Tetrahymena As a Unicellular Model Eukaryote: Genetic and Genomic Tools
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Female Inheritance of Malarial Lap Genes Is Essential for Mosquito Transmission
Female Inheritance of Malarial lap Genes Is Essential for Mosquito Transmission J. Dale Raine[, Andrea Ecker[, Jacqui Mendoza, Rita Tewari, Rebecca R. Stanway, Robert E. Sinden* Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Members of the LCCL/lectin adhesive-like protein (LAP) family, a family of six putative secreted proteins with predicted adhesive extracellular domains, have all been detected in the sexual and sporogonic stages of Plasmodium and have previously been predicted to play a role in parasite–mosquito interactions and/or immunomodulation. In this study we have investigated the function of PbLAP1, 2, 4, and 6. Through phenotypic analysis of Plasmodium berghei loss-of- function mutants, we have demonstrated that PbLAP2, 4, and 6, as previously shown for PbLAP1, are critical for oocyst maturation and sporozoite formation, and essential for transmission from mosquitoes to mice. Sporozoite formation was rescued by a genetic cross with wild-type parasites, which results in the production of heterokaryotic polyploid ookinetes and oocysts, and ultimately infective Dpblap sporozoites, but not if the individual Dpblap parasite lines were crossed amongst each other. Genetic crosses with female-deficient (Dpbs47) and male-deficient (Dpbs48/45) parasites show that the lethal phenotype is only rescued when the wild-type pblap gene is inherited from a female gametocyte, thus explaining the failure to rescue in the crosses between different Dpblap parasite lines. We conclude that the functions of PbLAPs1, 2, 4, and 6 are critical prior to the expression of the male-derived gene after microgameto- genesis, fertilization, and meiosis, possibly in the gametocyte-to-ookinete period of differentiation. -
Why Mushrooms Have Evolved to Be So Promiscuous: Insights from Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns
fungal biology reviews 29 (2015) 167e178 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fbr Review Why mushrooms have evolved to be so promiscuous: Insights from evolutionary and ecological patterns Timothy Y. JAMES* Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA article info abstract Article history: Agaricomycetes, the mushrooms, are considered to have a promiscuous mating system, Received 27 May 2015 because most populations have a large number of mating types. This diversity of mating Received in revised form types ensures a high outcrossing efficiency, the probability of encountering a compatible 17 October 2015 mate when mating at random, because nearly every homokaryotic genotype is compatible Accepted 23 October 2015 with every other. Here I summarize the data from mating type surveys and genetic analysis of mating type loci and ask what evolutionary and ecological factors have promoted pro- Keywords: miscuity. Outcrossing efficiency is equally high in both bipolar and tetrapolar species Genomic conflict with a median value of 0.967 in Agaricomycetes. The sessile nature of the homokaryotic Homeodomain mycelium coupled with frequent long distance dispersal could account for selection favor- Outbreeding potential ing a high outcrossing efficiency as opportunities for choosing mates may be minimal. Pheromone receptor Consistent with a role of mating type in mediating cytoplasmic-nuclear genomic conflict, Agaricomycetes have evolved away from a haploid yeast phase towards hyphal fusions that display reciprocal nuclear migration after mating rather than cytoplasmic fusion. Importantly, the evolution of this mating behavior is precisely timed with the onset of diversification of mating type alleles at the pheromone/receptor mating type loci that are known to control reciprocal nuclear migration during mating. -
Wrc Research Report No. 131 Effects of Feedlot Runoff
