapids and ponds with their bogs and marshes, and the forest with its fallen trees and rotting debris were obstacles that would have challenged the best of woodsmen. It was late in the year, and it would snow before their trek was over. When the marshes and bogs froze, the soldiers broke the surface ice with their gun butts as they waded through the water. Food provisions ran low, then fi­ nally ran out, and starvation became a real possibility. Some of the tired, dis­ colll·aged soldiers sat down by the side of the path so exhausted and weak that they could not take another step, and died there along the trail. Yet the two women endured that terrible march to Quebec in 1775, which was made in the unsuccessful attempt to win Canada in order to make it the fourteenth colony. Tragically both women were killed during the siege of Quebec. The suffering they endured alongside the soldiers on that frightful expedition, and their deaths at the siege of Quebec, qualify them for a place in the front row of heroines of the American Revolutionary War. The two women are genuine, but overlooked, heroines. Not only is their heroism not honored, they are not even remembered. The purpose of this ar­ ticle is not to enter the discussion of who Molly Pitcher was but rather this paper is put forward as an advocacy of making room for Susannah Grier and Jemima Warner in the pantheon of heroines of the Revolutionary War. 1 There are no stone memorials, or statues, or heroic paintings, or even a plaque to commemorate their heroism. History books ignore them, and even schoolbook histories fail to acknowledge Susannah Grier and Jemima Warner. In their na­ tive south central Pennsylvania, they remain unknown and unrecognized. It's likely that most readers never heard of them, possibly because the later dishon­ ored Benedict Arnold was the leader of that unsuccessful fateful expedition and because the women never returned.

3 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Marker. Market Street, Camp Hill. Photo by David L. Smith

Captain William Hendricks, however, is deservedly commemorated by a Penn­ sylvania Historical and Museum Commission roadside marker on Market Street in Camp Hill for his participation in the expedition. Susannah Grier was mar­ ried to Sergeant Joseph Grier in Hendricks' company of riflemen recruited in Cumberland County. 2 Jemima Warner was married to Private James Warner in Captain Mathew Smith's company recruited in present day Dauphin County.3 The Colonel of the battalion to which the companies belonged was William Thompson of Carlisle, recognized with a plaque at his grave site in Carlisle's Old Graveyard on South Street.4 After the British army occupied Boston in 1775 and Lexington became a household word, militia from New England rushed to the area and hills around Boston to prevent the British from moving inland. Most people remember the Battle of Bunker (Breed's) Hill as the major conflict of that effort. The militia were patriots but undisciplined by the standards of a regular army.5 Many were untrained, officers were elected and obeyed when the men agreed with the or­ der, men often left the ranks to go home when they felt they were needed to take care of their farms, and each state had its own hierarchy of officers. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington to be the commanding general over all of the militia and soldiers because of the need for a unified command.

4 ' . . '- ---::~jj~;:. - - THOMPSON~S :< PENNS~~ UV~NI~ RIP.~E BATir~~l:a . . -- l ~ .r -·!.-:'-· -·-... -->~'2. --~-·-~ ., . - CAPTAIN HENDRICKS! ·cb~PAN~ WAS P.AR-1i OF. A BATTALI ON RAISED __ ey; ~t;)¥:t\~IQU~ ~ iTHOMP.SO~ OF. CARLISlE ON THE CAUl ;OF~TCHE~CPNiTiiNENT~l! CONGRESS, JUNE 14, it7.5 ~- AS ~SUCH ~~~ ~WAS 0 E OF. ·=~ _, __-- ·-~ ~ .. _:._ .. _. .., .... __ ,.. THE FI RST 10 COMPANIES ~ Ot:fWHAiTt] IS ~ NOW !~:HE - _-' -·~- ::'-""-.~-,_.._- : ·;,. ... ~~-----"-" -~~...... ---·~-- UNITEitSJAl!E~:t~.RM~f . - -:x::. :2:~ IN MEMORY OF MOLliE :: Mc ·F~NN @ H 'AwUi~i~- - ~~ · -~ ·:-::-:~ ·:·.·_--:.:-._--_~---:~~~:_.::·-_ ·_:-";- . -~ THE THOMPSON BATTALI0N c· M£.MO)(!~l~ P~~~~t:~5!~

Thompson Battalion marker in the Old Graveyard, Carlisle, PA. Photo by Stanley Miller

It also became apparent that long term dependable soldiers directly respon­ sible to General Washington and Congress were needed. When General Wash­ ington arrived at Cambridge, he did not know how many men were in the army or how many were ready for active service or for how long. Consequently Con­ gress on 14 June 1775 directed the raising of ten rifle companies- six of them from Pennsylvania with the officers appointed by Congress.6 This was the be­ ginning of the Continental Line, regiments raised by the Continental Congress for long term service. 7 Recruitment in Pennsylvania was so successful that six companies were quickly raised, then expanded to eight and eventually to nine, which were combined into a battalion or regiment under Colonel Thompson of Carlisle. From south central Pennsylvania, Captain William Hendricks of East Pennsboro, Cumberland County raised a company, as did Captain Mathew Smith of Paxtang, Lancaster, (now Dauphin County). Captain James Cham­ bers from upper Cumberland,( present day Franldin County), recruited an­ other; Captain Michael Doudle recruited in present day Adams County, and Captain Robert Cluggage recruited in Bedford County. In addition companies were raised in Northumberland, Norrhamption, Lancaster, and Berks coun­ ties. 8 A Virginia rifle company was also under the command of the famous Captain Daniel Morgan. Rifle companies were distinct from the regular companies of men equipped with muskets. The standard musket of the British army, for instance, was the Brown Bess. The musket fired a ball, which was accurate from fifty to seventy five yards. 9 For a muzzle loader, it was relatively fast to load because the ball fit loosely in the barrel and also a bayonet could be attached. General Grant of

5 Civil War fame said that a man with a musket seventy-five yards away could fire all day at you without you realizing it. A rifle, on the other hand, was accurate up to three hundred yards because of the rifling grooves inside of the barrel, but the ball had to fit very tightly so that the grooves could put a spin on the ball as it left the barrel. Consequently, it was slower to load and was not fitted for a bayonet. The rifle originated in Pennsylvania but became known as the Ken­ tucky rifle. The European style of battle called for men to march shoulder to shoulder, try to accomplish a numerical superiority of men at a given point, fire a close volley, and than charge with the bayonet. If the defending army fired a volley, it was then at a disadvantage because its troops muskets were unloaded, and they could not reload before the charging army was upon them. In North America, in open areas, the disciplined men with muskets were usually at an advantage, but in forested areas the rifle was superior because the men fought Indian style, using trees as shields. In practice, rifle companies were used as scouts, skirmish­ ers and snipers. Usually, Revolutionary War soldiers are thought of as embattled farmers who took their rifles or muskets off the mantel and went to war to fight the British. We think of them as yeomen of property and comprised of men of all ages. This probably is an accurate description of the militia which by law in 1777 in Penn­ sylvania was comprised of men between the ages of eighteen and fifty three who served for short periods of time for special purposes. 10 The men who signed up with the Continental Line for twelve months or more of service fit a different description. Generally, they were from the lower economic class, propertyless, and young. An examination of the 1774 Cumberland County tax records for the names of the soldiers in Captain Hendricks' company revealed only the possible identification of eighteen members. One can not be certain that the name on the tax list is the same person as the soldier on the muster roll, but eighteen is a small number compared to the total of79 in the company." The primary reasons for not being listed on the tax rolls were youth or the lack of property. 12 Similarly, where age data are available, a continental company re­ cruited in 1776 in York County was made up of 45 teenagers and men in their early twenties out of a total of75. On the other hand, the remainder included two greybeards of 62 and 75.13 The other characteristic of the continental line soldiers was that many were foreign born. For example, the First Pennsylvania Battalion reported that 315 of 660 soldiers were Irish, probably Scots-Irish. 14 After the failed battle on 31 December 1775 to take Quebec, of 59 men taken prisoner from Hendricks' company, 36 enlisted in the King's Service. They chose to do this because men

6 who were born in Great Britain were considered British subjects by birth, and were given the choice of being sent to England to be tried for treason or enlist­ ing in the British army. They enlisted with the mental reservation to desert at the first opportunity. Because they were from Cumberland County, they were probably Scots-Irish and had no love for England. However, second generation men were not threatened with charges of treason.15 What motivated these young, lower economic class of men to enlist in the continental line? It is true that they were promised six dollars a month, but their primary motivation seemed to be that an independent America promised a better opportunity to improve themselves. 16 Susannah Grier and Jemima Warner were what is termed "camp followers, " which has an unfortunate connotation, but these two women were wives who chose to follow their soldier husbands and the "beat of the drum," not single women who exploited the soldiers and who were periodically driven from the army. From the viewpoint of the 21st century, it is perplexing to understand why the wives followed the army on its campaigns or why this was allowed by the army. In a sense the women and the American army were influenced by their experiences with the British army's camp follower practices during the French and Indian War. 17 Their forces were regularly accompanied by women who received half rations in return for the performance of services such as cook­ ing, sewing, washing, and nursing, essential for the well being of the army. 18 However, in the British army quotas of women for each company or regiment were enforced. The American army followed the example of the British army except that no quotas were imposed because in some units, the soldiers' families came from British occupied areas and had no where to go. 19 And as in the British army the women provided essential services- cooking, washing, sewing, and nursing. In return for their services, the women followers were put "on the rations" and were recognized as attached to the army. There is a particularly vivid illustration of this service. Because of the large number of sick soldiers, the following order was issued from Ticonderoga on 12 June 1776: "One woman from each com­ pany of each of the Pennsylvania battalions, now at this post, to be drafted as soon as possible and sent to the general hospital at Fort George, to nurse the sick. They will have the customary allowance of provisions from Dr. Stringer, director of the hospital there." Nevertheless, on a campaign the women marched with the baggage train, which often caused General Washington headaches as reflected by the twenty-five orders he issued relating to women, mostly forbid­ ding them from riding in the wagons and to stop the straggling of men near the wagons. 20

7 But what prompted the women to follow the beat of the drum, to endure the hardships of campaigns and to suffer privations? For the most part, they followed their husbands, "because there was little hope of surviving in their home communities without a man's support."2 1 In other words they came from poverty and had no property or business to support themselves while their husbands were away. They also lacked the polished manners and behav­ iors of the middle and upper classes, and officers often described them as coarse, but they lived with men in the army and developed skills and behav­ iors needed to survive. 22 What is known about Susannah Grier and Jemima Warner? Precious little except for snippets contained in the journals of soldiers who made the march to Quebec. John Henry, one of the riflemen who kept a journal of the expedition, provided brief descriptions of the women. Of Jemima Warner, he wrote, "His [James Warner's] wife was beautiful though coarse in manners." He termed her a consummate wife and tender-hearted woman. Susanna Grier, characterized as Scotch-Irish, he described as, "a large, virtuous and respectable woman."23 The author could find no documents in Cumberland or Lancaster counties about either woman, which is not surprising given the paucity of eighteenth century documents and the second class status of women, even more so if they were poor. The 1770s were prior to the census, and tax lists included only men of property. Few church records of baptism and marriages have survived, and wills and court records were usually not of the poor. A poor foreign-born woman usually left no record of her existence other than her tombstone. Even in some of the church records of baptisms which have survived, only the husband's name was recorded as the father; the mother was named only as "wife." The only record that the author was able to locate of either of these two women was a marriage license for Susannah and Joseph Grier dated 29 January 1772.24 Let us return to Cumberland County in July 1775. William Hendricks of East Pennsboro Township, Cumberland County was appointed by Congress to be the captain of one of the rifle companies from Pennsylvania. He was to receive one dollar for each man he recruited. He spent about ten days recruit­ ing, although little is known about his methods; at any rate his company as­ sembled in Carlisle on 13 July ready to march to Cambridge. Hendricks stated in his journal that his company was composed of90 men, but the reconstructed muster roll in the published Pennsylvania Archive Series lists only 75 enlisted men, plus Captain Hendricks and three officers - First Lieutenant John McClellan, Second Lieutenant Francis Nichols, and Third Lieutenant George Francis. 25 However, Congress on 15 October 1776 paid Hendricks' estate eighty­ five dollars, one dollar for each man he had recruited. Whichever number one

