Fungi General Characteristics • Primarily terrestrial • Filamentous • ______• Coenocytic (aseptate) • septate • mycelium • Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae Fungal Hyphae General Characteristics (animal-like) • Heterotrophic • absorption (saprobes) • parasitic • mutualistic • Cell Wall:______• Store sugar as glycogen Fungal Reproduction • Asexual • haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) • Sexual • hyphae (haploid) • Syngamy (diploid) – (like us) • ______(dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) • karyogamy (diploid) Fugal Reproduction Fungal Classification Division: Chytridiomycota

• Have ______(rare in fungi) • Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular • Cell wall: chitin • Saprobes or parasites • May be most primitive fungi Division: Zygomycota Division: Zygomycota

• Coenocytic Fungi • Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) • Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) • Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring (enzymes) Fig. 31-13-4 Key Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n)

PLASMOGAMY

Mating Gametangia with type (+) Mating haploid nuclei type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium Rhizopus (heterokaryotic) growing SEXUAL on bread REPRODUCTION

Dispersal and Zygosporangium germination Sporangia KARYOGAMY Spores

Sporangium Diploid nuclei ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS

Dispersal and germination 50 µm Mycelium Division: Zygomycota

• Microsporidia • Parasitic • Loss of organelles • Cause disease in people with immune deficiency • Used as pest control Division: Glomeromycota

• Arbuscular mycorrhizae • Coenocytic Fungi • ______- associated with plant roots • increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients Division: Ascomycota Divison: ______• Septate fungi (sac fungi) • Saprobes, mutualistic • Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds • Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce) Fig. 31-17-4 Conidia; mating type (–) Haploid spores (conidia) Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating ASEXUAL type (+) REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY

Ascus Conidiophore (dikaryotic)

Mycelia Dikaryotic Mycelium hyphae Germination SEXUAL REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus Asci Eight (zygote) Ascocarp ascospores

Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS Division: Basidiomycota Division: Basidiomycota

• Septate Fungi (Club fungi) • Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic • Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi • Uses: Food Division: Basidiomycota • Fairy Rings Fig. 31-19-4 Dikaryotic mycelium Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY

Mating type (–)

Mating Gills lined type (+) Haploid with basidia mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n)

Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n)

Basidium with Basidia four basidiospores Basidium (n+n) Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS

Key Haploid (n) Diploid Dikaryotic (n+n) 1 µm Basidiospore nuclei Diploid (2n) Division: Deuteromycota • ______fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae • Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi • Stachybotrys chartarum

Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist Lichen • Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota • Pioneer organisms Ecological Impacts • Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline • 60% human diseases originate from animals

3/4/20 24 Plant Diversity I Highlights of Plant Evolution Alternation of Generation

Both a ______haploid and ______diploid stages in the life cycles. Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) • Nonvascular Seedless • Vascular Seedless plants plants • ______• Lycophyta • Mosses • Club mosses • Hepatophyta • Psilophyta • Liverworts • Whiskferns • Anthocerophyta • Spenophyta • Hornworts • Horsetails • ______• Ferns Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos)

We will treat all of these as “divisions”! Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants

• Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) • no true leaves, roots, stems • ______/______:Gametophyte Sporophyte • Gametophyte • (antheridium and archegonium) • sporangium (produces spores) Hepatophyta • Liverworts • Two forms • ______(80%) • ______(20%) Hepatophyta

• Liverworts • Reproduction • Asexual

(______)

• sexual Anthocerophyta

• Hornworts _____ • Similar to liverworts except for _____ sporophytes __ • Most closely related to higher plants Bryophyta Mosses Bryophyta Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally

Essay! Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants • Formation of vascular tissue • ______(water) • ______(food) • True leaves, roots, and stems • Lignin (chemical in cell wall) • Sporophyte generation dominate • Sperm with flagella Lycophyta

• Lycophytes • true leaves • Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. • true stems • true roots • ______• leaves that produce spores Psilophyta

• Whisk Ferns • True stems • no true leaves • no true roots Sphenophyta

• Horsetails • true leaves • microphylls • true stems • silica • true roots Division: Pterophyta Division: Pterophyta Fern Life Cycle

Essay!