WRC RESEARCH REPORT NO. 131 EFFECTS OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF ON FREE-LIVING AQUATIC CILIATED PROTOZOA BY Kenneth S. Todd, Jr. College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Pathology and Hygiene University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 FINAL REPORT PROJECT NO. A-074-ILL This project was partially supported by the U. S. ~epartmentof the Interior in accordance with the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, P .L. 88-379, Agreement No. 14-31-0001-7030. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS WATER RESOURCES CENTER 2535 Hydrosystems Laboratory Urbana, Illinois 61801 AUGUST 1977 ABSTRACT Water samples and free-living and sessite ciliated protozoa were col- lected at various distances above and below a stream that received runoff from a feedlot. No correlation was found between the species of protozoa recovered, water chemistry, location in the stream, or time of collection. Kenneth S. Todd, Jr'. EFFECTS OF FEEDLOT RUNOFF ON FREE-LIVING AQUATIC CILIATED PROTOZOA Final Report Project A-074-ILL, Office of Water Resources Research, Department of the Interior, August 1977, Washington, D.C., 13 p. KEYWORDS--*ciliated protozoa/feed lots runoff/*water pollution/water chemistry/Illinois/surface water INTRODUCTION The current trend for feeding livestock in the United States is toward large confinement types of operation. Most of these large commercial feedlots have some means of manure disposal and programs to prevent runoff from feed- lots from reaching streams. However, there are still large numbers of smaller feedlots, many of which do not have adequate facilities for disposal of manure or preventing runoff from reaching waterways. The production of wastes by domestic animals was often not considered in the past, but management of wastes is currently one of the largest problems facing the livestock industry. -
Screening Snake Venoms for Toxicity to Tetrahymena Pyriformis Revealed Anti-Protozoan Activity of Cobra Cytotoxins
toxins Article Screening Snake Venoms for Toxicity to Tetrahymena Pyriformis Revealed Anti-Protozoan Activity of Cobra Cytotoxins 1 2 3 1, Olga N. Kuleshina , Elena V. Kruykova , Elena G. Cheremnykh , Leonid V. Kozlov y, Tatyana V. Andreeva 2, Vladislav G. Starkov 2, Alexey V. Osipov 2, Rustam H. Ziganshin 2, Victor I. Tsetlin 2 and Yuri N. Utkin 2,* 1 Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, ul. Admirala Makarova 10, Moscow 125212, Russia; fi[email protected] 2 Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia; [email protected] (E.V.K.); damla-sofi[email protected] (T.V.A.); [email protected] (V.G.S.); [email protected] (A.V.O.); [email protected] (R.H.Z.); [email protected] (V.I.T.) 3 Mental Health Research Centre, Kashirskoye shosse, 34, Moscow 115522, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +7-495-3366522 Deceased. y Received: 10 April 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 15 May 2020 Abstract: Snake venoms possess lethal activities against different organisms, ranging from bacteria to higher vertebrates. Several venoms were shown to be active against protozoa, however, data about the anti-protozoan activity of cobra and viper venoms are very scarce. We tested the effects of venoms from several snake species on the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. The venoms tested induced T. pyriformis immobilization, followed by death, the most pronounced effect being observed for cobra Naja sumatrana venom. The active polypeptides were isolated from this venom by a combination of gel-filtration, ion exchange and reversed-phase HPLC and analyzed by mass spectrometry. -
Of a Eukaryote, Tetrahymena Pyriformis (Evolution of Repeated Genes/Amplification/DNA RNA Hybridization/Maero- and Micronuclei) MENG-CHAO YAO, ALAN R
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 71, No. 8, pp. 3082-3086, August 1974 A Small Number of Cistrons for Ribosomal RNA in the Germinal Nucleus of a Eukaryote, Tetrahymena pyriformis (evolution of repeated genes/amplification/DNA RNA hybridization/maero- and micronuclei) MENG-CHAO YAO, ALAN R. KIMMEL, AND MARTIN A. GOROVSKY Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627 Communicated by Joseph G. Gall, May 31, 1974 ABSTRACT The percentage of DNA complementary repeated sequences (5, 8). To our knowledge, little evidence to 25S and 17S rRNA has been determined for both the exists to support any of these hypotheses. macro- and micronucleus of the ciliated protozoan, Tetra- hymena pyriformis. Saturation levels obtained by DNA - The micro- and macronuclei of the ciliated protozoan, RNA hybridization indicate that approximately 200 Tetrdhymena pyriformis are analogous to the germinal and copies of the gene for rRNA per haploid genome were somatic nuclei of higher eukaryotes. While both nuclei are present in macronuclei. The saturation level obtained derived from the same zygotic nucleus during conjugation, with DNA extracted from isolated micronuclei was only the genetic continuity of 5-10% of the level obtained with DNA from macronuclei. only the micronucleus maintains After correction for contamination of micronuclear DNA this organism. The macronucleus is responsible for virtually by DNA from macronuclei, only a few copies (possibly all of the transcriptional activity during growth and division only 1) of the gene for rRNA are estimated to be present in and is capable of dividing an indefinite number of times during micronuclei. Micronuclei are germinal nuclei. -