8 accepts, if it were to be totally accurate it should also have included Susannah Grier, wife of Sergeant Joseph Grier, the only woman with the company. 26 Mathew Smith ofPaxtang Township also was appointed a captain by Congress. He recruited eighty men for which he received one dollar each, with Archibald Steele of Donegal as 1st Lieutenant, Michael Simpson of Pax tang as 2nd Lieu­ tenant, and William Cross of Hanover as 3rd Lieutenant. Among the privates was James Warner, husband ofJemima.27

Capt. William Hendricks, by Eric Manders CCHS Photo Archives

9 Captain Chambers and his company joined Captain Hendricks' company for the hot summer's march to Cambridge. They marched to the John Harris Ferry on the Susquehanna River the first day, to Hummelstown the second day, then to Lebanon, to the Sign of King of Prussia and to Reading, where they rested. 28 Here they met Captains Paterson, Smith, Lowden, and Noggle with their companies, destined for Cambridge.29 We may speculate that Susannah met Jemima Warner for the first time during the initial days of the march and that neither anticipated the hardships that they would later endure. They con­ tinued their journey, going through Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton, where they were joined by Captain Miller from Northampton and his company. They then marched into New Jersey where they tarred and feathered a Tory. Their next rest was on the Hudson River where they washed their clothes. Their travel continued into Connecticut where they tarred and feathered another Tory. The undisciplined men were plainly enjoying themselves, terrorizing two Tories as a diversion from the long march. Seven days later, they arrived at Cambridge on 9 August, according to Hendricks, a march of24 days and 432 miles. 30 Susannah and Jemima, the two women, took part in the historic march of the summer of 177 5. With their lax discipline and too much idle time on their hands, some of the riflemen got into trouble. In one episode a number of men attempted to free one of their comrades from the guardhouse because they thought he was un­ fairly treated. However, another unit was called out to forcefully stop them. Haskell, a New England militiaman, commented in his journal that when the riflemen arrived, one of them went down to the opposing lines and killed a British sentry across the way. Two days later he wrote that the riflemen were continually picking off the enemy sentries. The British were not amused. They considered it unsportsmanlike, and the American officers thought it was a waste of precious lead. 31 To fill their idle time, a shooting match was arranged and to the astonishment of the New England militia, the riflemen consistently hit a small target at 250 yards. Finally late in August a portion of the riflemen under Captain Chambers went to Prospect Hill to provide covering fire for men dig­ ging entrenchments on Ploughed Hill. During the action William Simpson of Captain Miller's company was wounded in the heel. He died after an amputa­ tion, the first casualty of the war for the riflemen. 32 During the previous weeks, Susannah and Jemima learned about army life on the march and at camp, including what duties were expected of them and how to live and protect themselves in the midst of an army of soldiers. But they could not anticipate the terrible experience that lay ahead of them.

10 Norr1d9ewocl\ &ol'\'\bQ.'LU ~ip• Fo .. ~ Ha.l i;OJt (Win slow) * Cha..ln of Ponds Lower ~a.g Long Na.ta..ni.s Fort Weshrn Lo.s~ (Au. ~.st o..) Ho r-.sos ho¢ 9 Mo.d. Arnold

Original map drawn by Dorothy Kendall Captain William Hendriclts and the March to Quebec (1 775) by Robert Grant Crist, p. 21.

11 During August a plan to attack Quebec by a route through Maine was for­ mulated. The Americans optimistically believed that Canada with its large French population would welcome an opportunity to become the "Fourteenth Colony" to seek independence from England. A campaign, based at Ticonderoga, was in progress under Generals Schuyler and Montgomery to capture Montreal. It was thought that a second campaign through Maine to capture Quebec would pro­ vide aid for the campaign against Montreal, for the English did not have suffi­ cient troops to defend both places at the same time. An enterprising officer came to Cambridge from Ticonderoga to volunteer to lead the expedition to Quebec. He came with recommendations as a brave, industrious, and aggressive officer. Consequently, George Washington appointed Lt. Col. Benedict Arnold as commander of the expedition to Quebec.33 Arnold immediately demonstrated his energy by ordering 200 bateaux* to be built at Fort Western in Maine. (*A bateau is a boat twice the size of a dory. The bow is pointed and over hanging, the stern flattened, and the bottom is flat.) The only available map of the area was ten years old and proved to be inaccurate. Not only were the conditions of the rivers and terrain not described, but it showed a route of 150 miles, rather than the actual 350 miles of the journey. Therefore, Arnold's plans for the march were disastrously flawed from the beginning. Further, because the bateaux were made of green wood, they were heavy, they leaked badly and were clumsy, the result of more bad advice. However Arnold collected ten companies of soldiers from New England and three companies of riflemen, two from Pennsylvania and one from Virginia for a total of about 1100 men. Captain Morgan and his Virginians formed the Virginia company. The Pennsylvanians drew lots to determine which two com­ panies would accompany the trek. Captain Smith's and Hendricks' were se­ lected although we do not know if they won or lost the drawing.34 Susannah Grier and Jemima Warner decided to accompany their husbands on the expedition, which according to legend may have also influenced a third woman to go. A young Abenaki Indian woman named Jacatagua accompanied the twenty year old Aaron Burr, who was a volunteer. The men referred to her as "golden thighs". 35 However, her knowledge of Maine and the forest would be helpful during the march. On 11 September 1775, the soldiers were marched to Newberryport where sloops took them to Fort Western (modern Augusta), on the Kennebec River, the jumping off place for the expedition. What followed was a crescendo of fateful events, which almost doomed the campaign. Not only was the map faulty - 200 miles short- but drenching rain flooded much of the woods, and frequent carrying places (portages) exhausted the men and further damaged the

12 bottoms of the boats, causing them to leak, spoiling the provisions. Early snow squalls and freezing temperatures caused the men and women to suffer almost beyond endurance.36 Their route took them 85 miles up the rapid Kennebec River, then fourteen miles across the boggy "great carrying place" to the Dead River. From there they proceeded 86 miles up the Dead River to the three ponds, and then eight miles to the Height of Land, the dividing height between Canada and Maine and the dividing place between the rivers that flow to the Atlantic Ocean and the rivers that flow to the StLawrence River. From this Height of Land they proceeded to Lake Megantic and then 128 miles down the cauldron of the Chaudiere River to Point Levi on the St. Lawrence River across from Quebec. The expedition was divided into marching divisions about one day apart. On 25 September 1775, the three rifle companies under the command ofDaniel Morgan, accompanied by the two women, led the way to mark and cut a path for the others. The second division led by Lt. Col. Greene followed, and the last under Lt. Col. Enos brought up the rear. 37 Immediately the soldiers discovered that it would be an arduous struggle against the swift Kennebec River. Not only was it rapid and rocky, but to make matters worse, the bulky bateaux were difficult to handle, and they began to leak almost at once. At the first falls or carry around, the men experienced the tremendous amount of exertion needed for portage, and realized the difficulty of the tasks ahead of them. The four hundred pound bateaux were dragged our of the water, unloaded, turned upside down, and placed on two cross poles which four men carried up and down the ravines while winding between the trees of the forest. The barrels of salted fish and meat, flour, peas and bread as well as guns, ammunition, tents, and personal gear also had to be carried by the soldiers. This entailed three trips. Undoubtedly Susannah and Jemima toiled alongside the men carrying their share of the load. Above the falls the bateaux were placed back into the water, loaded, and pushed back into the stream. This process had to be repeated three times before they reached the "great carrying place." They continued to row and pole against the current and its rocky bot­ tom. As the banks became narrower and the water shallower and swifter, the men got our and pushed and pulled the bateaux, wading in water, sometimes chin deep. What the men did not realize at this rime is that there would be twenty-four carrying places before they reached their destination six weeks later, which would require a heroic effort.38 The weather, turning cold, rudely reminded them that they were in Maine in late September. Captain Thayer of a New England musket company, noted in his journal on 30 September that "last night our clothes being wet were frozen

13 a pane of glass thick which proved very disagreeable," being that the men and women were obliged to lie in them. 39 To add to their misery, food began to spoil, and potable water was used up. The men and women were reduced to drinking murky rainwater, which caused dysentery and nausea. 40 The bateaux had become wrecks, constantly needing repair. Salted codfish were lying loose on the bottom of the bateaux washed by fresh water, bread casks swelled and burst spoiling the bread. As a result salt pork and flour became the soldiers' only fare. 41 Finally, on 7 October the riflemen reached the "great carrying place" which would take them to the Dead River, eleven days and 86 miles after their depar­ ture from Fort Western. The "great carrying place" consists of about 14 miles of increasing elevation, three ponds, dense forest, entangling shrubs, and bogs. It rained all day on the 8th so the riflemen rested in their encampment before continuing their trek. During the next several days, the men would be sub­ jected to snow squalls and more rain. The ground became soaked so that the soldiers could not find a dry place to lie down at night, and had to warm them­ selves around the fire they managed to get startedY Soon many men were in a sad plight with nausea and diarrhea. The middle pond was low, mossy, and filled with yellow water. Because of their exertions and thirst from eating salt pork, the men drank a lot of water. As Dr. Senter inelegantly expressed in his journal, "no sooner had it down than it was puked up by many of the poor fellows." Because of fatigue and sickness, Arnold ordered the men to build a blocld1ouse to serve as a hospital to care for the increasing number of sick. 43 Not only were the riflemen employed in carrying the heavy loads of the bateaux and provisions, but with swinging axes they also began to cut a road through the forest, urged on by Captain Morgan.44 Towards the end of the "great carrying place", Abner Stocking wrote in his journal that their hardships were greater than on preceding days. They traveled through a sunken marsh and with every step under the heavy load sank in up to their knees and became entangled in the shrubbery.45 Morrison, one of the riflemen in Captain Hendrick's company from Cumberland County wrote that, "the rains had rendered the earth a complete bog; insomuch that we were often half leg deep in the mud, stumbling over old fallen logs, one leg sinking deeper in the mire than the other, then down goes a boat and carriers with it, a hearty laugh prevails. The irritated carriers at length get to their feet with their boat, plastered with mud from neck to heel, their comrades tauntingly asking them how they liked their washing and lodging; perhaps a few paces further down they go, the laugh reverts upon them; the others, who had just before met with a like misfortune, call out to them to come here and they would lift them. "46 They were becoming

14 veteran soldiers, and like veterans everywhere they engaged in veteran humor and like veterans began to discard everything they considered unnecessary. And what can be said about Susannah and Jemima? They marched alongside the soldiers and endured their hardships. They suffered as much as the men, and probably more because of the long encumbering dresses they wore, walking through the dense forest, shrubs, and muddy bogs up to their knees carrying provisions. If they became sick, they did not enter the hospital and stay behind, but marched forward with the army. When the men put their bateaux into the Dead River, it appeared that the bad times were behind them. The flow of the river was slow and several days of easy travel followed. However, three days of rain turned into heavy rain and a howling windY That evening the men scrambled up the banks of the river to find a high dry place to camp, but by morning the water was flowing among them and several bateaux disappeared along with provisions. And a little later, several more bateaux overturned, spilling their provisions in the river. 48 To make matters worse, it began to snow, covering the ground up to six inches. The water level rose to about six feet above normal spreading out over the forest for a mile beyond irs banks so that when the soldiers resumed their march, they had difficulty following the course of the river, and were forced to find dry land over a mile from the river. Arnold called a council of war to decide on a course of action. As a result of the council, 29 sick riflemen and 49 sick men from Greene's division were sent back. 49 The expedition now was exceedingly short of provisions, and the men were put on half rations. Game was scarce. A parry of men was sent al1ead to try to secure food from the French settlements. It was also decided to send several bateaux back to secure food from Enos' rear division because they carried extra food in recognition of the fact that they had the easier task of bringing up rhe rear. Greene sent several boars back to Enos for food, bur they were given only two barrels of flour. Col. Enos and his division decided to turn back because, they claimed, there was nor sufficient food for all of the men to reach Quebec. 50 Needless to say, the men who continued the march to Quebec cursed Enos and his division; they also complained that Enos kept most of the food for rhe return trip. The important fact is that Arnold lost about 300 essential men who would be sorely missed during the attempt to capture Quebec. Before the men reached the Height of Land, some of the New England mus­ ket men were reduced to taking up raw hides intended for shoe-making that lay in the bottom of their boars, chopping them to pieces, boiling them and living 1 on the liquid that they soaked from them. 5

