NTP Mold Fact Sheet
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Nature and Effect of Alternaria Spp. Complex from Wheat Grain on Germination and Disease Transmission
Pak. J. Bot., 45(5): 1817-1824, 2013. NATURE AND EFFECT OF ALTERNARIA SPP. COMPLEX FROM WHEAT GRAIN ON GERMINATION AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION ANALÍA E. PERELLÓ1,2* AND SILVINA LARRÁN1 1CIDEFI (Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología) y Cátedra de Fitopatología 2CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119 (1900) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. *Corresponding author’s e-mail: anaperello2@ yahoo.com.ar Abstract Diseases caused by Alternaria sp. are among the most common diseases of crops throughout the world. Alternaria sp. is a common component of the flora of wheat seed. Although isolation of Alternaria sp. from wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed has been reported in Argentina, development of the Alternaria blight in plants from infected seeds has not been demonstrated experimentally. Seed transmission of strains belonging to Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata, A. infectoria, A. triticina, A. chlamydospora and related genera like Embellisia and Ulocladium sp. on wheat were investigated in the Argentinean growing area, on wheat cultivars Klein Escorpión and Buck Poncho. A. tenuissima was the dominant fungus in black pointed kernels. Transmission of all 42 seed-borne members of Alternaria complex from seeds to seedlings artificially inoculated was detected by trays seedling symptoms test. Among the fungi tested most isolates of Alternaria, Embellisia sp. and Ulocladium sp. produced distinct seed rot and seedling infection symptoms. This confirmed the seed-borne nature of these fungi. In each wheat cultivar tested inoculated seeds appreciably reduced their germination. The emerging coleoptile is externally infected by hyphal growth from the infected pericarp. -
MOLD and MILDEW – an OVERVIEW/MARINE UPHOLSTERY Mold and Mildew Problems in the Marine Or Exterior Likely Element to Control Is Moisture
performance products PERFORMANCE PRODUCTS DIVISION MOLD AND MILDEW – AN OVERVIEW/MARINE UPHOLSTERY Mold and mildew problems in the marine or exterior likely element to control is moisture. Keep a surface upholstery, wallcovering, paint, tarpaulin, swimming dry and the ambient air dry, and you can break the pool and shower curtain markets, to name a few, link in the Mildew Square. In actuality, this is very have been well documented over the last 25 years. difficult. Marine upholstery may be dry when one sits The objective of this overview is to review the causes on it, but it is constantly exposed to rain, splashes and and cures of these unsightly and odoriferous wet bathing suits. problems and suggest actions to reduce their impact on the quality of goods as perceived by the Spores consumers. Food THE CAUSE – MICROORGANISMS The two principal causes of offensive odors and Water unsightly stains and growths are bacteria and fungi, Warmth commonly called microorganisms. Bacteria are simple, single-celled organisms. Fungi, referred to as mold and mildew, are significantly more complex. A A COMPLEX PROBLEM – AN EXAMPLE subset of fungal organisms is a type that produces One can observe an unsightly stain, dirt, or mildew colored byproducts as part of its digestive process. growth on the surface of a marine seat and ask the These byproducts are recognized as stains and are question, “How did it get there?” Dirt carried by the typically pink, yellow, purple or black. All wind or sudden shower will carry the spores or seeds, microorganisms require a source of energy; carbon inoculating the surface. -
Cutaneous Infection Caused by Ulocladium Chartarum in a Heart Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Review
Acta Derm Venereol 2003; 83: 218–221 CLINICAL REPORT Cutaneous Infection Caused by Ulocladium chartarum in a Heart Transplant Recipient: Case Report and Review MARI´A TERESA DURA´ N1, JESU´ S DEL POZO2, MARI´A TERESA YEBRA3, MARI´A GENEROSA CRESPO4, MARI´A JESU´ S PANIAGUA4, MARI´A ANGELES CABEZO´ N5 and JOSEP GUARRO6 Departments of 1Microbiology, 2Dermatology, 3Pathology, 4Cardiology, and 5Plastic Surgery, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, A Corun˜a, Spain, 6Unit of Microbiology, Facultat de Medicina i Cie`ncies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain A cutaneous mycoses caused by Ulocladium chartarum in On physical examination, a 6-cm2 sharply demarcated a heart transplant recipient is reported. The infection plaque on the dorsal area of his right big toe was noticed. cleared after complete surgical excision and 6 months of The lesion had a granular surface and a vermiculate oral itraconazole therapy. In vitro activity of amphoter- consistency (Fig. 1). No additional lesions were observed. icin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ravucona- A cutaneous biopsy was obtained. The histopatho- zole and terbinafine against the clinical isolate is shown. logic examination of the biopsy revealed a granuloma- Key words: dermatomycoses; immunocompromised host; tous dermal infiltrate and scarce stellate abscesses. The skin diseases. granuloma and the margins of the abscesses were com- posed of lymphocytes, histiocytes, epithelioid cells and (Accepted February 3, 2003.) multinucleated giant cells. In tissue sections stained Acta Derm Venereol 2003; 83: 218–221. with hematoxylin-eosin, numerous rounded, refringent, hyaline or slightly eosinophilic thick-walled fungal struc- Ma Teresa Dura´n Valle, Servicio de Microbiologı´a, tures were present in the granuloma and within the Complexo Hospitalario Universitario Juan Canalejo, giant cells. -
