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Renewable Resources in

Industrial use of agricultural and raw materials in Germany Contents

Publisher: 1 Foreword 4 Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) Hofplatz 1 • 18276 Gülzow • Germany 2 The industrial use of renewable resources in Germany: 6 Tel.: +49 (0) 38 43/69 30 - 0 • Fax: +49 (0) 38 43/69 30 - 1 02 significance and current status [email protected] • www.fnr.de 3 Production of agricultural and raw materials for 12 Published by Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), industrial use in Germany Hofplatz 1, 18276 Gülzow, Germany, with support from the Ger- 3.1 Cultivation of vegetable raw materials 12 man Federal Ministry of Food, and Consumer Protec- 3.2 Wood supply 15 tion (BMELV) as a result of a decision by the German Bundestag. 4 Industrial use of agricultural raw materials 22 Author: 4.1 Introduction 22 Dr. Dietmar Peters, FNR 4.2 Oleochemical applications 26 in collaboration with 4.3 Bio-based materials 35 Dr. Norbert Holst, 4.4 Carbohydrate-based basic organic chemicals, fine and 47 Birgit Herrmann, , chemical intermediates Sönke Lulies and 4.5 Applications and products based on other renewable resources 62 Henryk Stolte, FNR 5 Industrial use of wood 66 Acknowledgements: 5.1 Introduction 66 The authors would like to thank 5.2 industry 70 Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Vorlop, vTI, and Dr. Björn Seintsch, vTI, 5.3 Wood-based panel industry 72 for their critical review of individual chapters. 5.4 and paper industry 74

Illustrations: 6 Conclusions and prospects 76 BMELV, Daimler AG, DIGITALstock, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Fotolia.com, Fuchs Petrolub AG, Land Sachsen- 7 Additional literature 80 Anhalt, Lenzing AG, Theresa Fehrmann

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3rd fully revised edition, 2010 1 Foreword

From time immemorial the production environment and a demand for sustain- sustainable increase in the proportion of renewable resources has been one able products, the focus of consumer of used in industry but also of agriculture’s main objectives, along and industrial interests has begun to for an improvement in the efficiency of with the supply of high-quality foods shift back to vegetable raw materials. biomass use in ensuring Germany’s raw and animal feeds. Over the past several material supplies while taking into ac- centuries agriculture and forestry have The industry, which has been process- count the objectives and requirements supplied us with the majority of the raw ing fossil resources for decades, must of sustainability strategies. It also aims materials needed for , lamp oils, lu- first transition back to the use of renew- to secure and advance Germany’s role as bricants and cleaning agents, as well as able resources. Conventional process- an international leader in the industrial fibres for the production of textiles and ing methods must be adapted, and new use of renewable resources. wood for the of homes and methods developed – a worthwhile task, . The wealth of entire regions not only in light of the environmental This brochure provides an overview of in Germany and Europe was based on benefits but also with regard to the in- the possible industrial uses of renewable the cultivation of plants and the trade teresting markets for products based resources in Germany and illustrates the of the raw materials derived from them. on renewable raw materials. Plants as important role that agricultural raw ma- Over the course of time the economic suppliers represent one terials and wood already play in today’s focus has shifted significantly. Fossil of the future-oriented fields that have industry. Based on various current stud- resources, such as , petroleum and been identified as especially significant ies sponsored by the Federal Ministry of , were discovered and put to in terms of policy. The Ger- Food, Agriculture and Consumer Pro- use. Synthetic products quickly began to man industry, in particular the chemical tection (BMELV), as well as current sta- take the place of plant-based products. industry, is once again processing agri- tistical data from Eurostat and Destatis cultural and forestry raw materials on a and recent surveys and estimates by the The is dependent on significant scale. Well over ten per cent FNR, conclusive data is now available sources of carbonaceous raw materials of the organic raw materials used by the for the years leading up to and including in many areas of its production. These chemical industry are renewable. Fur- 2007, and preliminary data is available can be either fossil or renewable raw ma- thermore the wood-processing indus- for the years 2008 and 2009. terials. However, the main advantage of try is a significant economic sector that, renewable raw materials is that they can with the raw material wood, has gener- be continuously regenerated by plants. ated far more value added than other We now know that the supply of petro- German industries. leum is limited, and in times of crisis we feel the effects of our dependence on im- The “Action Plan for the Industrial Use of Dr. Andreas Schütte ports. The significance of environmental Renewable Resources” that was adopted considerations is also becoming more by the German Federal Government in and more apparent, and the call for re- 2009 is an important impulse for pro- newable products is growing ever loud- moting the industrial use of renewable er. At the same time, owing to a change resources parallel to their use for energy in consumer behaviour associated with generation. The Action Plan sets forth a an increased awareness of health and the broad vision, not only for a significant and

4 5 2 The industrial use of renewable resources in Germany: significance and current status