Aspergillus Nidulans
RECESSIVE MUTANTS AT UNLINKED LOCI WHICH COMPLEMENT IN DIPLOIDS BUT NOT IN HETEROKARYONS OF ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS DAVID APIRION’ Department of Genetics, The University, Glasgow, Scotland Received January 10, 1966 HE fungus Aspergillus nidulans, like some other fungi, offers the opportunity comparing the interaction between genes when they are in the same nucleus (diploid condition) or in different nuclei sharing the same cytoplasm (heterokaryotic condition-in a heterokaryon each cell contains many nuclei from two different origins). Differences between the phenotypes produced by an identical genotype in these different cellular organizations were expected on general grounds (PONTECORVO1950), and soon after it was possible to obtain heterozygous diploids of Aspergillus (ROPER1952) the first example of such a difference was found (PONTECORVO1952, pp. 228-229). Thus far, differences between heterozygous diploids and heterokaryons which have the same genetical constitution have been reported in only eight cases. (For reviews, see PONTECORVO1963; and ROBERTS1964.) The usual test is a compari- son of complementation between two recessive mutants when they are in the heterozygous diploid and in the corresponding heterokaryon. In most instances, only one or a few mutants were tested. In the case of three suppressor loci for a methionine requirement in Coprinus lagopus (LEWIS 1961 and unpublished results), some but not all combinations of mutants in different suppressor loci showed discrepancies when their phenotypes were compared in the dikaryon and the corresponding diploid. (In a dikaryon each cell contains only two nuclei, each from a different origin.) This paper deals with intergenic complementation among recessive mutants which complement in the heterozygous diploid but not in the corresponding heterokaryon. -
Cell Cycle and Division
CELL CYCLE AND DIVISION Chapter CELL CYCLE AND DIVISION Day - 1 CELL CYCLE – Cell cycle completed into two phases. – Interphase – G0 Phase – G1 Phase – S Phase – G2 Phase – Division phase or M phase – Karyokinesis – Cytokinesis INTERPHASE Interphase is phase between two cell division. In this phase cell prepares itself for division so, called preparatory phase. It is longest phase of cell cycle. It covers approx. 95% of cell life. It is also called resting phase but extremely active. In this phase synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein takes place G1 - PHASE (6 – 15 HR.) Most variable phase for duration. Cell growth occurs in this phase, so most probably it is longest stage of interphase. Mitochondria, Chloroplasts (plants), Lysosomes, Ribosome, Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Complex, Vacuoles etc. are produced. In nucleus m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA synthesized. Structural and functional proteins are formed. Metabolic rate of the cell becomes very high. S - PHASE (6-10 HR.) Longest phase in human interphase. Replication of DNA takes place. (DNA get doubled) Histones are synthesized that cover each strand of DNA. Centrosome (Centriole) replicate is late S-phase. This phase indicated cell is ready for cell division. G2 - PHASE (3 - 12 HR.) CELL BIOLOGY Page 1 CELL CYCLE AND DIVISION Tubulin protein synthesis start for spindle formation. This phase may be called post DNA synthesis phase. Duplication of Mitochondria, Chloroplast and Golgi Body take place. Cell division involves enormous expenditure of energy thus cell stores ATP in G2 phase After G2 phase cell enters in division or M-phase CAUSE OF CELL DIVISION Kern plasm theory: (Hertwig) Mitosis occurs due to disturbance in karyoplasmic index (KI) of cell. -
Subcellular Localization of Dinoflagellate Polyketide Synthases and Fatty Acid Synthase Activity1