15 The best way to forward the narrative is to follow the journals of Captain William Hendricks, and Morrison and Henry, members of Captain Hendricks' and Smith's companies respectively from Cumberland and Dauphin counties, the companies of the husbands of Susannah Grier and Jemima Warner. This segment of the expedition was the nadir of the troubles of the soldiers and women, for it not only encompassed the worst terrain of the tracldess wilder­ ness but the time of starvation and death. Hendricks' and Smith's companies decided to proceed together. From the head of the Dead River to the Canadian French settlements was 130 miles, but between was located the Height ofLand with irs adjacent ridges offallen rotting trees, ravines, swamps, bogs, and streams. According to Morrison, the ascent was inconceivably difficult with boats and carriers often falling down into the snow. Increasingly the men became fatigued and weak because of scarce provisions. At the top the men were overjoyed to learn that their raw shoulders would get relief because the boats were to be abandoned except one for each company. Hendricks' company needed one boat to take Lt. McClellen who was suffering from pneumonia down the Chaudiere River. 52 On 28 October, word was received from the advance party that the French Canadians were friendly and food supplies were being sent back to the army. What flour was left (there was no meat) was distributed to the men, four pints per man, and in the morning it was baked into five cakes per man, in the way of Indian bread. Except for the food, rifles and ammunition, all the rest of the equipment was left behind. Unfortunately, because of the news of food being sent back, many of the men ate more lavishly than they should have. Days before the food reached them from the settlements, the food ran out for some men. Before the march commenced the next morning the riflemen were told "put your best foot forward" causing the march to become irregular; the stron­ ger took the lead and the weaker became strung out behind.53 The reality was that by the rime they met the food supply sent back from the settlements, the march had become the survival of the fittest. The ones who could walk were too fatigued and weak to assist their completely exhausted starving comrades who gave up, sat beside the march and who could go no further. Morrison wrote, "It was therefore given out this morning by our officers, for every man to shift for himself, and save his own life if possible. The measure opened upon us a scene of the bitterest sorrow... It is far beyond my power of description to give even a faint outline of the woeful separation ... calling out to us as well as their feeble voices would allow- 'will you leave us to perish in the wilderness?' ... Dreadful indeed was this separation. "54 Later, Morrison recalled "our weakness was now so great that a small twig across the way was sufficient to bring the stoutest of us

16 to the ground." They were crossing an impossibly bad, confusing terrain of marshes and bogs, one group getting so lost that they marched 15 miles, but ended that evening just five miles from where they started. That day a starving Morrison boiled and chewed on his shot-pouch. A number of his desperate fellow soldiers resorted to boiling and eating their moccasins. The riflemen passed a group ofNew England musket men who were eating Captain Dearborn's dog. 55 On 1 November Susannah's and Jemima's names appear prominently in the journals. In the middle of the morning, Henry related, "We came to a marsh three-fourths of a mile over, and covered by a coat of ice, half an inch thick. Here Lt. Simpson decided to stop for a short time for stragglers of the two companies to come up, and before they started to march again, the two women came up." Henry continued, "We were on the point of entering the marsh, when some one cried out 'Warner is not here.' Another said he had 'sat down sick under a tree, a few miles back.' His wife begging us to wait a short time, with tears of affection in her eyes, ran back to her husband. We tarried an hour. They came not. "56 The riflemen entered the marsh single file waist deep in water breaking the surface ice with their gun butts. To return to Henry's narra­ tive, "Now Mrs. Grier had got before me. My mind was humbled, yet aston­ ished, at the exertions of the good woman. Her clothes more than waist high, she waded before me to the firm ground. No one so long as she was known to us, dared to intimate a disrespectful idea of her. Her husband, who was an excellent soldier, was on duty in Hendricks' boat, which had proceeded to the discharge of the lake with lieutenant M'Clelland." 57 In a note in Henry's journal, he related what happened to Jemima Warner after she tearfully left the riflemen. "We heard nothing of them after entering the marsh, and until a month had elapsed at Quebec. In December, the wife or widow of poor James Warner, came to our quarters on the Low-grounds, bear­ ing her husbands rifle, his powder-horn and pouch. She appeared fresh and rosy as ever. This arose from the religious and gratuitous spirit of the Canadi­ ans." [Although Henry does not here describe what he meant by the last sen­ tence, the riflemen were astonished by the humanity and devoutness of the French Canadians. They took in to their homes sick soldiers, cared for and nursed them. It appears that Jemima was cared for by the French Canadians on her way to Quebec following the army]. The story Mrs. Jemima Warner told, was extremely affecting and may be worth remembering, as it is something like a sample of the whole of our dis­ tresses and intolerable disasters. "The consummate wife ran back from the marsh, and found her beloved husband sitting at the foot of a tree, where he said he was determined to die."

17 "The tenderhearted woman, attended her ill-fated husband several days urg­ ing his march forward; he again sat down. Finding all her solicitations could not induce him to rise, she left him, having placed all the bread in her posses­ sion, between his legs with a canteen of water. She bore his arms and ammuni­ tion to Quebec, where she recounted the story. [For Jemima to remain with her husband was to die needlessly with him, and the thought of being left alone in the uninhabited wilderness must have struck terror in her heart] . The nephews of Natanis [Abenaki Indians who in the later part of the march joined and helped the Americans,] afterwards at Quebec, confirmed the relation of the good woman. For when going up, and returning down the river with our ines­ timable friend M'Cleland, she urged them, suffused in tears to tal

18 having worn out their shoes and moccasins on the 350 mile march. They started the expedition wearing summer clothing that was now in tatters from walking in rivers, bogs, marshes, and a wild forest with its boulders, branches, shrubs, and ravines, all while carrying heavy loads. Although none of the journal writ­ ers mentioned it, they must have suffered from frostbite from the freezing tem­ peratures of October and November. They were an amazing collection of men and women!

1975 Re-enactment photo. William Hendricks is shown on the left speaking with three of his soldiers. Captain William Henclricl

They crossed the St. Lawrence River in canoes, but it was apparent that they were too few and the ammunition supply too low to attack Quebec. Instead they turned about 20 miles away from Quebec to wait for General Montgom-

19 ery with his reinforcements and artillery who were on their way from Montreal, having just captured it. On 1 December, he arrived with about 300 men and artillery. The army returned to Quebec to begin a siege. On establishing an artillery battery, they began to exchange shots with Quebec. On 11 December 1775, a shot from the walls of Quebec struck the American battery, killing a woman and wounding a man. According to Kenneth Roberts and several histo­ rians, the woman was Jemima Warner. But what was she doing at the artillery battery? It hardly seems likely that she was bringing pitchers of water to hot thirsty men in mid December at Quebec. A more logical explanation is that she was bringing buckets of water to cool the gun barrels, or she was helping to man one of the guns. Several writers have speculated that she probably was the first woman killed in combat in the Revolutionary War.62 If a surprise attack on Quebec were to be made, the American army would need stormy weather to lower visibility, and it would have to be made before 1 January 1776 when the enlistments of many of the men expired. On the evening of 31 December the heavy swirling snowstorm developed that the army was waiting for. The attack failed miserably because a column led by General Mont­ garnet')' retreated after he was killed in the initial fighting. The second column led by Arnold included Morgan, Hendricks, and the rifle companies. Arnold was wounded in the leg and brought to the rear while Morgan took over as commander. They became trapped in the streets and houses between two barri­ cades when the enemy sent to their rear a reserve force, which had been freed by the retreat of the first column. After fighting for several hours, their ammuni­ tion running low, they realized their situation was hopeless and surrendered. During the fight Hendricks and 14 riflemen were killed plus 17 wounded. Morgan and 134 riflemen were captured, and of that number 59 enlisted in the King's Service to avoid being sent to England to be tried for treason. Because they were born in Great Britain, they were the King's subjects. Sergeant Grier was among them. Arnold remained at Quebec although it was apparent that they were too few to maintain an effective siege, and there were only sporadic exchanges of rifle fire. However, on 18 April, the second tragedy occurred to the remaining woman. A soldier accidentally killed Susanna Grier when he "snapped" his rifle, which proved to be loaded.63 She probably was the second woman to be killed in the American Revolutionary War. The question needs to be asked, "What was Susannah doing among soldiers who had loaded rifles?" Was she participating in the exchange of rifle fire? We will never know. Finally on 5 May, the siege was lifted.

20 During 1775-76, Arnold's feat was already being acclaimed as extraordinary. As a participant, Morrison may be pardoned for hyperbole in stating, "It has been compared, and justly too, to Hannibal's march over the Alps."64 However, he was repeating what respected American leaders were saying. According to Desjardin, "Dr. James Warren wrote to Samuel Adams, 'Arnold has made a march that might be compared to Hannibal's or Xenophon's,' a thought echoed by Thomas Jefferson. 'This march of Arnold's is equal to Xenophon's rerreat'"65 It is tragic that Arnold's subsequent treason besmirched his name and by association his accomplishments. One can speculate that if he had continued to serve his country so brilliantly to the end of Revolutionary War, his name might rank with Greene, Knox and Morgan as a great military leader, and the Quebec Expedition although unsuccessful would berated with Ticonderoga and Greene's southern campaign. As it is, until recently Quebec was a forgotten campaign, known primarily to historians. Perhaps ifArnold had remained loyal and Jemima and Susannah had returned from Quebec, they would be hailed as heroes Today Jemima could be extolled as the first woman killed in the American Revolutionary War, and Susannah, who stayed with the soldiers even after her husband was captured and it became apparent that the siege was not going to succeed, should be honored for her dedication and service. She paid a price for that decision when she was killed on 18 April 1776. But it is not their deaths alone that make these rwo women heroes. Their deaths demonstrate their loy­ alty and constancy by remaining with the army although their husbands were no longer with them. Their heroism is in their endurance on an exceptionally difficult march that many men failed. The plaque that should commemorate them should simply say, "They Endured." They were constant in their endur­ ance to the cause of the American Revolution.

ENDNOTES 1. David G. Marrin, A Molly Pitcher Source Book (Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 2003) 281-285 and Robert Grant Crist, Captain William Hendricks and the /vfarch to Quebec (1775) (Carlisle PA: The Hamilton Library and Historical Association, 1960) 3. 2. PennsJ'Ivania Archives, ed. Thomas Lynch Montgomery, fifth series II (Harrisburg: Harris­ burg Publishing Company, 1906) 27 Please note that Cumberland County in 1775 was considerably larger than it is today. 3. Ibid. 46. 4. John B. Trussell, The Penm)'lvania Line: Regimental 01ganization and Opemtions, 1775- 1783 (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1993) 22. 5. Benson Bobrick, Angel in the \.Vhirlwind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997) 326.

