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Louisiana on Lockdown a Report on the Use of Solitary Confinement in Louisiana State Prisons, with Testimony from the People Who Live It

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Louisiana on Lockdown a Report on the Use of Solitary Confinement in Louisiana State Prisons, with Testimony from the People Who Live It Louisiana on Lockdown A Report on the Use of Solitary Confinement in Louisiana State Prisons, With Testimony from the People Who Live It Solitary Watch American Civil Liberties Union of Louisiana Jesuit Social Research Institute/Loyola University New Orleans June 2019 Louisiana on Lockdown A Report on the Use of Solitary Confinement in Louisiana State Prisons, With Testimony from the People Who Live It Solitary Watch American Civil Liberties Union of Louisiana Jesuit Social Research Institute/Loyola University New Orleans June 2019 Copyright © Solitary Watch, the American Civil Liberties Union of Louisiana, and the Jesuit Social Research Institute/Loyola University New Orleans. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License. Material from this report may be quoted or shared only with appropriate credit and a link to the original, for non-commercial purposes, and without modifications. For more information, or to request copies of the report for educational or advocacy purposes, please contact [email protected]. Tis report is a joint project of Solitary Watch (solitarywatch.org), the American Civil Liberties Union of Louisiana (laaclu.org), and the Jesuit Social Research Institute/ Loyola University New Orleans (loyola.edu/jsri/), with additional assistance from the Roderick & Solange MacArthur Justice Center Louisiana. We are grateful to all the individuals, organizations, and institutions who helped make this report possible. Funding for the report was generously provided by the Jacob & Valeria Langeloth Foundation, Te Roddick Foundation, and the Vital Projects Fund. Te lead writer for this report was Katie Rose Quandt (Solitary Watch), with additional contributions by Jean Casella, Aleks Gilbert, Valerie Kiebala, and Joshua Manson (Solitary Watch); Katie Schwartzmann (ACLU of Louisiana); and Dr. Sue Weishar (JSRI/Loyola University New Orleans). Data analysis was provided by Dr. Alí R. Bustamante (JSRI/Loyola University New Orleans). Compilation and interpretation of survey data was managed by Katie Rose Quandt, and carried out by Lily Weinraub, Joshua Manson, Valerie Kiebala, Madeline Batt, Jack Denton, and the students in Dr. Ashley Howard’s Honors History class at Loyola University New Orleans, “Incarceration in America” (Fall 2017): Julia Dorothy Bommarito, Jordan N. Chauncy, Brianna Janelle Daniel-Harkins, Peter G. De Armas, Gabrielle Celeste Douglas, Grant M. Dufrene, Andres Antonio Fuentes, Connor Grace Glorioso, Samantha R. Menendez, Nicholas Patrick Neal, Matthew Seaman, Charles Louis Seiter, Tara Eve Simons, Andie E. Slein, Elizabeth Simone Sosnof, Robert Francis Woodry Jr., Alexys F. Wright, and Brian Cody Yell. Survey mailing, scanning, and collation was managed by Rayanica Smith of the Roderick & Solange MacArthur Justice Center Louisiana. Additional collaboration on the survey and report and project outreach were provided by David Cloud (Vera Institute of Justice, Safe Alternatives to Segregation Initiative), Prof. Andrea Armstrong (Loyola University New Orleans College of Law), Vanessa Spinazola (Justice and Accountability Center of Louisiana and Louisiana Stop Solitary Coalition), Albert Woodfox (Louisiana Stop Solitary Coalition), Peter Wagner and Alex Clark (Prison Policy Initiative), Jessica Sandoval (Unlock the Box Campaign), Rev. Dan Krutz (Louisiana Interchurch Conference), Rhonda Oliver (Women Determined), and Kiana Calloway (Voice of the Experienced and Roots of Renewal). Finally, this report would not exist without the contributions of hundreds of individuals in solitary confnement in Louisiana. Tey spent long hours in their cells completing our lengthy survey and risked retaliation to share their experiences and make their voices heard. Contents | 3 Contents Executive Summary.............................................................. 5 Voices from Louisiana’s Solitary Cells............................................. 10 Recommendations............................................................... 14 Methodology and Terminology................................................... 19 Part One | Te Solitary Confnement Capital of the World Incarceration and Isolation in Louisiana, by the Numbers An Outlier State in an Outlier Country. 25 Statistical Findings from the Vera Institute of Justice. 26 A Slavery-to-Prison Legacy: Incarceration in Louisiana Slavery by Another Name. 28 Louisiana Embraces Mass Incarceration. 29 From Red Hats to Camp J: Solitary Confnement in Louisiana Te United States of Solitary. 31 “Te Planted”............................................................ 