The term “renewable resources” refers to by-products, whey, liquid manure and all biomass produced from agriculture slaughterhouse wastes). and forestry that is not used for food or animal feed. The term biomass, however, In the use of renewable resources Ger- comprises all organic matter originating many is one of the leading countries in or recently1 derived from living organ- the world. The nation’s competitive in- Climate protection is one of the great In Germany approx. 14% of the petro- isms. Biomass either remains in the eco- dustry and thriving research landscape challenges of the 21st century. Germa- leum and 4% of the total fossil raw ma- system or is used by humans as a raw offer favourable conditions for further ny and the European Union have set terials (petroleum, natural gas and coal) material for food, industry or energy. strengthening its position. Sustainable themselves ambitious climate protection in 2008 were used in the chemical indus- production and the use of renewable goals. The use of renewable resources in try, and the rest were used for energy Thanks to nature’s inherent diversity resources can also help improve value place of fossil raw materials can contrib- generation (power, heat, fuels) (Fig. 2.1).

a vast range of renewable resources is added and employment in rural areas ute to the reduction of CO2 emissions. While many different renewable energy available. Practically all common crop where raw materials are produced and The industrial use of renewable resourc- sources exist for the generation of en- plants are already being used in one undergo first processing. A secure and es generally results in the conservation ergy, renewable raw materials represent form or another, either as energy sourc- sustainable supply of raw materials is of fossil resources and the reduction of the only alternative to fossil raw mate-

es for the generation of heat, power and particularly important for our country, CO2 emissions, as plants are able to ab- rials for industrial use in the chemical other forms of energy or as raw materi- with its relative lack of natural resourc- sorb from the atmosphere over a industry. For the industrial production als for industrial use. Scientists continue es. The availability of fossil resources long period of time, depending on their of organic chemicals the chemical indus- to seek and discover new and alternative is limited. Given the increasing short- respective life spans. The environmental try is dependent on carbon sources to a uses for these plants and to research po- age of fossil resources we can expect impacts associated with the industrial large extent. The only renewable source tential uses for other plant species that to see rising prices over the long-term. use of renewable resources vary sig- in the short and medium term is the bio- have yet to be used. The scope of such Furthermore a proportion of the fossil nificantly depending on the cultivation mass formed by the photosynthetic fixa- research is not limited to crop plants: resources used in Germany come from method and yields, the conversion tech- tion of in plants. Wild plants and even a number of ani- politically instable regions. Against this nology, the product and its lifetime and mal products are being studied. Other backdrop it is of particular importance the method of and disposal. types of renewable resources are bio- that Germany pursues a three-pronged Products made from agricultural wastes genic materials, wastes and residues that strategy involving the conservation of or by-products generally have less im- originate from agricultural and forestry raw materials, the improvement of ef- pact on the environment. Although production (such as straw, hemp shives, ficiency in the use of raw materials and scientists have estimated the potential

molasses, glycerol from the hydrolysis the increased use of renewable resources reduction of CO2 emissions associated of fats and oils, wood residues, sawmill in their entirety. with the use of renewable resources for bioenergy, no such figures exist for the industrial use of renewable resources. 1 In reference to biomass “recently” implies a period of several hundred years, which distinguishes biomass from fossil resources.

6 7 Germany has a total area of 35.7 mil- Germany also exports a significant per- lion hectares. Of this total area approx. centage of the products manufactured 17 million hectares (= 53%) of agricul- on the basis of renewable resources, and tural land (approx. 12 million hectares only a limited percentage of these prod- cropland and 5 million hectares grazing ucts is consumed domestically. This is land) and approx. 11 million hectares another area in which industrial use dif- (= 29%) of woodland are available as fers from use for energy. sources of agricultural raw materials and wood, respectively. Agriculture and In 2008 approx. 3.6 million tonnes of forestry already supply vegetable and renewable resources were used for ma- animal raw materials as the material terials and products in Germany’s in- basis for a multitude of different trades dustrial sector3. This total comprised ap- and industries outside of the food and prox. 1.45 million tonnes of oils and fats, feed sector. The enormous economic im- approx. 1.48 million tonnes of carbohy- portance of these economic sectors is not drates and approx. 0.65 million tonnes obvious to most people, as many prod- of other renewable raw materials (Fig. ucts cannot easily be seen, or people 2.2). Resources used by the chemical and simply do not know whether a product accounted for is made from renewable resources. about 2.7 million tonnes of this total. In addition many chemical intermediates/ Approx. 15% of the domestic agricul- semi-finished and finished goods tural raw materials and 60% of the do- based on renewable raw materials are mestic wood supply are used for indus- imported.4 Fig. 2.1: Industrial use of fossil raw materials in the chemical industry as percentage of try. In addition, significant quantities of total consumption of fossil resources in Germany in 2008 (Source: (VCI2); February 2010), renewable raw materials are imported Germany’s wood-processing industry percentage in relation to total volume of raw materials (in tonnes) from other European countries and also consumed considerable quantities overseas for processing in Germany. An of wood raw materials in 2008, amount- estimated 15% of the total volume of re- ing to approx. 72 million cubic meters Renewable raw materials can be attrac- tics, and there are major technological newable resources used by industry in (roughly 36 million tonnes). Waste pa- tive alternatives to fossil resources. This challenges to overcome. These two fac- Germany is imported. In the chemical per and imported semi-finished and fact is demonstrated by the chemical in- tors – along with others – explain why, industry the import share for renew- finished wood products must also be dustry’s longstanding use of renewable over the past several years, Germany has able resources is currently approx. 60%. added to this total. raw materials, especially in light of the seen quantitatively less growth in the in- However, we must bear in mind that fact that the industrial use of renewable dustrial use of renewable resources than resources in Germany has asserted itself in their use for energy generation. under market conditions with practi- cally no financial support from the state. 2 German Chemical Industry Association (Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. - VCI) It should also be noted that many indus- 3 The industrial sector in this context includes not only the chemical and pharmaceutical trial uses of renewable resources are as- industry but also other industries (especially the paper starch processing industry and the sociated with a great depth of technolo- natural fibre processing industry(ies)). gy. The products must satisfy a complex 4 As finished and semi-finished goods these products are not counted in the balance of raw profile of requirements and characteris- materials.