Mould and Yeast Identification in Archival Settings
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 65 (2011) 619e627 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ibiod Mould and yeast identification in archival settings: Preliminary results on the use of traditional methods and molecular biology options in Portuguese archives A.C. Pinheiro a,*, M.F. Macedo b, V. Jurado c, C. Saiz-Jimenez c, C. Viegas d, J. Brandão e, L. Rosado e a Departamento de Conservação e Restauro da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal b Vicarte, Departamento de Conservação e Restauro da Faculdade Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal c Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain d Escola Superior de Tecnologias de Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Portugal e Unidade de Referência de Doenças Sistémicas e Zoonoses do Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas do Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Lisboa, Portugal article info abstract Article history: This project was developed to fully assess the indoor air quality in archives and libraries from a fungal flora Received 14 September 2010 point of view. It uses classical methodologies such as traditional culture media e for the viable fungi e and Received in revised form modern molecular biology protocols, especially relevant to assess the non-viable fraction of the biological 4 February 2011 contaminants. Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) has emerged as an alter- Accepted 4 February 2011 native to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and has already been applied to the study of Available online 12 April 2011 a few bacterial communities. -
Identification and Characterization of Alternaria Species Causing Leaf Spot
Eur J Plant Pathol (2017) 149:401–413 DOI 10.1007/s10658-017-1190-0 Identification and characterization of Alternaria species causing leaf spot on cabbage, cauliflower, wild and cultivated rocket by using molecular and morphological features and mycotoxin production Ilenia Siciliano & Giovanna Gilardi & Giuseppe Ortu & Ulrich Gisi & Maria Lodovica Gullino & Angelo Garibaldi Accepted: 22 February 2017 /Published online: 11 March 2017 # Koninklijke Nederlandse Planteziektenkundige Vereniging 2017 Abstract Alternaria species are common pathogens of Keywords Crucifers . Toxins . Leaf spot . Tenuazonic fruit and vegetables able to produce secondary metabo- acid lites potentially affecting human health. Twenty-nine isolates obtained from cabbage, cauliflower, wild and cultivated rocket were characterized and identified Introduction based on sporulation pattern and virulence; the phylo- β genetic analysis was based on the -tubulin gene. Most Alternaria species are saprophytes and ubiquitous Isolates were identified as A. alternata, A. tenuissima, in the environment, however some are plant pathogenic, A. arborescens, A. brassicicola and A. japonica. inducing diseases on a large variety of economically Pathogenicity was evaluated on plants under greenhouse important crops like cereals, oil-crops, vegetables and conditions. Two isolates showed low level of virulence fruits (Pitt and Hocking, 1997). Most Alternaria spp. on cultivated rocket while the other isolates showed produce chains of conidia with transverse and longitu- medium or high level of virulence. Isolates were also dinal septa with a tapering apical cell. Conidial size, characterized for their mycotoxin production on a mod- presence and size of a beak, the pattern of catenation ified Czapek-Dox medium. Production of the five and longitudinal and transverse septation are key taxo- Alternaria toxins, tenuazonic acid, alternariol, nomic features for this genus (Joly 1964; Ellis 1971 and alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and tentoxin 1976, Simmons 1992). -
Nomination Background: Stachybotrys Chartarum Strain 2 Mold (Atranone Chemotype) (CASRN: STACHYSTRN2)
Stachybotrys chartarum (or S. atra or S. alternans) [CAS No. 67892-26-6] Review of Toxicological Literature June 2004 Stachybotrys chartarum (or S. atra or S. alternans) [CAS No. 67892-26-6] Review of Toxicological Literature Prepared for National Toxicology Program (NTP) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) National Institutes of Health U.S Department of Health and Human Services Contract No. N01-ES-35515 Project Officer: Scott A. Masten, Ph.D. NTP/NIEHS Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Prepared by Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina June 2004 Abstract Stachybotrys chartarum is a greenish-black mold in the fungal division Deuteromycota, a catch-all group for fungi for which a sexually reproducing stage is unknown. It produces asexual spores (conidia). The morphology and color of conidia and other structures examined microscopically help distinguish the species from other molds found in indoor air