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JAMES DOUGHERTY Revolutionary War Soldier

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JAMES DOUGHERTY Revolutionary War Soldier JAMES DOUGHERTY Revolutionary War Soldier By David M. Dougherty Copyright 2009 All Rights Reserved !2 Contents 1. Genealogy and Background - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 2. Service in the Continental Army - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 3. The Quebec Expedition - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 4. The Battle for Quebec - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 5. A Prisoner of the British - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35 6. Back in the Continental Army - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 7. Battle of Brandywine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 8. Battle of Germantown - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46 9. Valley Forge. Commander-in-Chief’s Guard - - - - 48 10. Battle of Monmouth Courthouse - - - - - - - - - - - - 52 11. Operations Around New York City - - - - - - - - - - - 56 12. Detached Service in Pennsylvania - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 13. Back With the Guard - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 14. Civilian Life After the War - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 63 Genealogy Chart - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66 Documents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68 Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 77 Select Bibliography - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81 !3 !4 1. Genealogy and Background James Dougherty was born in Antrim, either the town or county or both, Ulster Region, Ireland, on December 25, 1749. He immigrated to Pennsylvania shortly before the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, fought from 1775 to 1783, and died in Franklin, Venango County, PA, January 15, 1847. His parents were William O'Dougherty, born 1718 in Ulster and Susan McDevitt, born about 1722 in Ulster, and nothing is known about any possible siblings. No information is available on Susan McDevitt’s genealogy, but William’s parents were John O’Dougherty, born 1685, died 1743, and Sarah O’Neill, born 1686. John’s parents were John O’Dougherty and Sarah MacDonnell, and Sarah O’Neill’s father was Ambrose O’Neill. James came from a truculent Irish clan or tribe with a turbulent history that is worthy of examination. The O'Dougherty (O'Dochartaigh) clan inhabited the peninsula of Inishowen, at the extreme northern tip of Ireland. Irish history is clouded in myth, but their origins were Celtic, having emigrated either from Spain or Northern France. The Irish Celts disclaimed their Celtic origin, even though their language was clearly Goidelic, placing them with the northwestern Iberians in the Celtic Goidel cultural group. Traces of their Spanish origin can be seen in "Hibernia" from "Iberian" and from the earlier Scythians of Central Asia from their "Scotti" tribe that later immigrated to Scotland and gave that land its name. The Medieval Irish claimed classical and Greek origins, with a wandering myth like Moses seeking the promised land. The modern Celtic movements in Ireland feature a constructed heritage that would shock and surprise the old Irish. The first O'Dochartaigh appears in Irish genealogy in the ninth generation of descendants from Conall Gulban, a warrior prince, one of fourteen sons of Niall of the Nine Hostages, the High King of Ireland in the early 5th century, and Richnach, a name that simply means "queen." Conall was born about 390 CE, and is claimed by the O'Donnells, O'Boyles, O'Gallaghers, O'Dochartaighs and others as a common ancestor, while the O'Neills claim descent from Eoghan, another of Niall's sons. This genealogy is contained in the Book of Lecan (ca 1390), Laud 610 (ca 1004) and Rawlinson B.502 (ca 1120). It must be emphasized that Niall is only semi-historical, much like King Arthur. The most ancient location known to be inhabited by O'Dochartaighs, O'Doherty, O'Dougherty or other variants of the name is centered on Dunwiley in County Donegal southwest of Inishowen. First known as Clann Fiamhain, the O'Doughertys inhabited the Finn River Valley and the Lagan from 700 AD to about 1300 in the vicinity of Ballybofey and Stranorlar. The surname O'Dochartaigh was introduced in the 10th century, and the clan built a massive fortress known as Dun Mhaonghaile (the fort of Maonghal) above the principal ford of the Finn River in the !5 region of Tir Eanna for protection against their arch-enemies, the O'Neills. In the 14th century the clan migrated to Inishowen under pressure from the O'Neills and the O'Donnells. Inishowen is not a particularly fertile area and the excessive rainfall, cold and uncertain climate make the peninsula unfavorable for agriculture and habitation. To add to their problems, the O'Doughertys were forced to defend themselves against the much larger clans of O'Neill and O'Donnell who sought to dominate the O'Doughertys. Semi-continuous warfare between the O'Doughertys and their more numerous neighbors was the norm from 1300 CE until the seizure of County Tyrone by Elizabeth