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Relations of Thb «Adil Shahs of Bijapur with the Marathas

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Relations of Thb «Adil Shahs of Bijapur with the Marathas CHAPTER TII RELATIONS OF THB «ADIL SHAHS OF BIJAPUR WITH THE MARATHAS SEC. It BACKGROUND At the time of the establishment of the 'Adil Shahl Kingdom In 895/1 ^ 9 there did not exist any Maratha State, Most of the Maratha chieftains, holding hilly forts, were already absorbed In that terrltoiy of the BahmanI Kingdom which later on constituted the Bljapur Kingdom. Those who were outside the Jurisdiction of the original Bljapur Kingdom were gradually brought under the suzerainty of Yusuf 'Adll Shah and his successors. ConseQuently ythe Bljapur Kingdom extended over almost the entire Maratha / country. And hence, the deaograi^ic factors and the social structure which was preralllng in the Deccan necesslated the esta­ blishment of cordlaG. social relations between the Bljapurl rulers and the Marathas for peaceful co-existence and the integration of the Kingdom. Thus, Tusuf »Adil ffliah from the very beginning - within two years after the founding of his-Sultanate, adopted the policy of reconciliatlng the Maratha chieftains in his kingdom by granting them jagir and mangab. And in order to establish intimate rela­ tions with the Marathas, it is said that he married the sister of :i4« Mukund Rao, and gave her the title of "Bibl Khanua”. Her son was Isma’Il 'Adil, second ruler of 'Adil Shahl dynasty; and her three daughters were married to the three Sultans of the Deccan Kingdoms. Likewise! following Into the foot-steps of the founder of the dynasty, his successors showed a greater preference for the Marathas, both as men of business and as soldiers. Ibrahim 'Adil r Shah Improved the system of keeping accounts in Marathi and intro­ duced the |ystem of writing Important documents both in Persian ' and Marathi(Modl Script). And it seems that the bilingual official *rr documaits sometimes had the invocation of Saraswati, the Hindu ^ 3 - , . X goddess of learning. Further, Ibrahim 'Adil Shah introduced the practice of enlisting Maratha troopers, known as ‘Bargirs’. Con­ seQuently, many Maratha chiefs rose to a high position not only in h the army but enjoyed position of eminence in the *Adil ShahiCourt. Further, the Marathas had eQual opportunities with the Muhammaden nobility, to distinguish themselves as military leaders. As such, it may be argued, that the Sultans of Bijapur (and Ahmadnagar) indirectly helped the Maratha nation by educating the 1. Briggs, III, 18. 2. G. Duff* History of the Marathas, I, 6lj Dr. Tarachandi Influen­ ce of Islam on Indian Culture. 250 f. 3. Dr. A.R. Kulkamlt Social Relations in the Maratha Countxy (Medieval period). Presidential Address, 1970^ I.H.C. If. Duff, op.clt.. I, 68; Gribblei A History of the Deccan, I, 206; Duff, I, gives a detailed list of leading Maratha Chieftains and families who served the Bijapur army and rose to prominence, 5. Dr. P.M. Joshii "Position of Hindus in the *Adil Shahl Kingdom of Bijapur", D.H.C.. 19^5, 310. :U 7 Maratha chieftains In the art of administration and warfare.^ Throughout the history of Bijapur, the Sultans patronised Maratha chieftains and vassals. They reciprocated the gesture by faith­ fully and sincerely serving their ruler. The sincere Maratha chiefs fought against their own kinsmen, just because of their loyalty to the 'Adil Shahs. As such, it has been rightly observed that "the M>»rathas were to the ‘Idll Shahl Sultanate what the Rajputs were to the Mufhal Empire. Their loyal support was essen- 7 tial for the existence of the kingdom**. Bijapur’s Early Relations with the Family of Shivaji In pursuance of t.^ie policy outlined above, Ibrahim *Adil Shah II in 1625? offered the post of Sarlashkar of the Bijapur aimiy to Sh^jl Bhoaale. ShahjI at thsit time after the battle of Bha^wadl, whidi he fought against the combined forces of *Adil Shah and the Mufhals, and in which he lost his brother Sharifji, was dissatisfied with H i z ^ Siahl service. During the same year of joining *Adll Shahi service, Shahji undertook expeditions against Phaltan, into the Kamatak and Malnad. And from the very beginning of his career under *Adil Shah, he exercised considerable in­ fluence and respect. Once on his simple request Ibrahim 'Idil Shah granted the “desagata^fTaleMd and some ri^ts of the fort of Panhala to SambhajI and DharojI Mohite, who were relatives of 6. Gribble, op.cit.. I, 207; M.G. Ranadei Rise of the Maratha Power, 306. 