that may contaminate materials in buildings that have suffered water intrusion. S. chartarum may ultimately overgrow other molds that have also produced colonies on wet cellulosic materials such as drywall (gypsum board, wallboard, sheet rock, etc.). Because of the likelihood that it may produce toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes and hemolytic stachylysin (exposure to which may be associated with idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage [IPH] in infants), S. chartarum exposure is of concern to the members of the general public whose homes and workplaces have been contaminated after water intrusion, to agricultural and textile workers who handle contaminated plant material, and to workers involved in remediation of mold-damaged structures. Dry conidia, hyphae, and other fragments can be mechanically aerosolized as inhalable particulates. -
BIO 201 Unit 1 Introduction to Microbiology
Professor Diane Hilker I. Exp. 3: Collection of Microbes 1. Observe different types of microbial colonies 2. Identification of molds 3. Isolation of molds 4. Isolation of bacteria I. Exp. 3: Collection of Microbes 1. Observe different types of microbial colonies 2. Identification of molds 3. Isolation of molds 4. Isolation of bacteria 1. Microbial Colonies ◦ Colony: a visible mass of microbial cells originating from one cell. ◦ (2) Types Large, fuzzy, hairy, 3D, growing upward & touching the lid, various colors-MOLD Small, creamy, moist, circular, various colors-BACTERIA 1. Microbial Colonies Mold Colonies Bacterial Colonies Culture Media Used ◦ Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Supports more mold growth pH 5.2-acidic High in carbohydrates ◦ Nutrient Agar (NA) Supports more bacterial growth pH 7.0-neutral High in proteins I. Exp. 3: Collection of Microbes 1. Observe different types of microbial colonies 2. Identification of molds 3. Isolation of molds 4. Isolation of bacteria Molds Vegetative Structures: obtains nutrients ◦ Absorb nutrients thorough cell wall ◦ Can’t identify a mold based on vegetative structure • Thallus: body of mold consisting of filaments • Hyphae or hypha: filaments-multicellular • Can be very long; elongate at the tips • Septa or septum: cross-walls • Coenocytic hyphae: no cross-walls • Mycelium: filamentous mass visible to the eye Fig. 12.1 Textbook Molds Reproductive Structures: Spores ◦ How molds are identified ◦ 2 Types Sexual: genetic exchange between 2 parents (meiosis) Not as common in nature To be discussed in lecture Asexual: no genetic exchange (mitosis) More common in nature To be discussed in lab Asexual Spores: 2 Types 1. Conidiospores or conidia: 2 types Microconidia Conidiophore: supporting structure Holds conidia Examples: Penicillium sp. -
Recurrence of Stachybotrys Chartarum During Mycological And
Recurrence of Stachybotrys chartarum during mycological and toxicological study of bioaerosols collected in a dairy cattle shed Caroline Lanier, Veronique Andre, Virginie Seguin, Natacha Heutte, Anne El Kaddoumi, Valérie Bouchart, Rachel Picquet, David Garon To cite this version: Caroline Lanier, Veronique Andre, Virginie Seguin, Natacha Heutte, Anne El Kaddoumi, et al.. Recur- rence of Stachybotrys chartarum during mycological and toxicological study of bioaerosols collected in a dairy cattle shed. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine (AAEM), Institute of Agricultural Medicine in Lublin, 2012, 19 (1), pp.61-67. hal-02186772 HAL Id: hal-02186772 https://hal-normandie-univ.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02186772 Submitted on 13 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 2012, Vol 19, No 1, 61-67 ORIGINAL ARTICLE www.aaem.pl Recurrence of Stachybotrys chartarum during mycological and toxicological study of bioaerosols collected in a dairy cattle shed Caroline Lanier1, Véronique André1, Virginie Séguin1, Natacha Heutte1, Anne El Kaddoumi1, Valérie Bouchart2, Rachel Picquet2, David Garon1 1 Université de Caen Basse Normandie, Caen, France 2 Laboratoire Départemental Frank Duncombe, Conseil Général du Calvados, Saint Contest, France Lanier C, André V, Séguin V, Heutte N, Kaddoumi A, Bouchart V, Picquet R, Garon D. -
Managing Alternaria Brown Spot by L.W
Managing Alternaria brown spot By L.W. Timmer, R. F. Reis, S.N. Mondal and N.A. Peres anker and greening may be problem for production of Fortune tan - the diseases that are on gerine in Spain. More recently, we Fig. 1. Alternaria brown spot lesions everyone’s minds, but we have confirmed the presence of the on a Minneola tangelo leaf. Note the still have to deal with the disease in Peru, where it is severe on characteristic necrosis running up Cmany everyday problems of produc - Minneolas, and in Iran, where it the veins. tion. Alternaria brown spot is the most causes problems mostly for Fortune for a few days on the grove floor, but serious disease of many popular tan - and Page production. then ceases as the leaves decay. Spores gerines and tangerine hybrids such as Tangerine cultivars, including Min - can also be produced on fruit and Minneola and Orlando tangelos, Mur - neolas, Orlandos, Novas, Lees, twigs, but are relatively few compared cotts, Sunburst, Novas and others. Ponkan, Murcotts, Dancy and many to the production on leaves. However, This disease probably requires more others, that are susceptible to ABS lesions on fruit and twigs may be im - intense management than any of the carry a gene for susceptibility to the portant in the overw-inter survival of other fungal diseases. toxin. That gene is dominant and all of the pathogen. Alternaria brown spot (ABS) is the offspring of susceptible parents are In the 2004-05 season, Alternaria caused by the fungus Alternaria alter - also susceptible. Many cultivars devel - pressure was very low and growers nata . -