21 6. !bid. 326-327. 7. Trussell 1. 8. !bid. 22-23. 9. Crist 14 . 10. Raymond Bell , !11other Cumberland: Tracing Your Ancestors in South-Centml Pem1S)'lvania (Alexandria: Hearrside Press, 1989) 20-23. 11. Tax Rates For The Year 1774, Cumberland Count)\ Pennsylvania Comp. John C. Fralish Jr. (Carlisle, PA: Cumberland County Historical Society, 1976). 12. Penmylvania Archives, ed. John B. Egle, second series, II (Harrisburg: Harrisburg Publish- ing Company, 1890) 25-27. 13 . Pmmylvania Archives, fifth series, II 220-225. 14. Thomas Fleming, Washington's Secret Wh (NewYork: Harper Collins, 2005) 141. 15. John Joseph Henry, "Campaign Against Quebec," in March to Quebec, ed. Kenneth Rob­ errs (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1938) 390-391. 16. Fleming 86, 141. 17. Holly A. Mayer, Belonging to the Army: Camp Followers and CommunilJ' During the Ameri- can Revolution (Columbia, SC: USC, 1996) 9, 125. 18. !bid. 79. 19. !bid. 125. 20. Walter H. Blumenthal, W'omen Camp Followers of the American Revolution (New York: Arno, 1974) 72-73 and Pennsylvania Archives, fifth series, II 89 and Mayer 125. 21. Fleming 143-144 and William Campbell, "Camp Followers (American and British)" in The American Revolution 1175-1183: An Encyclopedia, Vol. I, 1993, 236. 22. Mayer 127. 23. John Joseph Henry, "Campaign Against Quebec," Pennsylvania Archives, ed . Wm. H. Egle, second series, XV (Harrisburg: E. K. Meyers, State Printer, 1890) 101. The Henry journal appears in two different sources, Roberts and the volume cited here. This source contains a lengthy note about Jemima that does not appear in the Roberts volume. 24. "Marriage Licences, 1769-1776," Pennsylvania Vital Recoids Vol. I (Baltimore: Genealogy Publishing Company, 1883) 67. This may be an instance where two individuals with the same name (Joseph Grier] are assumed to be the same person. Because of this common phenomenon, the author has some uncertainty about the given names of]emima and Susannah. However, he prefers to give them the dignity of given names (Jemima and Susannah) rather than to be referred to only as Mrs. Warner and Mrs. Grier. 25 . Pm11sylvania Archives, second series, II 26-27. 26. !bid. 27-46. 27. !bid. 43-46.

22 28 . William Hendricks, ''A Journal of a Parry of Provincials from Carlisle to Boston Thence to Quebec," Penmylvania Archives ed . Wm H. Egle, second series XV (Harrisburg: E. K. Meyers, State Printer, 1890) 26-28 and Crist 16. 29. Ibid. 26 and Crist 16-17. 30. Hendricks 29 and Crist 16-1 7. 31. Crist 17. 32. !bit!. 17. 33. Ibid. 17. 34. Crist 18-19 and Kenneth Roberrs, Amndel, (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Com­ pany, 1958) 199. 35. John Cadman, Arnold's E"(pedition to Quebec, 2"d edition (New York: Macmillian Com­ pany, 1902) 43. 36. B. Prothier, "The Americans Invade Quebec" (n.p., 1960). Typescript in U.S. Army Mili­ tary History Instiwte, Carlisle, PA. 37. Charles Coleman Sellers, Benedict Arnold: The Proud 1Xftt rrior (New York: Minton, Balch and Company, 1930) 54-56. 38. Hendricks 32 and Crist 30-31. 39. Simeon Thaye r, "Journal of His March Through the Wilderness to Quebec, " in March to Quebec, ed . Kenneth Roberrs (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1936) 250. Kenneth Roberts, author of the novel Amndel about the Quebec expedition, also collected and published journals of soldiers who participated in the expedition to Quebec. Histori­ ans are forever grateful to Roberts. 40. Lee Enderlin, "Invasion of the Fourteenth Colony," Great Battles, (Leesburg, VA: Primedia Publication, 2005) 3 1. 41. Isaac Senter, "Journal of Dr. Isaac Senter," in !VIarch to Quebec, ed Kenneth Roberts (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1936) 202-03. 42. George Morrison, "Journal of the Expedition to Quebec," in !11arch to Quebec, ed. Ken- neth Roberts (New York: Doubleday Doran and Company, 1936) 514. 43. Senter 205. 44. Sellers 54. 45. Abner Stocking, "Journal of Abner Stocking," in !11arch to Quebec, ed. Kenneth Roberts (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1936) 550. 46. Morrison 514. 47. Crist 24. 48. Hendricks 36. 49. Thomas A. Desjardin, Through A Howling \.'(li/c/erness: Benedict Arnold's Jvfarch to Quebec, 1775 (New York: Sr. Marrin Press, 2006) 76-79. 50. Crist 24 and Thayer 256. 51 . Thayer 258.

23 52. Hendricks 39 and Morrison 522 and Henry, PennsJI/vania Archives, second series, XV 98. 53. Hendricks 40 and Morrison 523 and Henry Pennsylvania Archives, second series, XV 98. 54. Morrison 526. 55. Ibid. 526-528. 56. Henry, Pennsylvania Archives, second series, XV 102. 57. Justin H. Smith, Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec (Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 1998: reprinr, New York: G.P. Purnams's Sons, 1903) 423 and Henry, Pennsylvania Ar­ chives, second series A.'V, 102. 58. Henry, Pennsylvania Archives, second series XV 100 and Srocking 556 and Thayer 268 Srocking, a New England soldier, relates a srory rhar differs a bir from Henry's. He says rhar a yo ung Dutchman exhausted wirh fatigue and hunger fell victim ro rhe "king of terrors. " His affectionate wife tarried with him unril he died, while rhe rest of his company pro­ ceeded on their way. She covered him with leaves, then rook his gun and other implemenrs and left him. After rraveling 20 miles she caught up wirh us . Thayer, a captain of a New England company, tells another sli ghtly different version of rhe srory. On 22 November, a straggler finally arrived ar Quebec. He informed them of a man and wife, belonging ro rhe barralion of riflemen being dead, with 12 more [soldiers] . Bur rhe women returned about six weeks afterwards, and left her husband in rhe last agonies. 59. Hendricks, 47. 60. Henry, March to Quebec, 348. 61. "Hisrory and Collection and Resources," Women in Militmy Service for America Memorial, www.womensmemorial.org/H&C/ Resources: accessed 8 Ocr. 2006. and Roberts 483 and Enderlin 33. 62. Haskill 483 and Roberts 483. 63. Haskill 495. 64. Morrison 509. 65. Desjardin.

24 The Transformation of the Shippensburg Public Library Building By john P Bland

The oldest town in the Cumberland Valley, straddling the border between Franklin and Cumberland counties in the rolling foothill system of the Appala­ chian Mountains of south central Pennsylvania, the Borough of Shippensburg is laid out in a grid pattern. The town's major east-west thoroughfare is King Street, an old Indian path, 1 and along this two-lane road, also designated U.S. Route 11, has long lain much of its commercial district. The major north-south crossing is Earl Street, or Pennsylvania Route 696, a former Cumberland Valley Railroad right-of-way. The intersection of these two streets defines the current town square, the commercial center of the town since the first half of the nine­ teenth century, when the railroad extended its tracks down Earl Street to its station at South Earl and Orange streets, two blocks south of the square. As expansion and wealth followed the railroad, a number of fine homes were built west of the square on King Street. Originally the 1878 mansion of wealthy Shippensburg native George Hamill Stewart, Sr., the Shippensburg Public Library building at 73 West King Street has undergone significant reconstruction during its history; it is unique among structures in this small rural community. In 1738, original Shippensburg settler Samuel "Big Sam" Rippey erected a two-story stone tavern with distillery, barn, and tannery buildings to the rear oflots 100 and 101 as laid out on the original numbered grid of the town by its founder, Edward Shippen.2 Rippey success­ fully petitioned the justices of the Cumberland County Court for a tavern li­ cense on 24 July 1750 and began selling beer. 3 During the French and Indian War, Rippey's thirty-foot-square stone distillery building held supplies for Brit­ ish Major General Edward Braddock's ill-fated 1755 expedition west to Fort Duquesne.4 In 1771, Rippey's son William acquired the tavern from his father and began operating the business. Active in building the Continental Army, Captain Rippey

25 Lots 100 and 101 border the Branch Creek on West King Street, as shown on this 1858 Shippensburg map. 1858 Map ofCumberLand Count)!, CCHS Map Collection

.I .l,li f .; /1/ ( u'(

I 1/1 i.\' •N',i "I' ll~ . / ~.; ,: , _... ,.

Samuel Rippey's (signed "Rippeth") 24 July 1750 tavern license application. CCHS, County Recmds Collection

26 had recruited men primarily from Lurgan Township for, and had become com­ mander of, Company No. 4 in Colonel William Irvine's Sixth Pennsylvania Regiment for the unit's march to Three Rivers, Canada. Captured with his colonel July 21, 1776 at Isle Aux Noix, Rippey later escaped, and when his enlistment was over January 1, 1777, Rippey returned home to resume running his tavern. 5 Rippey had occasion to serve high-ranking veterans of the Revolution at his establishment. President George Washington lunched at his Revolutionary War comrade's tavern on 12 October 1794, enroute from Carlisle to western Penn­ sylvania to subdue the Whiskey Rebellion. 6 Another long-time customer of Rippey's distillery was Colonel Robert Magaw of Carlisle. On 2 November 1786, Rippey, apparently experiencing financial difficulty, wrote Magaw re­ questing payment for a barrel of whiskey: Dear Sir, Nothing but bear necessity would make me write to you on this subject. I am intirely drain'd of what cash I had and I beg leave to request you to send me by the Negroe boy the amount for [the] barrel of whiskey .. .. 7 Rippey continued to operate the business as the Black Horse Tavern, Stone Tower Tavern, and Stone Tower Hotel until his death at age seventy-eight in 1819.8 Various owners operated a tavern or hotel on the site for another sixty years. Under H. Hursh it was Hursh's Hotel; James Galbraith ran it as the Black Horse Hotel and the Branch Hotel for some years; and in 1871- 72, it was again known as the Black Horse Hotel, with Jacob Hipple as owner. 9 Other tavernkeepers included Isabella Breckenridge (from 1833-35) and Christian Zuk (from 1836-40). 10 In 1872, W Moore ofLebanon County, Pennsylvania owned the property, and two years later, George H. Stewart, Sr. purchased the building and acreage from Moore for $4,000. Stewart intended to raze the hotel, build a home on the site, and raise his family there. 11 Stewart constructed his home in the Vic­ George H. Stewart, Sr. torian Second Empire style that the new (1837-1931) Cumberland Valley State Normal School, CCHS, Photo Archives

27 later Shippensburg University, had adopted a few years earlier. The style rook its name from France's Second Empire period occurring under the reign ofNapo­ leon III (1852-70). This architectural style imitated the latest French building fashion, which was considered very chic and modern. The Paris Exhibitions of 1855 and 1867 helped to popularize the style in England; from there it spread to America to become the dominant architectural style between 1860 and 1880. Stewart's mansion employed the distinctive mansard roof, named for seven­ teenth-century French architect Franc;:ois Mansart, as well as other features char­ acteristic of the style: arched windows with raised surrounds, classical moldings and details, and decorative brackets below the eaves. The house was asymmet­ ric, with two-story bay windows on three sides, and its first floor windows were tall, emphasizing the vertical element of the house's design. The tall founda­ tion, wide front steps, tall paired windows with arched tops, patterned slate and tall chimneys with decorated caps drew the viewer's gaze upward. 12

George H. Stewart, Sr.'s Shippensburg mansion, built in the 2nd Empire architectural sryle. Photo by William H. Burkhart The interior of the house paired luxury with modern convenience. The first and second story rooms' high ceilings, almost twelve and eleven feet respec­ tively, emphasized the scale of the house. Asymmetrically arranged rooms fea­ tured heavy woodwork in walnut and cherry, molded plaster designs, oak floors, and marble fireplaces. Several rooms had crystal chandeliers for lighting, and gas jets provided additional illumination. Indoor plumbing was included, oper­ ated from water stored in a third floor iron tank that collected rain water from the mansion's roof 13 The owner of this magnificent home was clearly meant to be seen as an important person in the local community.