7. Dr. P.M. Joshii The Kingdom of Bijapur, 20W^ (Thesis, unjjublished) 3-5 8 — • 8 Shahjl's second wife. But with the changed political conditions due to the deaths of Malik 'Ambar In 1626 and that of Ibrahim »Adil Shah H in 1627, ShahjI preferred to go back to the Nizam Shahl service In 1623. He served under the Nizam ghah until I630, when he, at his own reQuest, entered Mughal service. Shah Jahan made him mansabdar of 6,000 zat and 5|000 sawar and awarded royal robe etc., and two lakh rupees In cash. Further the Mughals granted safety and . - 9 security to Siahjl of his jaglr of Poona and Chakan. However, ShahjI soon seized the opportunity of disturbed political condi­ tions In Ahmadnagar to make himself great by Imitating the example of Piith Khan. He left Mughal service In June 1632, and seized the districts of Haslk-Trlmbak-Sangamner and Junnar, as well as parts of northem Konkan.^^ ShihjI then (about the middle of 1632) crossed over to Bljapur and allied with 'Adll Shah against Ahmadnagar. ’Adil Shah sent an army to the assistance of Shahjl, for wresting Daulatabad from Path Khan»s possession. Then early In I633, ShahjI as a *Adll Shahl lieutenant, played a conspicuous role on many occa­ sions duilng the joint action of Bljapur and Ahmadnagar afalnst the Mughals. After the failure of the Bljapur and Ahmadnagar armies against the hftighals, Shahjl retired from Daulatabad to Bhlmgarh 8, Shiva Charltra Sahltya (SCS 1i23) Shlvakalln, I, 53* Letter of Ibrahim *Adll Shah,II to the Kirkun of Panhala. 9. Sarkar (House. ^0), does not mention about the 6,000 zat Rank of aiahjl's mangab. .10. Basatin, 30^; House, V2. 1 1 . H5ash.V4 f. 4 9 in July 1633» ®nd seized all the Nizam Shahl dominion from Poona and Chakan (vhich later on became his jag;ir) to Balaghat ^ and the environs of Junnar, Ahmadnagar, Sangamner, Trimbak, amd Nasik and collected a force of seven or eight thousand cavalry, with vhich he plundered on all sides. Then, ShahjI after declining the offer of the Mughal commander Iradat Khan, to join Mughal ser­ vice, intrigued with the Bijapuri Wazlri Khawas Khan. ConseQuently Khavas Khan sent a large artny from Bijapur under Murarl Pandit to assist ShahjI, in becoming king-maker, and to restore^Ijam Shahl Sultanate. Thus, ShahjI crowned N^rtada as the new Sultan of Ahmadnagar^ in September I632 and began to rule hims^f in the name of the infant Sultan. Murarl left a contingent of five/six thousand Bijapuri troops under 'Ambar Khan for the assistance of ShahjI, the 12 regent of Nizam Shah and himself returned to Bijapur. With the extinction of Ahmadnagar Kingdom in I636 and con­ clusion of a settlement between the Mgghals and Bijapur ShahjI Joined(^5* 'Adil Shahl service.Soon, Muhammad »Adil Shah appoin­ ted him as second-in-command to Bandaula Khan, for the expedition in Kamatak. He was given the command of twelve thousand horse and to meet^its expenses of four lakhs ;rupees, Poona etc., were granted to him as Jagir/ saranjam/ mokassa. The territorial extent of 12. Muhammad Nama (Nibhadavali, II, 86); Basatin, 303 ff.j House, iJTTE 13 . See supra. Chapter VI, for the details of the peace settlement for the circumstances which led to Sh^jl joining »Adil Shahl service. 1^. Sardesai, I, 6^, 69. 15* Basatin (369) mentions as Jagir; Jedhe Kareena (Souvenir, ^9) as Saranj am while Raj wade (XYIIlX^) as Mokassa. :i50 Shahji’s Jacir vas between the ilvers Bhlma and Neera; that is, . 16 the territory of Indapur, Supa, Poona and Chakan. About the nature of Shahjl»s Jagir, Parmanand, in Shi-ya Bharat, makes a sig­ nificant remark which deserves some attention. Visualising the imminent extinction of the Ahmailnagar kingdom, ShahjI diplomati­ cally agreed to a truce with the Mughals and 'Adil Shah. He transferred the territory of Nizam Shah to the Mughals and the 17 *Adil Shah, but excluding his own Jagir* However, according to the farman of Shah Jahin, fifty parganas of Konkan, including pargana of Chakan etc., of ShafcX's Jagir were transferred to Bija- pur as an award to *Adil Shah. It is therefore, difficult to decide whether ShahjI had absolute control over his jagir, and whether his jagir was an independent sovereign entity. Parmanand's statement however, helps to explain the indepdnent attitude of ShivaJi against the Deccani powers. SEC. II* BIJAPUR‘S RELATIONS WITH SHIVAH (l6»f2-8o) The study of the relations of 'Adil Shahs of Bijapur with Shivaji can be conveniently made in four phases, during which the 16 . 9 1-QalmI, Article 19 . 17 . Shiva Bharat. Canto 9* 20. t : 18 , Lahorl, I (2), I69; See Supra Chapter VI, for the farman of Shah Jahan. 351 pofitlon and itatus of Shlvajl vas chanflns, Tha hl<;toyy of tha rlaa of the M a r a t h a povar la in faet tha hlatoxy of tha ralatlont of Shlvtjl with tha »Adil Shaha. In otbar vords, tha hl«toiy of tha rlaa of Maratha pover is the history of tha fall of *Adll Shahl povar. ?br, i t vaa i»lnly froTi tha •Adil Shahl tenrltoxy th it ShiTaji carvad out tha ^iaratha Kingr^oa.
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