Indoor Mold and Health a Fungus Among Us
Indoor Mold and Health A Fungus among Us This article addresses some of the most common questions and concerns about indoor mold, how it affects human health and ways in which you can prevent or remove it. What are molds? Molds are types of fungi. They grow in the natural environment. Tiny particles of molds are found everywhere in indoor and outdoor air. In nature, molds help break down dead materials and can be found growing on soil, foods, plants and other items. Molds are also very common in buildings and homes. Mold needs moisture to grow. Indoors, mold growth can be found where humidity levels are high, like basements and showers. Molds produce microscopic cells called “spores” that are spread easily through the air. Spores can also be spread by water and insects. Live spores act like seeds, forming new mold colonies when they find the right conditions. What makes mold grow? Mold only needs a few things to grow and multiply: ●Nutrients (food) ●A suitable place to grow ●Moisture Many building materials (such as wood, sheetrock, etc.) provide food that can support mold growth. Even dust that has settled on these materials or furniture can be a food source for molds. Molds can grow almost anywhere there is enough moisture or high humidity. Controlling moisture is the key to stopping indoor mold growth, because all molds require water to grow. Moisture can come from: ●Flooding from the outside (storm water, overflowing lakes, streams, storm surge, etc.) ●Flooding from the indoors (overflow from sinks, tubs, toilets, air conditioner -
All About Mold What Is Mold?
Michigan Department of Community Health All About Mold What is mold? Mold is a living thing. It has tiny seeds, called spores, that are always in the air, indoors and outside. The spores are so small, you can’t see them without a microscope. Most of the time, the spores land on something dry and nothing happens. They get sucked up in your vacuum or wiped away when you dust. But if the spores land on something that is wet, they can begin to grow into mold that you can see. How do I know if I have mold growing in my house? You cannot see mold spores because they are too small, but once the mold starts to grow, you will notice it. Mold can grow on almost anything, as long as there is a little bit of water for a couple of days. The growing mold can be different colors: white, gray, brown, black, yellow, orange or green. It can be fluffy, hairy, smooth or flat and cracked, like leather. Mold growing on a wall. Even if you can’t see the mold, you will be able to smell it. Mold can smell very musty, like old books or wet dirt. Should I hire someone to test for mold in my home? Having someone test your house for mold costs a lot of money and is not really useful. You can probably find the mold just using your eyes and your nose. Look in places that you know are often wet or damp, like bathrooms or the kitchen; or that have been wet because of leaks, floods or broken pipes. -
State of the Science on Molds and Human Health Stephen C. Redd, M.D
Statement for the Record Before the Subcommittees on Oversight and Investigations and Housing and Community Opportunity Committee on Financial Services United States House of Representatives State of the Science on Molds and Human Health Statement of Stephen C. Redd, M.D. Chief, Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch National Center for Environmental Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services For Release on Delivery Expected at 2:00 PM on Thursday, July 18, 2002 Good afternoon. I am Dr. Stephen Redd, the lead CDC scientist on air pollution and respiratory health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Accompanying me today is Dr. Thomas Sinks, Associate Director for Science of environmental issues at CDC. We are pleased to appear before you today on behalf of the CDC, an agency whose mission is to protect the health and safety of the American people. I want to thank you for taking the time to hear about the mold exposures in poorly maintained housing and other indoor environments and their effect on people’s health. While there remain many unresolved scientific questions, we do know that exposure to high levels of molds causes some illnesses in susceptible people. Because molds can be harmful, it is important to maintain buildings, prevent water damage and mold growth, and clean up moldy materials. Today I will briefly summarize for the committee ∙ CDC’s perspective on the state of the science relating to mold and health effects in people; ∙ CDC’s efforts to evaluate health problems associated with molds, ∙ CDC’s collaborations with other Federal agencies related to mold and people’s health; ∙ CDC’s collaboration with the Institute of Medicine on mold and health; and ∙ CDC’s next steps regarding mold and health.