28 Born in Shippensburg in 1837 of Scotch-Irish stock, Stewart had begun a dry goods business before he was twenty years of age and became the "foremost figure in finance in the Cumberland Valley for more than half a century and for many years the largest owner of land in the valley." 14 The wealthiest man in the valley for over sixty years, Stewart owned over one hundred farms and held prominent positions in the community, serving as President of the Board of Trustees of the Shippensburg State Teachers College, Treasurer and a Trustee of Wilson College, a Director of the Cumberland Valley Railroad, Vice President of the 1st National Bank of Shippensburg, and Vice President of Farmers' Trust of Carlisle. 15 Having been present at Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address on 19 November 1863, he enjoyed telling people that in his speech, the President "had emphasized the word 'people' in each of the three phrases he used in his concluding statement." 16 When Stewart died in 1931, his estate was appraised at $4.3 million (the equivalent of almost $50.7 million in 2007), mostly in stocks and bonds. His personal jewelry consisted of a $5 ring and a $10 watch. 17 He left his West King Street home to his oldest son, George H . Stewart, Jr. George H. Stewart, Jr. (1888-1956) was as prominent in local and state af­ fairs as his father had been. Educated at Mercersburg Academy, Washington and Jefferson College, and Princeton University, he served as an Army Captain in World War I and was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature from 1921-23. Initially a grain dealer, he also invested in banking and railroads, as had his father. In

1925, he married Dorothy Gray (1898- I' 1963), a teacher at Wilson College. 18 The attractive and charming Mrs. Stewart, after several visits to Colonial Williamsburg, in Williamsburg, Virginia, told her husband that she wanted a man­ sion "just like the Governor's Palace in Williamsburg." 19 Inspired by John D. Rockefeller, Jr.'s early twentieth -century restoration and reconstruction of buildings at Colonial Williamsburg and encouraged by his brother Alexander's remodeling of his nearby Georgian style house at 52 West King Street, Stewart and his wife employed Governor's Palace in architect Bernard E. Starr to convert the Colonial Williamsburg, mansion's architectural style from Second Mrs. Stewart's inspiration. Empire to Georgian. For people in the up- Photo by john Bland

29 per classes, Georgian architecture had been the dominant style in the English colonies from 1700-8020 and the Stewarts joined many other Americans who sought to keep the noble experiment of American re­ publicanism and the glory of the Revolution alive through colonial­ style structures and furnishings, spe­ cifically by creating homes that Seated in the car, Brothers George, at left, replicated the styles of admired co- and Alexander Stewart. lonial figures who embodied Ameri- . Photo co~trtes~' of . can ideals of honesty, courage, and Slnppensbt-t~g Hzstoncal Soctety. individual strength. Aside from Mrs. Stewart's aesthetic desire for a Georgian home, practical considerations may have encouraged the Stewarts to remodel. The flat mansard roof leaked terribly as did the overflow pipe from the rain-water-collecting iron tank on the third floor. Water often leaked down through the house, necessitat­ ing expensive repairs to the interior. In addition, the growing Stewart family probably needed an updated plumbing system and a modern kitchen and laun­ dry. 21 To make the mansion appear Georgian, Starr needed to create symmetry out of asymmetry and transform the vertical em­ phasis to a horizontal one.22 While the bays and window placement stood in the way of a Geor­ gian appearance, some of these features could not be removed without destroying the house. Starr compromised by leaving the sides of the house largely untouched while remodeling the front and back. This effort took most of 1936 and 1937 and cost $40,000, a princely sum in the Great Depression (the equivalent of $570,000 in 2006). 23 Starr removed almost half of the front fas:ade to achieve a symmetrical and more horizontal appearance. He removed the front bay and built Swan's neck pediments a flat wall with the old bricks and reused the and single-door entrance. window frames, placing them to mirror the other Photo by john P Bland half of the fas:ade. The first floor windows re-

30 rained their original height while Starr cut down the second floor window tops to decrease the vertical look of the front. He reduced the size of the entrance to make a single door and in­ cluded overhead transom lights above the door. He then placed a swan's neck pediment over the entrance, making it the focal point of the front. He removed the porch and replaced it with a small stoop. 24 Starr compromised the Georgian ideal by making few changes to the sides of the home. Apparently deciding that adding characteristic details would suffice, he restyled the east porch with a brick floor and classical columns. The The rebuilt west portico with west portico was reconfigured with classical col­ Palladian window above. umns, surrounded with a pediment, and a Pal­ Photo by john P Bland ladian window was added above. 25 Instead of remodeling the rear wall, Starr concealed it with a more symmetric addition that housed modern conveniences. A new wall was erected across the rear of the house. At either end Starr constructed brick-arched porticoes, open on the east and closed on the west. Between these two porticoes, Starr erected columns to support a second floor balcony covered with a pediment and bounded by lattice rails. 26 The architect added a new roof to solve the water leak problem, to reduce the house's apparent height, and to add Georgian details. Because the house was too large for a gable roof, Starr altered the mansard roof into a truncated hip roof, similar to the old mansard roof but having a gentler slope. He also elimi­ nated the iron water tank and its piping. He added a new cornice with dentil moldings and ordered custom-built copper downspouts which he placed to carry away wa­ ter from rain gutters. These changes contrib­ uted to the horizontal look of the building.V To further decrease the vertical element, he had workmen reduce the height of the exposed foundation by raising the lawn several feet and enclosing it with a brick retaining wall. The rais­ ing of the lawn and apparent lowering of the Cornice and denril roof, the addition of den til moldings in the cor­ molding features. nices, and the building of the front wall gave Photo by john P Bland

31 the front fac;:ade the symmetry and horizontal feel expected of Georgian archi­ tecture. Starr further emphasized the horizontal with shutters on the first and second floors and dormers on the third floor. 28 Interior renovations began at the front door, where Starr narrowed the door­ way, installed a six-panel door with lights over it, and added new inner double doors and an overhead transom. In the living room, he installed dentil mold­ ings, a random-width oak floor with walnut border and inserts, and an ornate keyblock in the trim over the door. The double sitting room was split in two; the front half became a library and the rear a den. The library was paneled in walnut and had dentil moldings and a shell design over the shelves to the right of the fireplace. 29 The new dining room was more Federal than Georgian in character. An en­ tirely new fireplace with a black marble mantel and fine plaster design derails graced the north wall. Along the mantel, Starr placed a design of flower swags and rosettes in plaster on either side of sunbursts. He framed the fireplace with pilasters. A plaster cornice on the ceiling echoed the fireplace front with rosettes and pilasters. 30 The drastic changes Starr accom­ plished did not create an entirely Geor­ gian building, nor did they entirely erase the structure's former nature. His work, however, did totally transform the front and rear fac;:ades. Despite the architect's creative touch and imagination, the Sec­ ond Empire character could not be en­ tirely overcome. Heavy woodwork, curved corners, and the asymmetry in both the interior spaces and the exte­ Starr's Georgian renovation of the Stewart mansion. rior east and west walls betray the home's Photo by john P. Bland Victorian origin.3' Upon the death of George H. Stewart, Jr. in 1956, the mansion underwent further change. Mr. Stewart had wanted the Shippensburg Public Library to have the property upon his death, and Mrs. Stewart sold the building to the library for $60,000, less than one­ quarter of irs then estimated value of more than $250,000.32 Alteration of the building was necessary to suit the Library's needs, and its Board of Directors hired the architectural firm of Starr and Long, which had done the 1936 re­ modeling, to accomplish the work; Bernard Starr had long since retired and the firm was led by his partner, Paul V Long. It is unknown whether Mrs. Stewart

32 recommended the firm to the Li­ brary Board, but she had also hired Long to remodel the family's sum­ mer cabin.-' 3 The changes Long made to ac­ commodate the Library included adding a circulation desk and book elevator in the main hall. He en­ closed the porches and balcony at the rear and added a fire escape. Other minor changes to interior The rear wall, showing architect closets and bathrooms had little ef­ Paul Long's alterations. 34 fect on the character of the house. Photo by john P. Bland Following the remodeling, the Li­ brary opened to the public on 9 December 1957.35 By 1966, the Library's expanding collection required the addition of shelf space. The Library Board decided to add a large, one-story annex to the east. This annex was designed to carry over the Georgian details of the mansion in its window hardware, shutters, windowpane size, and brick eyebrows over the windows. The old dining room bay window and east porch were discarded. The annex, designed by the architectural firm of Noelker and Hull of Chambersburg, Shippensburg Public Library's 1968 Annex. was completed in 1968, at a cost of Photo by john P. Bland $60,000.36 The library has not been modified since this last addition thirty-nine years ago. When Edward Shippen founded Shippensburg in 1730, his plan was for a town provisioning travelers going west; today the town continues to be a place of preparation and provision. Thousands of settlers traveling west, students seek­ ing higher education, and parishioners traveling on spiritual journeys have passed through Shippensburg, provisioned by merchants, educators, pastors, and other townspeople. On the site of a 1738 tavern that provided lodging and victuals for travelers, the Shippensburg Public Library provides its patrons with educa­ tional, leisure, recreational, and social opportunities through its collections, community programs, and this unique building.

33 Endnotes 1. HistOIJ' of Cumberland and Adams Counties, Penns)'lvania (Chicago: Warner, Beers and Co., 1886), 257 and 259. 2. Ibid., 261; and Conway P Wing, HistOI)' of Cumberland Counl)l, PennsJ'!vania (Philadel­ phia: James D . Scott, 1879) , 252 and 255. 3. Clerk of Court, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, Hotel and Tavern License Applica­ tions, 1750, Hamilton Library, Cumberland County Historical Society, Carlisle, PA. 4. Shippensburg Historical Society, "Historic Shippensburg: A Guide to Shippensburg's His­ toric Landmarks," Shippensburg Historical Society, Shippensburg, PA. The actual loca­ tion of this storage house remains disputed. 5. Wing, HistOJ)' of Cumberland Counl)\ Penns)'lvania, 252-53. 6. Library of Congress, "George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1 799: Series 1b, George Washington Diary, September 30-0ctober 20, 1794" (12 October 1794; available from Imp:/ /memory.loc.gov/mss/mgw/mgw 1b/941/021 OO.gif; Internet; accessed 21 August 2007). A portion of Washington's diary for 12 October 1794 reads, "I set out from Carlisle about 7 o'clock this morning. Dined at Shippensburg 21 miles further. Lodged at Chambersburg 11 miles where I was joined by the Adj. Genl Hand." 7. William Rippey to Col. Robert Magaw, 2 November 1786, Box 42, Microfilm 279, Hamilton Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, quoted in Merri Lou Schaumann, Trwems of Cumberland County Penns)'lvania, 1750-1840 (Carlisle, PA: Cumberland County Historical Society, 1994), 78. 8. Wing, HistOJ)' ofCumberland Counl)l, Penns)'lvania, 253. 9. William H . Burkhart, Cumberland Valley Chronicles (Shippensburg, PA: The News­ Chronicle Co., 1976), 131-32. 10. Schaumann, Taverns ofCumberland County Penm]'lvania, 1750-1840, 77. 11. Atlas of Cumberland Counl)\ Pem1S)'lvania (New York: F. W. Beers and Company, 1872), 26 and 27; and The Shippensburg News (Shippensburg, PA), 28 July 1877. 12. Virginia McAlester and Lee McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003), 240-53; and Paul H. Barner, "The Restoration and Remodeling of the Stewart Homes in Shippensburg," October 1980, Library, Shippensburg Historical Soci­ ety, Shippensburg, PA, 36. 13. Barner, "The Restoration and Remodeling of the Stewart Homes in Shippensburg," 36-39. 14. The News-Chronicle (Shippensburg, PA) , 9 June 1931. 15 . Biogmphic Annals ofCumberland Cottnl)l, Penns)'lvania (Chicago: The Genealogical Pub­ lishing Co., 1905), 842-43. 16. The News-Chronicle (Shippensburg, PA), 9 June 1931. 17. "Estate of George H. Stewart, Deceased, Appraisement of Personal Property" dated Au­ gust 3, 1931. Estate Inventories, Box 52 Folder S-1763. 18. Barner, "The Restoration and Remodeling of the Stewart Homes in Shippensburg," 3.

