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The Attitude of the Methodist Church in Zimbabwe to Homosexuality

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The Attitude of the Methodist Church in Zimbabwe to Homosexuality THE ATTITUDE OF THE METHODIST CHURCH IN ZIMBABWE TO HOMOSEXUALITY: TOWARDS A SOCIO-SEXOLOGICAL THEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION By JANNET MUDAVANHU A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology and Religion College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham July 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The issues raised by the phenomenon of homosexuality among the Shona are so complex in their nature. The widely held assumptions are that firstly, there is no place for gays and lesbian within the Shona culture and secondly, God Forbids. To justify these claims they point to prevalent socio-cultural as well as ecclesiastical intermediary systems that serve as authorities to enforce and monitor specific rules of conduct and moral goals. The study explores these conventional notions and attempts to establish the reality in which these moral actions are carried out. It marks the beginning of the work of demystification and deconstruction of various existing theories and theologies of sexuality. By scanning through the intricate socio-cultural and ecclesiastical structures the study seeks to identify the place of homosexuality among the Shona and discuss the paradoxes and contradictions presented by the Church‟s approach. This study is an analysis of the underlying issues in regards to homosexuality among the Shona. Such an analysis helps in identifying and developing contextual sexual theological approaches. DEDICATION To my Mother Europea Mudavanhu. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Professor Martin Stringer, my supervisor for his valuable guidance and assistance, for through his enduring support I have managed to achieve a task that was for me, extremely taxing. This work would have failed had it not been for his encouragement throughout the PhD process. I recall that at one supervision, when the academic pressure was beginning to take its toll on me he brought it to my attention that what I was experiencing was only „The learning curve‟! And the whole academic journey was a real learning curve for me. I am also grateful to Professor Stephen Pattison for his much- needed pastoral support and Dr Garnet Parris for his support with a grant for African Studies, which was very helpful. I am indebted to my Church, the Methodist Church in Zimbabwe, for giving me permission to carry out this study from one of their circuits as well as using their archival documents. I am so grateful to all research assistance for offering their precious time to made this project a success. My gratitude also goes to my family for their love, encouragement and constant support, especially to my mum for enduring such a long time without me, and to my sister and brother-in-law for having to put up with my research work frustrations. Amongst my peers Rev. Kennedy Gondongwe was kind enough to read through my work and make valuable corrections and suggestions, and Rev. Tsitsi Madziire was always there with her prayers, motivation and enormous support. TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY i-iii ABREVIATIONS iv CHAPTER ONE 1 1.1 Preamble 1-5 1.2 Stating the Problem 5-16 1.3 Methodology 16-24 1.3.1 Interviews 24-26 1.3.1.1 Group Interviews 26-27 1.3.1.2 Individual Interviews 27-28 1.3.1.3 Gossip 28-33 1.3.2 Questionnaires 33-35 1.3.3 Documents 35 1.4 Significance of Study 35-40 1.5 Review of Related Literature 40-46 1.6 Structure of Thesis 47 CHAPTER TWO 48 AFRICAN CONCEPT OF SEXUALITY: A SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS 48 2.1 Introduction 48-49 2.2 History of Shona Sexuality 49 2.2.1 Shona Sexuality and The African Worldview 49–53 2.2.2 Shona Sexuality and Culture of Silence 53–56 2.3 Known Sexual Practices Among the Shona 56 2.3.1 Shona Heterosexual Monogamous Marriages 56–57 2.3.1.1 Marriage perceived as a process 58–63 2.3.1.2 Marriage perceived as having religious significance 63–67 2.3.1.3 Procreation as the primary purpose in marriage 67–71 2.3.1.4 Procreation: Religious, socio-economic and political aspects 71-73 2.3.1.5 Marriage is a communal affair 73-75 2.3.2 Heterosexual Relationships Outside Monogamous Marriages 75–76 2.3.3 Same-Sex Practices 76-78 2.4 Conclusion 78-79 CHAPTER THREE 80 THE NATURE, CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT OF HOMOSEXUAL PRACTICE AMONG THE SHONA 80 3.1 Introduction 80-81 3.2 Homosexual Practice Among