J. Phycol. 49, 1118–1127 (2013) © Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the U.S.A. DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12120 SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF DINOFLAGELLATE POLYKETIDE SYNTHASES AND FATTY ACID SYNTHASE ACTIVITY1 Frances M. Van Dolah,2 Mackenzie L. Zippay Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA Marine Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA Laura Pezzolesi Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Ravenna 48123, Italy Kathleen S. Rein Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA Jillian G. Johnson Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA Marine Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA Jeanine S. Morey, Zhihong Wang Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA and Rossella Pistocchi Interdepartmental Research Centre for Environmental Science (CIRSA), University of Bologna, Ravenna 48123, Italy Dinoflagellates are prolific producers of polyketide related to fatty acid synthases (FAS), we sought to secondary metabolites. Dinoflagellate polyketide determine if fatty acid biosynthesis colocalizes with synthases (PKSs) have sequence similarity to Type I either chloroplast or cytosolic PKSs. [3H]acetate PKSs, megasynthases that encode all catalytic domains labeling showed fatty acids are synthesized in the on a single polypeptide. However, in dinoflagellate cytosol, with little incorporation in chloroplasts, PKSs identified to date, each catalytic domain resides consistent with a Type I FAS system. -
Amitosis As a Strategy of Cell Division - Insight from the Proliferation of Tetrahymena Thermophila Macronucleus
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.11.247031; this version posted August 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Amitosis as a strategy of cell division - Insight from the proliferation of Tetrahymena thermophila macronucleus Y.X. Fu1,3,∗,+, G.Y. Wang2,4,∗, K. Chen2,4,X.F. Ma2,4, S.Q. Liu3 & W. Miao2,+ 1 Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, and Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA 2 Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China 3 Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China, 4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China ∗ These authors contributed equally to the work. + Corresponding authors. Cell division is a necessity of life which can be either mitotic or amitotic. While both are fundamental, amitosis is sometimes considered a relic of little importance in biology. Nevertheless, eu- karyotes often have polyploid cells, including cancer cells, which may divide amitotically. To understand how amitosis ensures the completion of cell division, we turn to the macronuclei of ciliates. The grand scheme governing the proliferation of the macronuclei of ciliate cells, which involves chromosomal replication and the amito- sis, is currently unknown. Using a novel model that encompasses a wide range of mechanisms together with experimental data of the composition of mating types at different stages derived from a single karyonide of Tetrahymena thermophila, we show that the chro- mosomal replication of the macronucleus has a strong head-start effect, with only about five copies of chromosomes replicated at a time and persistent reuse of the chromosomes involved in the early replication. -
Ultrastructure of Endosymbiotic Chlorella in a Vorticella
DNA CONTENTOF DOUBLETParamecium 207 scott DM, ed., Methods in Cell Physiology, Academic Press, New cleocytoplasmic ratio requirements for the initiation of DNA repli- York, 4, 241-339. cation and fission in Tetrahymena. Cell Tissue Kinet. 9, 110-30. 27. ~ 1975. The Paramecium aurelia complex of 14 30. Yao MC, Gorovsky MA. 1974. Comparison of the sequence sibling species. Trans. Am. Micrnsc. SOL. 94, 155-78. of macro- and micronuclear DNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis. 28. Woodward J, Gelher G, Swift H. 1966. Nucleoprotein Chromosomn 48, 1-18. changes during the mitotic cycle in Paramecium aurelia. Exp. Cell 31. Zech L. 1966. Dry weight and DNA content in sisters Res. 23, 258-64. of Bursaria truncatella during the interdivision interval. Exp. Cell 29. Worthington DH, Salamone M, Nachtwey DS. 1975. Nu- Res. 44, 599-605. J. Protorool. 