34 19. Ibid., 1 and 35. 20. McAlester and McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses, 140. 21. Barner, "The Restoration and Remodeling of the Stewart Homes in Shippensburg," 39 and 44. 22. McAlester and McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses, 139. 23. Barner, "The Restoration and Remodeling of the Stewart Homes in Shippensburg," 44. 24. Ibid., 44-45. 25. Ibid., 45. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid., 45 and 48. 28. Ibid., 48. 29. Ibid., 48 and 50. 30. Ibid., 53. 31. Ibid., 73. 32. The News-Chronicle (Shippensburg, PA), 5 October 1956. 33. Barner, "The Restoration and Remodeling of the Stewart Homes in Shippensburg," 74. 34. Ibid. 35. Shippensburg Public Library, "The Stewart House," three-page typed and photocopied article written for library visitors, Revised June 2007), 1. 36. William H. Burkhart, editor, The Shippensburg StOI)\ 1730-1970 (Shippensburg, PA: The News-Chronicle Co., 1970), 158-59.

35 Kaufman's Station at the Village of Boiling Springs by Richard L. Tritt

On October 18, 2007, the Cumberland County Historical Society received notification from the National Park Service that the application for Kaufman's Station at the Village of Boiling Springs had been evaluated and was officially named a site on the Park Service's National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom. The review board found that it made a significant contribution to the understanding of the Underground Railroad in American history and that it met the require­ ments for inclusion as an official Net­ work site. As a result, the village may use the Network to Free­ dom logo, such as on plaques or publica­ tions. Kaufman's Sta­ tion will be included on the Network's website and can be used as a resource by students and schol­ ars. Tourists can use Daniel Kaufman House and State Historical Marker the website to find Photo by Kim Laidler Underground Rail­ road sites they may want to visit. The Boiling Springs Civic Association is plan­ ning both guided and self-guided walking tours of Kaufman's Station for visi­ tors to the area. The following article was abstracted from the nomination form that was written and prepared in 2006-2007 by Richard Tritt, local historian and Photo Curator at Cumberland County Historical Society. A major part of the nomi-

36 nation procedure asks the application preparer to "Describe the site's associa­ tion and significance to the Underground Railroad. Provide citations. Supple­ mental chronologies are encouraged." Nomination Narrative The historic village of Boiling Springs was the site of an Underground Rail­ road "station" operated by an area resident named Daniel Kaufman. He became an agent in 183 5 at the young age of 17 and was assisted by several relatives and residents of the village. 1 An ironworks was located at Boiling Springs and free­ dom seekers also received help from some of its employees, many of whom were African-American. Kaufman's Underground Railroad activities came to a halt in 1848 after he was sued by a Maryland slave owner for assisting thirteen slaves who were last traced to his home. The suit resulted in three court cases over four years at the local, state, and federal levels. In federal court Kaufman was found guilty and paid fines and expenses amounting to approximately $5,000.2 When he died in 1902 he was one of the last surviving former agents of the Under­ ground Railroad. 3 The earliest known reference to the name "Boiling Springs" was in a 1737 Blunston License for the building of a mill on the Yellow Breeches Creek.4 By 1762 the Carlisle Iron Works was established at the site, the first industrial development in Cumberland County.5 Carlisle was the closest settlement, about four miles north of the works. Many of the laborers were Negro slaves, as well as freed slaves, and indentured servants. 6 In the early 1800s two German families purchased land and established farms on what is today the village of Boiling Springs. These families, the Kaufmans and the Brechbills, had offspring who would later become involved in the village's Underground Railroad activities. When Kaufman agreed to be an agent around 1835, a station was needed between Shippensburg and Harrisburg, since this distance was too long for escaping slaves to cover in one day.l Boiling Springs became part of several routes that led from Maryland to Harrisburg. From Shippensburg to Boiling Springs, one route was along the south side of the Cumberland Valley since that area was less densely populated. In the South Mountain area there were also a number of ironworks, including the one at Pine Grove. Since the ironworks employed a number of black workers and there were several small black settle­ ments, this was a likely area for freedom-seekers to find help. In Boiling Springs, the Kaufman farm was on the edge of town, near the ironworks and along the millrace. Freedom seekers were hidden in his barn or in a densely wooded area across the millrace known as Island Grove. 8 Boiling Springs was an ideal site for a station because it was close to the mountain and in a fairly remote area.

37 1301 Ll :\G Sl'l\1 ;\I (;S IKS.S

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1858 Map of Boiling Springs Map created b)' Keevin Graham

Daniel Kaufman's station and the Underground Railroad activltles in the Boiling Springs area took place in an environment that was at times unsympa­ thetic. The attitudes in Cumberland County prior to the Civil War were not strongly anti-slavery. The heart of the county consists of the northern extremity of the Great Valley, which continues south to the valley of Virginia, a pro­ slavery area. Nearly half of the students who attended Dickinson College in Carlisle were from below the Mason-Dixon line. In addition, a large number of Southern officers were stationed at the army post at Carlisle.9 The county had a history of considerable slave holdings. In 1810, half of the slaves in Pennsylva­ nia were held in Cumberland County. As late as 1840 there were still twenty­ four slaves in the county. The Carlisle newspapers were anti-abolitionist, and after 1845, area churches closed their doors to abolitionist meetings. 10 There were only a handful of people who held feelings strong enough to become abo­ litionists or operators on the Underground Railroad. The opinion expressed by the editor of The Volunteer, a Carlisle newspaper, in its coverage of Kaufman's

38 first trial on November 30, 1848, is indicative of the attitude of the area. The editorial concludes stating that: In the surrounding neighborhood of Kaufman's residence, there appears to be a number of most inveterate abolitionists, who are strongly sus­ pected as part of a grand chain extending from Mason and Dixon's line to the northern section of this State, who aid in the escape and secreting of runaway negroes. This spirit of false philanthropy cannot be other­ wise than deleterious in its tendency, and should receive the frown of every good citizen. Slaves have been recognized by the constitution as property, and every sensible man, until they are proven otherwise, should acquiesce in the recognition. The law should not be trampled upon, and individual rights should not be oppressed by a wild and dangerous fanaticism .11 Daniel Kaufman operated his station for about a dozen years, from 183 5 until 1848. He claimed to have aided at least sixty freedom-seekers through his station. He was assisted by two of his brothers-in-law, Stephen Wealdey of Dickinson Township and Mode Griffith who lived near Boiling Springs along the Old York Road. Philip Brechbill and George Sailor who lived in the village of Boiling Springs were also involved.12 When freedom-seekers reached Boiling Springs, usually along the South Mountain route, they were hidden by Kaufman at his house or barn that were located in a se­ cluded spot along the millrace south of the lake. A more secure hiding place was Island Grove, a densely wooded and overgrown area located about a mile south of the village on the opposite side of the race and the Yellow Breeches Creek. 13 In the center of Island Grove, there was an abandoned log cabin, where the fugitives were harbored overnight. A nearby min­ Dam at Island Grove Park, c. 1876-1880 eral spring furnished them with Photo adapted fimn stereograph by john N Choate drinking water. 14

39 One incident involving freedom-seekers passing through Boiling Springs was recorded by Jeremiah Zeamer, a noted local historian. It involved nine Negro men who were found by Mode Griffith on the ridge near Boiling Springs. It was already daylight, and realizing the danger they were in, Griffith informed Daniel Kaufman. They hid the men in the dense thickets oflsland Grove. "That night at 10 o'clock, the Kaufman family provided a substantial meal for the fugitives and had them come into the house one at a time until all had come and eaten their fill." After the meal, Daniel Kaufman piloted them off in the direction of Carlisle by the Petersburg Road. They were met in a woods two miles south of Carlisle by other agents who piloted them toward Harrisburg. 15 There were undoubtedly many other incidents involving freedom-seekers passing through Boiling Springs that were not recorded. This is not surprising since Underground Railroad activities by their nature were conducted in secret. The most important, and best-documented incident in Daniel Kaufman's life as an agent on the Underground Railroad took place in October of 1847. This incident is of special interest since it depicts in detail Underground Railroad activities in Boiling Springs. It also led to Kaufman's retirement as an agent. Thirteen slaves escaped from Williamsport, Maryland, during the night of October 9 or 10, 1847. They were the property of Mary Oliver, a recent widow, and her four daughters, who had moved from Arkansas to Williamsport to live near the home of a cousin, John Stake. The slaves were members of two fami­ lies, consisting of two husbands, their wives and children. They had decided to escape because they were to be sold and did not want to be separated. 16 George Cole, a free black who lived in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, helped the slaves get as far as Boiling Springs. He had intended to leave the slaves at the Iron Works at Boiling Springs but chose Kaufman's barn instead because there were too many people around the Forge the afternoon of their arrival. Kaufman housed and fed the families that evening in his barn. During the night he took them away in his wagon to the barn of his brother-in-law Stephen Weakley who then took them on toward Harrisburg. 17 John Stake, the cousin of the Olivers in Maryland, was not at home the night of the slaves' escape. When he returned two days later he followed the slaves and eventually traced them as far as Kaufman's house. Since Daniel was away, Stake confronted Mrs. Kaufman at her home. At first she denied any knowledge of harboring slaves. He told her that he intended to bring suit against her husband for aiding in the escape of Oliver's slaves. 18 The suit of Mary M. Oliver and others against Daniel Kaufman was heard in the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County in the County Court­ house in Carlisle beginning on November 7, 1847. The judge was Samuel

40 Hepburn. The court transcript reveals many details about Underground Rail­ road activities in Boiling Springs. Testimony was heard from the free black man, George Cole, and several people who had seen the slaves en route to Kaufman's house. Several local citizens, including Kaufman's brother-in-law Mode Griffith, described visiting Kaufman's barn that evening and seeing and in some cases talking with the fugitives. Other witnesses testified to seeing Kaufman's wagon leave that night and seeing it later at Stephen Wealdey's barn. John Stal<:e de­ scribed his pursuit of the slaves and his visit with Mrs. Kaufman. 19 The county trial resulted in a verdict in favor of the Olivers. Daniel Kaufman was fined $2000. On June 19, 1849, this verdict was reversed by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in Harrisburg on the grounds that the court had no jurisdiction in the case. The offense charged was a violation of a U. S. federal statute and should have been tried in a U. S. Federal Court. In 1849, a suit was initiated again in the United States Courts in Philadel­ phia by the Olivers against Daniel Kaufman, Stephen Wealdey and Philip Brechbill. The defendants in this trial were aided by various Northern abolition societies, and were defended by some of the most learned lawyers of the coun­ try, including Thaddeus Stevens, William B. Reed and David Paul Brown. At the first Federal trial of this case the jury failed to agree upon a verdict. In 18 52 at a second trial a verdict was rendered against Daniel Kaufman alone for $2800 in damages and about $1200 in costs. Part of these sums were paid for with contributions by abolition societies of Philadelphia, but much of the burden fell upon Stephen Wealdey. 20 This important chapter in the history of Boiling Springs reveals a noble side of Daniel Kaufman, the village's founder. He was part of a small but dedicated minority who held certain beliefs and acted upon them. He said that all slave holding was unjust and immoral. He supported the abolition of slavery and believed that all men should be free. He sacrificed his time, provisions, and reputation to help fugitives pass through his station at Boiling Springs. The Underground Railroad's success in Boiling Springs can be attributed in large part to Daniel Kaufman's attitude, ingenuity, and devotion to the cause of free­ dom. The Boiling Springs Underground Railroad site includes Front Street, part of Race Street, the area southeast of the village's lake where the ironworks was located, and land along the millrace and Yellow Breeches Creek upstream as far as Island Grove. A number of natural landmarks and structures associated with Kaufman and the Underground Railroad have survived. These include build­ ings associated with the ironworks and about a dozen houses in the village that stood during the years that the station was in operation. Some of these struc-