the Shona: Socio-Cultural Analysis 81-83 3.2.1 Oral Tradition 83-84 3.2.2 Sexual Taboos 84-87 3.2.3 Spirit Possession and Witchcraft 88-90 3.2.4 Marriage 90 3.2.4.1 Children Socialised for Marriage 90-92 3.2.4.2 The Custom of Kupindira or Kusika Rudzi and Musengabere 92-93 3.2.5 Language 93-94 3.2.6 Patriarchy 94-96 3.3 Essence of Shona Traditional Family: A Preliminary Glimpse 96 3.3.1 The Nature of Families 96-98 3.3.2 Authority Patterns Within The Traditional Family 99-100 3.3.3 The Nature of Residence 100-101 3.4 The Changing Scene: Nature and Impact of Urbanisation Traditional Sexual Relationships 101-102 3.4.1 Homosexual Practice: A Result of the Weakening Contacts Between Kin 102-103 3.4.2 Homosexual Practice: A Quest for Independence 103-106 3.4.3 Homosexual Practice: Urban Living Arrangements 106 3.4.4 Homosexual Practice: Unbalanced Sex Ratios 107-109 3.4.5 The attitude of the Colonial Government Towards Homosexuality 109-111 3.5 Homosexual Practice in Contemporary Zimbabwe 111-113 3.5.1 The Government and Homosexuality 113-114 3.5.2 Homosexuality and The Role of GALZ 114-116 3.5.3 Homosexual Practice: A Survival Strategy in Contemporary Zimbabwe 116-120 3.6 Conclusion 120-122 CHAPTER FOUR 123 THE METHODIST CHURCH IN ZIMBABWE AND HOMOSEXUALITY: APPROACHES TO SEXUALITY ANALYSED 123 4.1 Introduction 123-124 4.2 The Methodist Church in Zimbabwe: A Brief Historical 124-126 4.3 Missionaries and Homosexuality: Analysis of Their Approach to Sexuality 126-127 4.3.1 The Concept of Christian Homes 127-128 4.3.2 Education 128-131 4.3.3 Marriage 131-134 4.3.4 Roora/Bride Wealth 134-138 4.3.5 Rites of Passage 138 4.3.5.1 For Babies 138-141 4.3.5.2 On Adolescence 141-143 4.3.6 Freedom of Choice 143 4.3.6.1 Marriage 143-144 4.3.6.2 Children 144-145 4.4 Contemporary Methodist Church Attitudes to Homosexuality: Analysis of their Approach to Sexuality 145-146 4.4.1 Approach to sexuality Discussed 146 4.4.1.1 Church Membership 146 4.4.1.1.1 Full Members 146-148 4.4.1.1.2 On Trial Members 148 4.4.1.1.3 Adherents 148-150 4.4.1.2 Worship Discussed 150 4.4.1.3 The Organisations Discussed 150 4.4.1.3.1 The Boys Christian Union (BCU) 151-152 4.4.1.3.2 The Girls Christian Union (GCU) 153-154 4.4.1.4 Marriage Discussed 155-156 4.5 The Church and Homosexuality: Findings From Questionnaires Analysed 156-157 4.5.1 Responses from the Questionnaire Briefly Analysed 157 4.5.1.1 Section A 157-158 4.5.1.2 Section B 158-164 4.6 Conclusion 164-166 CHAPTER FIVE 167 THE CHURCH AND HOMOSEXUALITY: A THEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 167 5.1 Introduction 167-168 5.2 The Bible and Sexuality: A Theological Analysis 168 5.2.1 Genesis 1-2 168-172 5.2.2 The Model of a Sexual Relationship 172-177 5.3 The Bible and Homosexuality: A Critical Theological Analysis 177-178 5.3.1 The Biblical Perspective Presented 178 5.3.1.1 Genesis 19:1-29 178-181 5.3.1.2 Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13 181-183 5.3.1.3 Romans 1:26-27 183-186 5.3.1.4 1Corinthians 6: 9 – 10; 1 Timothy 1: 10 186-188 5.3.1.5 Areas of Theological Concern 188-191 5.3.2 The Ethics of Homosexuality 191-196 5.3.3 Compulsory Heterosexuality 196-201 5.3.4 Tradition versus Modernity 201-204 5.3.5 Conclusion 204-205 CHAPTER SIX 206 THE CHURCH AND HOMOSEXUALITY: TOWARDS A THEOLOGY OF SEXUAL SECRECY 206 6.1 Introduction 206-207 6.2 The Shona Ideology of Sexual Secrecy 207-212 6.3 The Church and the Sexual Secrecy Ideology 212-213 6.4 The Secrecy Theology 213-216 6.5 The Sexual Secrecy Theology 217-226 6.6 The Church and Homosexuality: Theology of Sexual Secrecy 226-229 2.7 Conclusion 229-230 CHAPTER SEVEN 231 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 231 7.1 Introduction 231-233 7.2 Church and Homosexuality: A Patriarchal Phallocentric Ecclesiological Model 234-236 7.2.1 A Patriarchal Phallocentric Approach: Sexuality is Functional 236-238 7.2.2 A Patriarchal Phallocentric Approach: Sexuality is Marriage Bound 238-240 7.2.3 A Patriarchal Phallocentric Approach: Sexuality is Hierarchical 240-241 7.2.4 A Patriarchal Phallocentric Approach: A Selective Hermeneutics 241-246 7.2.5 A Patriarchal Phallocentric Approach: Traditional Models Apply 246-247 7.3 The Church and Homosexuality: Shona Sexual Theology 247-251 7.4 Conclusion 251-255 APPENDIX 1 256 QUESTIONNAIRE 256-259 APPENDIX 2 260 QUESTIONS FOR GOSSIP 260 APPENDIX 3 261 QUESTIONEER FOR GAYS/LESBIANS 261-263 APPENDIX 4 264 QUESTIONS FOR INTERVIEWS 264 REFERENCES 265-273 GLOSSARY Akanditemera nyora - The process of administering traditional medicine by making incisions on skin and rubbing in the medicine.
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