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Monthly Rainfall Distribution CHAPTER II PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROFILE 2.1 Introductions 27 2.2 Topography 27 2.3 Slope 28 2.4 Drainage 29 2.5 Soils 30 2.5.1 Alluvial soils 30 2.5.2 Medium Black soils 31 2.5.3 Deep Black soils 31 2.5.4 Sandy soils 32 2.5.5 Yellow Red soils 33 2.6 Climate 33 2.6.1 Rainfall 33 2.6.2 Temperature 37 2.6.3 Wind Speed 38 2.6.4 Humidity 40 2.6.5 Cloudiness 41 2.6.6 Natural Vegetation 41 2.7 Population Settlement 47 2.8 Occupational Structure 48 2.9 Transportation 48 2.10 Introduction of the Study Area 49 2.11 History 50 2.12 Resume 50 CHAPTER II PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROFILE 2.1. Introductions: A brief introduction to the study area with respect to its location, physiography, population, settlements etc. has been given in the previous chapter. This chapter deals with physiographic set up of the study area. The physiographic study is necessary for understanding the problem of agriculture which is the vital part of human-nature interaction. It is also necessary to understand geographical feasibility of any suggested plan for the region. The present chapter attempts to discuss topography, climate, vegetation, soils etc. 2.2 Topography: Agricultural characteristics are closely related to the physical factors of a study area. These factors directly or indirectly affect the distribution and quality of the agriculture. The physical factors like topography, drainage, soil, climate, vegetation and water resources are discussed in the following paragraphs. Deccan trap is divided into two varieties viz. vesicular and non-vesicular. The vesicular types are soft friable and breaks easily. The non-vesicular type is hard, tough, compact and medium to fine-grained and breaks with a conchoidal fracture (Bande, 2002). The Survey of India (SOI) toposheets are used as the basic source of information for relief and drainage. The topography of the region may be understood with the help of contour map prepared with 4m contour intervals (Fig.No.2.1). In the middle, one ridge from north to south is observed in the tahsil. It is the Raogaon-Veet range from Village Segudto Varkatane, it is water divider between Bhima and Sina river. The maximum altitude is 620 meter and minimum is 500 meter in Bhima and Sina river area. The tahsil is covered with plateaus and plains created by rivers. In the physiography, topography, drainage, soil, and vegetation these factors are considered. 27 The data of topography, drainage, soil, vegetation and water resources are collected from gazetteer of the Bombay presidency, Solapur district. The data like climate, temperature, rainy days, rainfall and humidity are collected from the Indian Metrological Department, Pune. and Census Handbook of the Solapur district. K ;II III.II.I 1 IIIMI Relief Map Using GIS Legends *» 500 • 560 • 504 • 564 %~* \ | 508 562 | 512 572 m 516 576 1 520 580 ^ tf&k "% • 524 584 j 528 I 588 | 532 592 j 536 596 | 540 • 600 Tfe??*H Ktawtei n | 544 • 604 [MM •• 1 • 548 612 105 0 Ifl 20 30 [ 552 616 (Fig No 2 1: • ™ 1 620 2.3. Slope: Slope is an important manifestation of landforms. It determines the agricultural activity and controls the amount run-off as well as soils erosion. The direction of the slope is from southeast to northwest in the northern parts, while it is northeast to southwest in the southern parts. Large boulders are released and accumulated at the base of the hills. Steep slope, terraces and benches are common in this region. The tors are commonly observed. The average slope in the study area varies from 0.1 ° to 1.0°. 28 2.4. Drainage: The study area has been divided into two physiographic regions by a central ridge that represents the tip of the water-divide between, Bhima and Sina rivers. The divide, which is a part of Balaghat range, is very low within the study area. The height of the range is about 560m to 620m. Easterly Khanora stream which is the tributary of Sina and Pondhra westerly stream which is tributary of Bhima. The study area can be categorised morphologically in three morphometric units. The topmost unit is featured by rocky plains with tors and rock-fields. (Photo Plate No. 2.1). The lowermost unit represents the alluvial track along the rivers (Bhima and Sina) and the middle unit is dominant by steep slope connecting between upper and lower units. The Bhima river, forms the northwest to southeast boundary of the tahsil. This is the major perennial river of the region. The Sina river forms the northeast to southeast boundary of the tahsil. It has a narrow flood plain region. The source area of these 29 tributaries is mainly the lower tip of the Vadgaon