41 tures and sites are located on land that is now part of Iron Works Park, a South Middleton Township Park, the Appalachian Trail, the Witdinger Preserve, and the Yellow Breeches Creek, a Pennsylvania Scenic River. A number of the his­ toric buildings and homes have been restored and preserved by private owners. Areas and structures associated with the Underground Railroad can be seen, starting at the Iron Works Park at the south end of the lake. Surviving buildings from the ironworks include the ironmaster's mansion, the stables, the gristmill and the iron furnace. Crossing the footbridge below the dam, on the Appala­ chian Trail, the path leads through a now wooded area known as the "island" where the workers' cabins and support buildings were located. Testimony in the Kaufman trial indicates that the group of freedom-seekers that Kaufman even­ tually housed for the night had intended to stay at the Forge but chose his barn because there were too many people around the Forge that day. When leaving the wooded area and passing the 1853 stone humpback Ege Bridge, a right turn leads to the grist mill that was built in 1784 to provide feed and flour for the ironworks. A hand-dug race provided water to power the mill. Following this millrace upstream, the site of Daniel Kaufman's house and barn can be seen across the race, along Race Street, opposite the house and lot at 117 Race Street. Also visible at the base of concrete steps leading to a former boat dock are large stones that were part of the foundation for the wooden bridge that was next to Kaufman's house. Continuing about one half-mile upstream leads to the Yellow Breeches where the Witdinger Dam (now removed) directed water into the race. From this site the densely wooded area oflsland Grove can be seen on the left side of the stream above the former dam site. Kaufman hid freedom-seekers in the barn next to his house or in the ruins of an old building that was located at Island Grove. Returning along the same path to the village, a walk along Front Street eventually leads to the village square. After first passing rwo early stone houses associated with the ironworks, the Daniel Kaufman House at 301 Front Street is located at the top of the hill overlooking the lake. It is identified by a Penn­ sylvania Historical Marker, erected in 2002. Daniel Kaufman laid out the village of Boiling Springs in 1845 on 47 acres of cleared land that he pur­ chased from his father Abraham. Abraham died in 1847 and Daniel contin­ ued to live in the family's frame farmhouse. He remained there until 1880 when he moved to the "mansion house" that he built on the prime lot that he reserved for himself, overlooking the village lake. He sold the 4 1/2 acres that included his frame house and bank barn in 1880. 2 1 It has not been deter­ mined when these structures were razed but they were located adjacent to the site of the Katherine Furnace, a state of the art facility constructed in 1881 by

42 the Ahl brothers who then owned the ironworks. Race Street was created and a number of workers' homes were built along this street due to its proximity to the ironworks. The Kaufman farm buildings were prob­ ably lost during this expan­

sion of the facility. I:,) • Continuing from the \1:'<. ' Kaufman house at the cor­ .. -

ner of Front and Third ...~ Streets, a walk toward the village square passes anum­ ber of buildings built be­ I tween 1845 and 1858. The f. .·'!'::.· •, structure at 101 Front Street was the location of .'-.. ; Leidich's Store and is re­ ferred to in testimony given '• at the Kaufman trials. A number of the village resi­ dents said that they had heard about the runaways ~ <• \., I at Kaufman's farm when ·~ :· ·.~.. they were at Leidich's Store. Also on the square is the Boiling Springs Tavern, built by Philip Brechbill in Draft from a Cumberland County Road Petition, 1834. He was associated dated April 14, 1876, showing the location with Kaufman in his cause, of Daniel Kaufman's house and barn when he was an agent on the Underground Railroad. was a witness at the 184 7 CCHS, County Rec01ds Cof!ection trial, and a co-defendant at the 1850 federal trials. Daniel Kaufman was only 17 years old when he became an agent on the Underground Railroad. When he died in 1902 he was also one of the oldest surviving Underground Railroad agents in the state. His work for the cause is well documented because of his involvement in three trials. In addition to the

43 surviving trial transcripts, there was also abundant coverage in area newspa­ pers at the time. The case was also known in the Philadelphia area. A leaflet distributed by an abolitionist group in Philadelphia, c. 1852, describes the case and solicits contributions to help pay Kaufman's fines and trial expensesY These sources reveal a great deal of detailed information about the station in Boiling Springs and the area network. Even more revealing is the 1899 inter­ view of Daniel Kaufman that appeared in the October 15, 1899 issue of The Philadelphia Press. It contains in his own words the story of his involvement in the Underground Railroad and his trials. This wealth of documentation and the survival of many of the sites and structures associated with the Kaufman Station make this site worthy of inclusion in the National Underground Rail­ road Network to Freedom.

Daniel Kaufman at age 81 in an illustration which accompanied an article in The PhiLadelphia Press, October 15 , 1899.

44 DANIEL KAUFMAN CHRONOLOGY 1818 Daniel Kaufman is born in Boiling Springs to Abraham and Mary Spangler Kaufman and raised on the family farm south of Boiling Springs. 1835 Daniel becomes an agent on the Underground Railroad at age 17 and continues until 1847 when he is sued by a Maryland slave owner. 1839 Daniel's brother Abraham, an Episcopal minister, dies in South Caro­ lina at the age of 28. c. 1840 Daniel marries his first cousin once removed, Catherine Fortenbaugh. 1841 Daniel's mother Mary dies in Boiling Springs. 1844 Daniel's daughter Anna is born. 1845 Daniel lays out the village of Boiling Springs and begins to sell lots. 1847 Daniel's father Abraham dies. Daniel inherits his land and remains on the farm. He continues to sell lots in the village for the remain­ der of his life. 1847 Daniel assists a group of thirteen freedom-seekers owned by Mary Oliver of Maryland. 1848 County trial at the Cumberland County Court House, Carlisle, Pa.- Oliver vs . Kaufman. Daniel is found guilty and fined $2000.

1849 Verdict appealed to State Supreme Court in Harrisburg, Pa., and decision reversed. 1850 Two federal trials in Philadelphia, Pa.- first trial, hung jury- sec­ ond trial, found guilty and fined $2800. Total costs for the three trials were nearly $5000.

45 1851 Daniel's brother DavidS. Kaufman, U.S. Representative from Texas, dies in Washington, D.C. at age 37. Ironically David was a slaveholder and supporter of the institution of slavery. 1853 D aniel helps establish the first schools in Boiling Springs. 1855 Daniel's son Spangler G. Kaufman is born. 1873 Daniel's son Spangler dies at age 18. 1875 Daniel is the Republican representative for South Middleton Town­ ship at the county convention. 1878 Daniel is elected chairman of the Greenback Labor Party of C umberland County. 1880 Daniel moves to his "Mansion House" at 301 Front Street in Boil­ ing Springs. H e sells the 4 1/2 acre tract along the millrace that includes his two-story frame house and barn. 1899 D aniel is interviewed by The Philadelphia Press for an October 15, 1899 article about his role as an agent on the Underground Rail­ road. He is 81 years old. 1902 Daniel dies at age 84. H e was "the last surviving agent of the UGRR." He had been senile the last few years of his life. He left all his estate to his wife. At her death, all assets were to be divided equally between his daughter Anna and Maggie Bishop, an orphaned child who had been tal<:e n in by the Kaufmans.

Endnotes 1 "Agenr of the Underground Railway, " The Philadelphia Press, 15 October 1899. 2 Ibid. 3 Evening Volunteer, Carli sle, Pa., 26 July 1902. 4 George P. Donehoo, HistOJ)' ofthe Cumberland Valley in Penm)'lvania, Vol. 1 (Harrisburg: Susq uehanna History Ass n. , 1930), 59. 5 Forges and Fumaces in the Province ofPennsylvania, (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Society of the Coloni al Dames of America, 191 4), 172. 6 American Vo lunteer, I September 188 1. 7 Ibid. The Philadelphia Press, 15 October 1899. 8 Mary C. Bobb, "An Underground Railroad," Lamberton and Hamilton Librrtl)' Association Prize Essays, Vol. I, (Carlisle: Hamilton Press, 191 3), 2. 9 W hitfield Bell , "S lave ry and Anti-slave ry in C umberl and Counry, 1830-1850." (Unpub­ li shed paper, Dickinso n College, 1968), I.

46 10 Ibid. 3-5. 11 The Volunteer, Carlisle, Pa ., 30 November 1848. 12 Jeremiah Zeamer papers, Manuscrip[ Coll ec[ion, Box 40-folder 7, Cumberland County Hiswrical Socie[y, Carlisle, Pa. 13 Bobb, 2. 14 Sylves[er B. Sadler, "Miscellaneous No[es," Manuscrip[ Collec[ion, Box 16-folder 37, Cumberland County Hiswri cal Socie[y, Carli sle, Pa. 15 Zeamer Papers. 16 "Coun Record s of Mary Oliver e[ al vs . Daniel Kaufman," November Coun of 1847, Cumberland Co., Papers No. 32, 33, 34, 35, in File Box Nov. 1847, Jan. 1848, indexed in Appearance Docke[ Book No. 23, 1846, 47, Office of [he Pro[hono[ary, Cumberland Coumy Coun House, Carli sle, Pa ., 11 3. 17 Ibid. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 20 Rev. Conway P. Wing, History of Cumberland Co unt)\ Pennsylvania, (Philadelphia: James D . Sco[[, 1879), 219. 2 1 Cumberland County Deed Book H-1 0-23 1. 22 ''A S[a[emem of Fac[s" (lea fl e[ disuibmed by an unknown aboli[ionis[ group in Philadel­ phia, c. 18 52), Manusc rip[ Collec[ion, Box P 4-6, Cumberland Coumy Hiswri cal Sociery, Carlisle, Pa.

47 Narrow Escapes: Two Original Accounts of Civil War Shells in the Hands of Carlisle Civilians Mter the War Introduction by Barbara Houston

Original narratives recounting the experiences of local citizens during the Confederate occupation of Carlisle in late June and early July of 1863 are always of interest to staff and patrons at CCHS. Our much-used collection of contemporary accounts, particularly those that describe the shelling of the town, is a perennial favorite of students writing history essays, reporters set­ ting up Civil War-related stories, and history buffs in general. It includes such well-known works as ]. W. Sullivan's "Boyhood Memories of the Civil War 1861-'65," military memoirs and regimental histories pertaining to the ac­ tion around Carlisle, and the personal accounts provided by numerous local letter-writers and diarists. Recently, local Civil War-era narratives of a different sort have come to the attention of staff in the library. These deal with incidents related to the after­ math of the war; specifically, the excitement, curiosity, and extreme danger posed by the unexploded mortar shells that were apparently kept as souvenirs in the years following the war. The first of the two accounts which follow was written in 1907 by Frank Wetzel of Carlisle, and concerns events that transpired during the war in his boyhood neighborhood, near Carlisle Barracks. It also provides a hair-raising tale of the subsequent (mis)handling, several years later, by a group of young boys and a Civil War veteran who should have known better, of a live shell found by the writer's father following the Confederate occupation in July of 1863. Because 19th century maps, particularly local ones depicting small towns, were often meticulously labeled with the names of individual householders and business owners, and because Wetzel is a desci·iptive and engaging narrator, it is possible to follow the action he describes literally block by block, and in some cases nearly house by house.

48 The second account consists of a small article which appeared in the May 15, 1868 issue of the Carlisle Herald. Entitled ''A Narrow Escape," it describes a near-catastrophe at the home of William Bentz on South Hanover Street, in which a shell kept as a memento winds up in the family cook stove. The article concludes with these words of wisdom to readers, indicating that incidents of this type were perhaps not unfamiliar: "Those of our readers who have in their possession any of these Lee billets will apply the moral of this occurrence- which, we submit is not to experiment with them in hot coal stoves- they won't burn."