32 Te Angola 3............................................................ 34 A Continuity of Sufering................................................. 35 Unlocking the Box in Louisiana: An Opportunity for Change..................... 37 Part Two | Living in Solitary Confnement in Louisiana Basic Facts About Survey Respondants Race, Gender, and Age . 43 Prison Where Currently Incarcerated . 44 Length of Prison Sentence and Time in Solitary . 44 Type of Isolation . 45 Te Psychological Impact of Solitary Confnement Loneliness and Boredom. 48 Mental Deterioration..................................................... 49 Self-Harm and Suicide. 52 Life in a Cell Trapped in a “Dog Cage”.. 54 Heat and Cold. 55 Noise and Communication. 56 Cleanliness.............................................................. 58 Food.................................................................... 60 Clothing ................................................................ 61 Double Celling.......................................................... 62 Conditions for Women in Solitary. 63 Getting Into Solitary Reasons for Placement in Solitary. 64 Routine Isolation Upon Arrival. 65 Disciplinary Segregation for Minor Ofenses............................... 65 Unwilling or Unable to Work in the Fields. 67 Isolation As Retaliation................................................... 67 “For Your Own Protection”.. 68 Sentenced to Death...................................................... 69 4 | Contents Getting Out of Solitary Indeterminate Sentencing.................................................... 70 Initial Hearings and Periodic Reviews. 71 No Road Out of Solitary. 72 Working While Locked Down. 73 No Place Else to Go. 74 “You Will Never Be Released. 75 Barrier to Parole and Earned Good Time. 76 Hope and Fears About Returning to General Population. 77 Hopes and Fears About Returning to Society. 79 Medical and Mental Health Care Inadequacy of Medical Care. 81 Rating of Medical Staf....................................................... 82 Prevalence of Mental Health Needs. 84 Mental Health Evaluation Upon Placement in Solitary. 84 Quality of Mental Health Treatment. 86 Rating of Mental Health Staf................................................. 87 Confdentiality of Physical and Mental Health Care. 88 Access to Prescription Medication. 90 Punished for Despair......................................................... 91 Access to Programs, Services, and the Outside World Physical Exercise. 93 Education, Jobs, and Other Rehabilitation. 93 Religious Observance. 95 Books, Radio, Television, and Legal Materials. 96 Mail and Phone Calls. 97 Visits........................................................................ 98 Treatment While in Solitary Confnement Abuse and Harassment by Staf............................................... 100 Physical Abuse . 100 Sexual Abuse................................................................ 101 Verbal Harassment and Intimidation. 101 Racial Harassment . 102 Denial of Services............................................................ 103 Abuse by Other Incarcerated People and Lack of Staf Protection. 104 Additional Restrictions and Punishments. 105 Use of Chemical Agents. 106 Use of Physical Restraints. 106 Strip Cell Status............................................................. 107 Treatment of LGBTQ People. 108 Treatment of People with Physical Disabilities. 109 Response to Grievances: Dismissal and Retaliation. 109 Multiple Experiences of Abuse. 111 Solitary Confnement in Parish Jails.................................................. 113 Appendix: Survey Form............................................................. 115 Notes............................................................................... 127 Executive Summary | 5 Executive Summary Te use of solitary confnement in the state of Louisiana has penetrated the broader public consciousness largely through the story of the Angola 3.1 Over the past decade, the harrowing saga of three African American men—all likely innocent of the prison murders that were used to justify confning them in solitary for up to 43 years—sparked media attention and public outcry as the ultimate expression of harsh, racist, Southern injustice. But there is another story to be told about solitary confnement in Louisiana. Like the story of the Angola 3, it is deeply rooted in the history of racial subjugation and captivity in the South, which begins with slavery and stretches through convict leasing and Jim Crow to the modern era of mass incarceration. However, it extends far beyond the lives of just three men. Tis is the story of a prison system where, on any given day, nearly one in fve people is being held in isolation, placed there by prison staf, ofen for minor rule violations or “administrative” reasons. When it conducted a full count in the fall of 2017, the Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections
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