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“Treat Us Like Human Beings” Discrimination Against Sex Workers, Sexual and Gender Minorities, and People Who Use Drugs in Tanzania

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“Treat Us Like Human Beings” Discrimination Against Sex Workers, Sexual and Gender Minorities, and People Who Use Drugs in Tanzania “Treat Us Like Human Beings” Discrimination against Sex Workers, Sexual and Gender Minorities, and People Who Use Drugs in Tanzania HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH “Treat Us Like Human Beings” Discrimination against Sex Workers, Sexual and Gender Minorities, and People Who Use Drugs in Tanzania Copyright © 2013 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-0268 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org JUNE 2013 ISBN: 978-1-62313-0268 “Treat Us Like Human Beings” Discrimination against Sex Workers, Sexual and Gender Minorities, and People Who Use Drugs in Tanzania Glossary .............................................................................................................................. i Map of Tanzania ................................................................................................................. iv Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1 Violations by the Police ........................................................................................................... 2 Violations within the Health Sector .......................................................................................... 3 Most At-Risk Populations (MARPs)/Key Populations ................................................................. 4 Criminals under the Law .......................................................................................................... 5 Children .................................................................................................................................. 6 Limited Progress ..................................................................................................................... 6 A Holistic, Rights-Based Approach to HIV/AIDS ........................................................................ 7 Key Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 9 To President Kikwete ............................................................................................................... 9 To the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania ............................................................. 9 To the Parliaments of Tanzania and Zanzibar ........................................................................... 9 To the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Health of Zanzibar, and all Government Institutions Working on HIV/AIDS ............................................... 9 To the Tanzania Police and Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions ................................... 9 To Donor Governments and Institutions Supporting HIV/AIDS Programs or Human Rights Programs in Tanzania ............................................................................................................ 10 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 11 I. Background .................................................................................................................... 13 HIV in Tanzania: High Prevalence amongst Key Populations .................................................... 13 Legal and Policy Environment ................................................................................................. 15 Access to Information ............................................................................................................ 19 Ujamaa and Exclusion ........................................................................................................... 22 II. Social and Legal Context for Abuses against LGBTI People, Sex Workers, People Who Use Drugs ...................................................................................................... 24 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex (LGBTI) People .......................................... 24 Transgender and Intersex People ..................................................................................... 27 SAIDI W.’S STORY .................................................................................................................. 28 Sex Work and Commercial Sexual Exploitation ....................................................................... 30 Sexual Exploitation of Children ........................................................................................ 31 ROSEMARY I.’S STORY ........................................................................................................... 32 People Who Use Drugs .......................................................................................................... 33 JANUARY H.’s STORY .............................................................................................................. 35 III. Police Violence, Intimidation, and Extortion .................................................................. 37 Torture and Ill-Treatment ....................................................................................................... 38 Sexual Assault and Sexual Extortion by Police ........................................................................ 46 Police Rape and Assault of Children ....................................................................................... 49 Extortion of Money ................................................................................................................. 51 Arbitrary Arrests .................................................................................................................... 52 IV. Police Jamii, Sungu Sungu, and Other Vigilante Groups ................................................ 57 Sungu Sungu ........................................................................................................................ 57 Police Jamii ........................................................................................................................... 61 V. Lack of Access to Justice for Crime Victims from Marginalized Groups ........................... 64 VI. Discrimination in the Health Care Sector ...................................................................... 69 Denial of Health Care .............................................................................................................. 71 Verbal Abuse, Harassment, and Violations of Confidentiality .................................................. 72 Requirement to Submit Police Form Number 3 (PF3) before Treatment .................................... 75 Requirement to “Bring Your Partner” ...................................................................................... 78 Lack of Access to Lubricant .................................................................................................... 79 VII. Tanzanian, Regional, and International Law ................................................................. 81 Consensual Same-Sex Conduct ............................................................................................. 81 Sex Work ............................................................................................................................... 82 Sexual Exploitation ............................................................................................................... 83 Personal Drug Consumption .................................................................................................. 83 Right to Be Free From Torture ................................................................................................. 84 Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health ................................................................. 84 Right to Security and Bodily Integrity ..................................................................................... 86 Corruption ............................................................................................................................. 87 VIII. Tanzanian Government Response .............................................................................. 88 IX. Full Recommendations .................................................................................................. 91 To President Kikwete and the Government of Tanzania ........................................................... 91 To the Parliaments of Tanzania and Zanzibar ......................................................................... 91 To the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Republic of Tanzania, the Ministry
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