I and the demise of O'Neill power. That the O'Doughertys maintained their land and independence was a reflection of their martial prowess. Much of this warfare was initiated by either the O'Donnells or the O'Neills as they fought over the overlordship of Inishowen and the O'Doughertys. O'Dougherty chieftains were frequently taken hostage by one side or the other and O'Dougherty land plundered and burned. In 1512 the O'Neills were decisively defeated by the O'Donnells and were forced to relinquish their claims to Inishowen and issue a charter to the O'Donnells. The O'Neills did not give up, however, and were defeated again by the O'Donnells in 1522. The war continued, and in 1531 the O'Donnells gave assurances of allegiance to the English in return for military assistance. In 1537, the O'Donnells and O'Neills made common cause with the O'Briens against the English and were decisively defeated in Monaghan. Still not quitting their drive for power, the O'Neills submitted to King Henry VIII in 1543 in an attempt to regain Inishowen. Their plan did not work as Henry continued to play off the O'Neills against the O'Donnells to strengthen his position, and warfare between the tribes continued. The O'Dougherty tribe was involved in negotiations with the French beginning as early as 1544 along with the O'Donnells and O'Neills to resist the English, and in 1550 even met with a French delegation sent to Inishowen. The reign of Mary Tudor temporarily brought an end to English expansion in Ireland and French machinations, but after Elizabeth I ascended to the throne in 1558 Ulster went into convulsions. Seeking to divide and conquer, Elizabeth sought an alliance with the O'Doughertys to secure Inishowen and the town of Derry in defiance of O'Neill and O'Donnell power. Under the chieftain Sean Og O'Dogherty, the O'Doughertys became allies with the English, and many if not most converted to Protestantism as the alliance worked to their advantage from 1560 and 1607. Although England had attempted to dominate Ireland from the time of Richard (Strongbow) FitzGilbert de Clare, the colonization that began under Elizabeth I in Ulster radically altered the O'Doughertys' political position. The O'Neills and O'Donnells were repeatedly defeated as they rebelled against Elizabeth and later against James I after Elizabeth's death in 1603, but this time the O'Doughertys fought on the winning side. In 1601, Sean died and his son Cahir (Charles) was taken under the protection of Sir Henry Docwra, the English governor of Derry. Cahir grew up to become chieftain of the O'Doughertys !6 under Sir Henry, and fought side by side with him against the O'Neills and O'Donnells. As a reward for his loyalty and martial prowess, Cahir was knighted by the English. After the replacement of Sir Henry Docwra by Sir George Paulett as governor of Derry in 1606, Cahir turned his back on the English and began plotting a rebellion. The reasons for his abrupt turnabout are obscure to this day. He was pledged support by the O'Donnell chieftain, Rory, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, but when Rory and Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone fled Ireland in 1607 for the continent in what became known derisively as “the flight of the earls”, young Cahir stood alone to face the English. Undaunted by the O'Donnell and O’Neill desertions, Cahir opened his rebellion against the English in 1608 with some success, capturing and burning the town of Derry. The English responded in great force, captured Cahir, and killed a large number of his followers. Cahir was executed by hanging, and the O'Dougherty clan was not permitted to elect another chieftain. To the current day, the O'Dougherty clan is the only one in Ireland that is not allowed to have a chieftain. Following the "flight of the earls" and the O'Dougherty revolt, the English confiscated all O'Neill estates and began a serious campaign to drive the Catholic Irish from Ulster. The town of Derry was acquired by the City of London for colonization, re-chartered as Londonderry and repopulated in the main by Presbyterian Scots from the western Scottish lowlands. By 1518 Londonderry had become strongly fortified and the principal stronghold of the Scotch-Irish Protestants in the western part of Ulster. Most of the now Protestant O'Doughertys moved eastward into Londonderry, Tyrone, Antrim and other provinces of Ulster, mixing with the Scots and adopting Presbyterianism. Unbeknownst to these O'Doughertys at the time, the Presbyterians were on a collision course with the established High Anglican Church that caused the Presbyterian O'Doughertys later to be more severely repressed by the English than their Catholic cousins. The O'Doughertys left in Inishowen were more fortunate than those in Antrim as many had remained Catholic during the religious wars or had converted back after Cahir O'Dogherty's execution. These Scots who immigrated to Ulster under Elizabeth and James I were almost exclusively Calvinist/Presbyterian lowland Scots called Covenanters, followers of John Knox. Under James I, the Scottish Presbyterian tenants were permitted to have Irish sub-tenants paying twice as much as the already high rents.
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