25(2) 1978 pp. 207-210 0 1978 by the Socitky of Protozoologists Ultrastructure of Endosymbiotic Chlorella in a Vorticella LINDA E. GRAHAM* and JAMES M. GRAHAM? “Department of Botany, University of Witconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and +Division of Biological Sciences, University of Micliigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 SYNOPSIS. Observations were made on the ultrastructure of a species of Vorticella containing endosymbiotic Chlorella The Vorticella, which were collected from nature, bore conspicuous tubercles of irregular size and distribution on the pel- licle. Each endosymbiotic algal cell was located in a separate vacuole and possessed a cell wall and cup-shaped chloroplast \\ith a large pyrenoid. The pyrenoid was bisected by thylakoids and surrounded by starch plates. No dividing or degenerat- ing algal cells were observed. -
SCIENCE CHINA Non-Coding Rnas Mediate the Rearrangements Of
SCIENCE CHINA Life Sciences SPECIAL ISSUE: Non-coding RNAs October 2013 Vol.56 No.10: 937–943 • REVIEW • doi: 10.1007/s11427-013-4539-4 Non-coding RNAs mediate the rearrangements of genomic DNA in ciliates FENG XueZhu & GUANG ShouHong* School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China Received July 1, 2013; accepted August 10, 2013; published online September 3, 2013 Most eukaryotes employ a variety of mechanisms to defend the integrity of their genome by recognizing and silencing parasitic mobile nucleic acids. However, recent studies have shown that genomic DNA undergoes extensive rearrangements, including DNA elimination, fragmentation, and unscrambling, during the sexual reproduction of ciliated protozoa. Non-coding RNAs have been identified to program and regulate genome rearrangement events. In Paramecium and Tetrahymena, scan RNAs (scnRNAs) are produced from micronuclei and transported to vegetative macronuclei, in which scnRNA elicits the elimination of cognate genomic DNA. In contrast, Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in Oxytricha enable the retention of genomic DNA that exhibits sequence complementarity in macronuclei. An RNA interference (RNAi)-like mechanism has been found to direct these genomic rearrangements. Furthermore, in Oxytricha, maternal RNA templates can guide the unscrambling process of genomic DNA. The non-coding RNA-directed genome rearrangements may have profound evolutionary implications, for ex- ample, eliciting the multigenerational inheritance of acquired adaptive traits. RNAi, gene silencing, scnRNA, piRNA, rearrangement, elimination Citation: Feng X Z, Guang S H. Non-coding RNAs mediate the rearrangements of genomic DNA in ciliates. Sci China Life Sci, 2013, 56: 937–943, doi: 10.1007/s11427-013-4539-4 Ciliates are a group of protozoa characterized by large and Ciliates proliferate asexually by binary fission in the transparent body. -
Protozoa: Outline Classification
Protozoa: Outline Classification 1. Classification of Protozoa 2. Diagnostic Features of Protozoa 3. Scheme of Classification of Protozoa 4. Systematic Resume of Protozoa 1. Classification of Protozoa: Until the early 1970’s, all living organisms were allocated one or the other of two kingdoms — Plant or Animal. Whether an organism was uni- or multi-cellular, or whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, were not considered relevant to this fundamental division of life. Therefore, under kingdom animal, the multicellular animals comprised the metazoa while the unicellular, the protozoa. Such a two-kingdom system suffers from a number of drawbacks. To name a few, it does not reflect any real phylogenetic dichotomy and the two categories are not really distinguishable. In the case of euglenoid flagellates, they have been considered under both animals and plants. The two kingdom system is thus not a practical working scheme. R. H. Whittaker in 1969 had divided all living things into five kingdoms — Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia. While Monera is specialized at the subcellular or biochemical level, the higher organisms (Plantae, Fungi and Animalia) are specialized at the tissue level of organization. Between these two levels, the Protista is specialized at the cellular level. Protozoa, the name coined by Goldfuss (1820), containing about 80,000 species, certainly belong to Protista that exhibits animal like mode of nutrition (Phagocytic hetero-trophy). They have been assigned the sub- kingdom category. However, according to some (Barnes et al, 1993), ‘Protozoa’ has for some time ceased to be regarded as a valid or useful grouping of organisms. Etymology: Greek: protos, first; zoon, animal.