Wetzel Narrative This Shell was thrown from one of the guns of Fitzhugh Lee on the evening of 1" July 1863, in his attack on Carlisle. It failed to explode. It was found by George Wetzel, my father, either upon his premises, Corner of Penn and Bedford Streets, or near by, and was buried in the ground for a number of months, and then placed in a rainwater hogshead for many more months with a view of so dampening the powder that it might be opened with safety. Several years after this it was concluded that the powder would not explode, and a civil war veteran, who lost the four fingers of his left hand at the battle of Antietum, William Fenical, a workman in the wagon-maker shop of my father on North Bedford Street, now occupied by the bakery shop of C. C. Failor, screwed the shell in this vise, and with a wrench took out the screw through which the fuse passed and emptied the powder out on a heap on his work bench, on the right hand side of the front door of the shop. On the bench and by his side was several inquisitive boys, among them myself and my cousin­ Robert Smiley. Fenical was smoking a pipe, and with a view of testing the pow­ der, put a pinch of it in his pipe; it exploded and blew the fire out into the pint or more of powder emptied from the shell - the whole exploded and blew Smiley off the bench, burning the eyebrows and hands of Smiley and myself and the moustache and eyebrows ofFenical- at the same time badly scaring the entire party. The shell has been carefully preserved ever since. It is a constant reminder of the perils of that eventful day and night. My father resided at the Corner of Penn and North Bedford Street and on the Bedford Street side stood his shop. The approach of the Confederates had caused the evacuation of the Carlisle Barracks, (now the Indian School) and on the afternoon of the 1st of July, the writer, then about thirteen years old, and several other adventurous boys were

49 investigating (?) the empty barracks, when to their surprise a Union battery of field guns came into the grounds from the rear, by way of Henderson's Mill. We boys run home. This battery came into town and took position on the public square. (Had it remained at the Barracks they would not have been burned.) Early in the evening, as the Union militia were entering the town from the east on the turnpike from Harrisburg, a company of Rebel cavalry could be seen cautiously approaching the Barracks taking the Poor House road from the di­ rection of the York Road. Finding the Barracks unoccupied, one of the Rebels came down toward the spring with a glass and viewed the town. At this time no buildings stood between the home of the writer and the Barracks. The move­ ments of this man were plainly visible from our porch. John Arney, a butcher, came along with his musket and went over to the board fence along the old Moore lot where the Carlisle Shoe Factory now stands and was in the act of leveling his gun to fire at this man when old Andrew Kerr went up to him and prevented him, on the ground that his shooting this man would endanger the women and children of the town. Arney desisted and went on down Bedford Street toward Main where afterwards the citizens engaged the Rebels. Father, together with several others, had left that morning to see the battle field of Gettysburg, and mother with six small children was alone in the house. I saw the Rebels fire the Barracks. They ran from building to building with torches and soon all were ablaze. The entrance of Lee to the town was resisted by citizens behind the stone wall of the Cemetery, and piers of the C.VR.R. bridge on Main Street, and the militia. Trees were felled across the street to prevent cavalry from entering. Soon word was sent over the town to leave within five minutes, as Lee intended to

Civil War mortar shells, collected after the Confederate shelling of Carlisle in July of 1863, similar ro those described in these accounts. Cumberland County HistoricaL Society Museum Co LLection.

50 shell and fire the town. Mother had us all huddled in the cellar. With us were Wm. Swarner and John Fenical apprentices in the shop. Grandfather and Grand­ mother, John Shade and wife, (parents of my mother) lived just on square south of us, at the comer of North and Bedford Streets; Grandmother Shade was ill in bed - we rigged up an old spring wagon with bedding and got her into it. Swarner in the shafts and I pushing we moved her along with many others out the Carlisle Springs road to the farmhouse of Jos. Zeigler, now owned and occupied by Jacob Brubaker. The shells were screaming and cracking over us as we left. So precipitous was our departure that we left the coal oil lamp burning in the house- where it was found the next day by father who hastily returned to town. The floors of the Brubaker house were covered with refugees, worn out

Period map showing households on rhe north end of town, including several mentioned by Wetzel in his account. Cumberland County HistoricaL Society, Hamilton Libra1y Map Collection.

51 and excited by the stirring events of the war and under the full belief that our home would be destroyed. Uncle Levi Zeigler drove toward town to render us service and found us at this place and took us all to his house about five miles from town. Here father found us and took us back to town. This shell is a constant reminder of a night, the most perilous and terrible in our experience. I received this shell the 17th day of February 1907, from my sister Annie, after the recent death of my father, 12 January, 1907, and I write its history on this 24'" day of February, 1907. [signature of Frank Wetzel]

Carlisle Herald May 15, 1868

A NARROW ESCAPE On Monday last, the wife and daughter of Mr Wm. Bentz, of our town, made a very imminent escape with their lives. The circumstances were these: During the shelling of Carlisle by that good Democratic FitzHugh Lee, a conical shell struck Mr. Bentz's house, but did not explode. This missile, after having been preserved as a memento for several years, was thrown aside, and ultimately found its way into the coal bin. On Monday last, the shell, without being observed, was shoveled into a bucket of coal and from thence carried to the cook stove where the contents of the bucket were thrown upon the fire. For more than a quarter of an hour after this Mrs. B. and her daughter were about the stove preparing dinner, and they had just stepped into another room when a most terrific explosion occurred, shak­ ing the house to its foundation. The only real damage done was to the stove, which was blown into smithereens.

Those of our readers who have in their possession any of these Lee billets will apply the moral of this occurrence - which, we submit is not to experi­ ment with them in hot coal stoves - they won't burn.

Newspaper account from the May 15, 1868 Carlisle Herald, reporting another incident involving an unexploded Civil war shell.

52 Book Review The Real All Americans: The Team That Changed a Game, a People, a Nation. By Sally Jenkins. Photos, 343pp. New York, NY, Doubleday Publishers, 2007. $24.95.

THE REAL ALL AMERICANS satisfies the reader with an innovative look at the Carlisle Indian School through the perspective of the development of the American sport of football. The unsuspecting sports enthusiast may just find herself intrigued as a previously unknown history unfolds through Jenkins' sto­ ries of players and the unique circumstances that placed them at the first off-rez boarding school far from Indian Country. We are introduced to Carlisle ath­ letes one by one as they move from their traditional communities on the reser­ vations and agencies to the gridiron, where they meet and compete with the Ivy League teams typically credited with the early development of the game. Set just before and after the turn of the last century, we are privileged to meet and understand the experiences of real-people athletes, beyond the legendary treat­ ment of the greatest of them all, the Sac and Fox athlete, Jim Thorpe. Thorpe's cohorts on the field included athletes of much lesser fame who paved the way for him. They represented a variety of nations and cultures from every corner of the United States and in between. Anishinaabe, Lakota, Kiowa, Cheyenne, Alaskan, Oneida, Seneca, Tuscarora, Pueblo, Delaware, Mission and Cherokee were among the Indian nations represented on Carlisle's teams. Jenkins writes, "Their presence on the football field presented an unmistakable shadow play, for players and spectators alike, of the old frontier battles." Nowhere is this illustrated more dramatically than in the opening scenes of the book, as Jenkins recounts the Carlisle-West Point game of 1912.

Barbara Landis Indian School Researcher Cumberland County Historical Society

53 Notable Acquisitions, Hamilton Library, January- June 2007 Theater posters from the Victory Theater (c. 1950) and the State Theater (c. 1945) in Shippensburg were purchased by the Society. A collection of items including original architectural drawings by Paul Reed was given by John H. Griffith. Pine Grove Furnace Ledger, 1801 - 1802 was given by Paul Stone. Pennsylvania Blackstone (the early laws of Pennsylvania) was given by Dickinson School of Law. A collection of items regarding Kathleen (Kathi) Gerard Snook, a Carlisle High School graduate, was given by Bob Gerard. Kathi was in the first West Point class that accepted female cadets. Lawmaking and Legislators ofPennsylvania, Volume IlL 1757- 1775 was pur­ chased by the Society. A large collection of items regarding the Wonder family was given by George Gardner. A ledger kept by Andrew Bear, wagonmaker, 1846-1852 in Shepherdstown was purchased by the Society. Bride-end barns of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania was given by the author, Rochelle L. Bohm. McCune Genealogy was given by Susan Kilbride. A 1907 Carlisle Opera House program was among items purchased by the Society at an auction. East Pennsboro Historical Society donated items they have published on the history of the Enola Yards. The Pennsylvania State Police donated a recent publication, Pennsylvania State Police: A Century ofService . Charlie Maclay donated a Sentinel newspaper index covering the years 1881 - 1885. Contents of the time capsule found in the 1961 cornerstone of Carlisle Hospi­ tal when it was torn down in 2007 given by the Carlisle Health and Wellness Foundation.

54 Scrapbook of the career of William E. Spraglin given by Carolyn Spraglin. Historic Carlisle Springs by Mel Spahr purchased by the Society. "Illustrated bibliography of the 1950s in Cumberland County" compiled by volunteer, Michael Wiecks The Fifties by David Halberstam given by Michael Wiecks. CD Collection: RecOJds ofthe Land Office, Pennsylvania State Archives purchased by the Society. Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the Warfor the Soul ofAmeri­ can by Fergus M. Bordewich purchased by the Society. Three books on fly fishing written by Charles K. Fox were donated anony­ mously. Collection of Hepburn Family memorabilia was given by Catharine Hodgson. Volume IX First Families of Cumberland County by Paul H. Barner was pub­ lished by the Society. Collection of Mechanicsburg area items spanning the dates 1838 - 1960 given by Gladys Horvath. Ahl Family Bible and photos were given by Genevieve Fitting. Williams and Bowman Family Genealogical Notebook given by Frank B. Wil­ liams. Maynard Williamson Advertising Posters, purchased at auction with Pierson Miller Trust funds. Cassandara Wargo donated a copy of her book Creation ofa Hybrid Space through the Song ofthe Indian Hunter regarding music at the Carlisle Indian Indus­ trial School. Across the Plains by Jeremiah Zeamer, transcribed by Jane Long, edited by David Smith was added to the library collection. Program, First Annual Military Tournament, Carlisle Barracks, May 30, 1932 donated by Ed Baker. Sports Illustrated magazine including the article: "The Team That Invented Foot­ ball" by Sally Jenkins, collected by staff. "Cumberland County in the 1960s", a listing of Carlisle Sentinel articles com­ piled by intern, Megan Quinlan.

55 "Important Sports Memorabilia and Cards" Sotheby's Auction Catalog, June 5, 2007 listing Jim Thorpe letters. Information about Elmrock Cottage, donated by M. B. Williamson, grandson of the builder. Messiah College Yearbooks donated by Stoney Miller. Camp Hill High School Yearbooks donated by Nevin D. Miller.

Compiled by David L. Smith, librarian

56 Publications In Print

THE COUNTY HERITAGE SERJES The Bitter Fruits: The Civil Wtzr Comes to a Small Town in Penmylvania. (1998). David G. Colwell $10.00 In Pui'Suit ofPl easure: Leisure in Nineteenth Centt.uy Cumberland County (1997) . Clarke Garrett $10.00 Past Receipts, Present Recipes ( 1996). Members and Friends of th e Cumberland County Historical Society. $10.00 The Indian Industrial School, 1879-1918 (2000 paperback edition). Linda F. Witmer $24.95 "... Drive the Road and Bridge the Ford ... ·~ Highway Bridges ofNineteenth Centltlj Cumberland County (1992). Paul E. Gi ll $24.95 Twentieth CentUJy Thoughts. Carlisle: The Past Hundred Yea/'S (200 1). Ann Kramer Hoffer $29.95 Other Books Secret Wtzr at Ho me: The Pine Grove Furnace Prisoner ofWar Interrogation Camp. John Paul Bland $10.00 The New Way Greeles Come to Carlisle, PennsJdvania. (2003). Susan Eyster Meehan $22.95 First Families of Cumberland County 18th Centu1y Connected Draft Map and Surname Index. Vol. I - Shippensburg (Includes lands in Cumberl and & Franklin Counties) $15.00 Vol. II - Newburg (Includes lands in Cumberland & Franldin Cou nties) $15.00 Vol. III - Newv ille $15.00 Vol. IV - Walnut Bottom Quadrangle $15.00 Vol. V- Plainfield $15.00 Vol. VI- Andersonvi lle (Doubling Gap) & Landisburg (McClure's Gap) $15.00 Vo l. VII- Di ckinson & Arendtsville $15.00 Vo l. VIII - Caledonia Park $15. 00 Vol. IX - Scotland $15.00 PA residents add 6% sales tax and $4 fin· postage and handling ofabove titles. Booklets and Pamphlets Three Cumberland County Woodcarvers. Milton E. Flower (1986) $5 .00 Cumberland County Hist01y Single iss ues, as available $7.00 Wtzl/eing Guide to Historic Carlisle, PA (200 1) $5. 00 Hist01y ofP ine Grove Fum ace. Lenore E. Flower (revised reprint 2003) $7.00 PA residents add 6% sales tax and $2 for postage and handling ofabove booklets and pamphlets. A complete list of Society publications in print is available on request.