Mangi tahsil range. The Pondhra stream runs along the western border of the study area. Khanora steam runs almost parallel to Sina in southeast direction, and meets Sina. The tributaries of Bhima are longer while streams those draining into the Bhima and Sina rivers originate in the dry zone and hence are highly seasonal. Thus, the scarcity of water is felt for a major part of the year. 2.5. Soils: The study of soils in the study area is based and secondary information obtained from the government agencies and the fields study. According to number of scholars in the field of geography soil are the products of factors such as parent material climate, vegetarian, fluvial process, human activities etc., together with time. In the karmala tahsil, all these factors control the soil types. There are five broad types of soils in the tahsil viz. 1. Alluvial soils, 2. Medium black soil, 3. Paddy soils, 4. Yellow brown soil and 5.Deep black soil A brief description of these types of soils has been presented below. It is one of the important occupations of the area. It is beyond doubt that fertility of the soil in a village has affected the cropping pattern and there by the standard of living. 2.5.1. Alluvial Soils: The most fertile track in the region is limited to the narrow belt along the river Bhima and Sina. This is a transported soil. There are high yields, high productivity and intensive agriculture but over irrigation and soil rization problems are observed in this region. It is about 10 to 20 KM in width in the Bhima while it is as narrow as just to 8 KM in the Sina basin. The occurrence of Saline soils is common both in Bhima and Sina Basin. The field observations show that kankar formation is mainly along the rivers and streams. The figure given in the table indicates that about 8.22 % area is under alluvial Soils in the tahsil. The village showing sufficient area under this type of soils are kandan, mangi, Kolgaon, Arjunnagar, Belewedi etc. The Sugarcane cultivation is dominant in this area. 30 2.5.2. Medium Black Soils: The second type of soil are observed in the region is medium deep black soils. These are found along the same streams and high platue region. These are mainly located in the northern and middle part of the tahsil. The colour is black i. e . locally known as 'Kali Mali. These soils are medium deep soils having about 1 to 2 meter in depth. They are rich in human and hence support traditional crops like javvar, bajara. maize and pulses etc. As a recent development the cash crops like Sugarcane. Sunflower and various types of vegetables, like lemon, guava, mango, papaya etc. are cultivated mainly after constructions of Parewadi dam. Mahsewadi dam, Bhose dam. etc. This soil type covers 8.35 % area of the tahsil. 2.5.3. Deep Black Soils: These soils are observed in patches along the lower region and lower reaches of the streams and near percolation tanks covering 7.78% area. These soils are thick and 31 fertile. High proportion of organic matter is a favourable factor for agriculture. The areas of this type of soils show intensive agriculture. Pulses and oilseeds are the main crops in these soils. If irrigated are suitable for sugarcane, wheat, vegetable and other cash crops. Table No 2.1 Soil Distribution Sr. No. Type Area in Hect 0/ /o Alluvial soils 45606.31 28.22 1 i Medium black soil 13494.43 08.35 2 Deep Black Soils 12573.25 07.78 3 Sandy Soils 6464.39 04 4 Yellowish Red Soils 83471.51 51.65 5 i Total 161609.89 100.00 1 1 Source: Soil Sur\c\ Department. Xagpitr. 2.5.4. Sandy soils: The fourth zone of the soils in the region lie mainly in the upper part of the tahsil. These soils mainly observed in the waste land and culture able waste areas. Thickness is less than 5cm. These soils are not suitable for agricultural practices. These soils are calcareous and observed on vary gently sloping regions, plains as well as valleys with moderate erosion. These type soils cover 4 % in the tahsil. 32 2.5.5. Yellowish Red Soils: These types of soils formed by weathered basalt rock Geographically, these type soils cover 71.65 % area in the Karmala tahsil. This type of soils are medium fertile, so have some limitations of agricultural production. These areas population density and agricultural density in these area are medium, also these are a shallow, shallow well drained, soils and slightly deep, moderately well drained soils 2.6. Climate: Many workers like Husain, (1999), Singh, (1992), Saptarshi, (1993), Gadgil, (1994), Gadgil and Vojdani, (1996) and Bhagat, (2002) have explained that climatic factors are very significant to determine the agricultural landuse and agricultural pattern of the region.
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