8 9 Fig. 2.2: Quantities of renewable resources used in industry in 2008 (Source: FNR, as of: December 2009)

based almost exclusively or predomi- possibility for cascade utilisation. The nantly on renewable raw materials there production and processing of renewable are also many products that combine resources for the industrial, chemical- renewable with fossil or raw technical sector and for bio-based mate- materials. rials (excluding wood) accounts for an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 direct and The production and processing of re- indirect jobs, while the industrial use of newable resources secures and creates wood (including forestry, the wood and jobs and value added, even for people wood products industry, wood in the in rural areas. The value added and em- construction industry, the trade, ployment generated per tonne of indus- the paper industry and the The major industrial applications of re- hydraulic fluids, the of trially used biomass is generally higher and industry) accounts for ap- newable resources are in the following paper, the construction industry and the than that of biomass used exclusively prox. 1.2 million jobs. areas: the chemical-technical and the manufacturing of composite materials, for the generation of energy, due to the pharmaceutical sector, the manufactur- wood products and wood-based pan- greater processing depth usually associ- ing of surfactants, plastics, lubricants and els. Along with a multitude of products ated with industrial use as well as the

10 11 The rapid increase in cultivation area for industrially used renewable raw ma- 3 Production of agricultural and forestry for renewable raw materials that Ger- terials. By 2008/2009 the cultivation area many has experienced over the past for these products had reached approx. raw materials for industrial use in decade was driven by state sponsorship 300,000 hectares (Fig. 3.2). The most programmes promoting the use of re- important native plants cultivated for Germany newable resources for the generation of industrial use are oil seeds, along with energy. While in 1998 more than 80% of starch and sugar plants. Straw, both 3.1 Cultivation of vegetable raw limited extent for the production of re- this cultivation area was used for indus- from various grain crops (essentially materials newable resources. The cultivation of trial raw materials this percentage had wheat, rye, barley and triticale) and from renewable raw materials in Germany for dropped to 50% by 2001, and in 2009 rapeseed, is a by-product of harvesting. Of Germany’s 17 million hectares of both industrial use and use for energy only about 15% of the cultivated renew- However, in the past only a very small agricultural land roughly 12 million generation has increased significantly able resources were used in industry. percentage of this straw has been used hectares are cropland, and 5 million hec- in recent years, from approx. 246,000 In 2001 and 2002 Germany saw a sharp industrially as a renewable raw mate- tares, grazing land. Essentially all crop- hectares (1993) to approx. 2,000,000 decline in the cultivation of flax.5 By rial, and its use for the generation of en- land and grazing land areas in Germany hectares (2009, preliminary estimates); 2005/2006 the cultivation area for indus- ergy is also still of minimal importance. are suitable for the production of renew- this currently represents approx. 17% trially used raw materials had stabilised. able resources. Grazing land areas, how- of the agricultural cropland and 12% Since 2006 Germany has experienced ever, are only used to a comparatively of the total agricultural land (Fig. 3.1). moderate growth in the cultivation area

2009 Raw material 1998 2005 2007 2008 (preliminary estimate) Industrial starch 125.0 128.0 128.0 140.0 130.0 Industrial sugar 7.0 18.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 Industrial rapeseed oil 133.0 105.2 100.0 120.0 120.0 Industrial sunflower oil 24.1 12.8 8.5 8.5 8.5 Industrial linseed oil 110.4 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.5 Fibre plants 4.0 1.6 2.0 1.0 1.0 and other 4.9 10.2 10.0 10.0 10.0 industrial crops Total 408.4 279.1 273.6 304.0 294.0

Fig. 3.2: Cultivation area for renewable resources for industrial use in Germany in selected years (Source: FNR; as of: December 2009), area in thousand hectares

Fig. 3.1: Total cultivation area for renewable resources by year. 1993-2009 (Source: FNR, 5 This decline in cultivation area was caused by the discontinuation of special state aid BLE; as of: December 2009), area in thousand hectares schemes.

12 13 It is also important to note that only tion. The majority is still being imported. The most important protein plants culti- about 30-40% of the agricultural raw Roughly 30% of these plants come from vated in Germany are broad beans, pro- materials used in Germany by industry cultivation and 70% from wild harvest. tein peas and lupines. Currently, howev- in the non-food sector are produced by Contract farming for medicinal plants er, these crops are rarely used as renew- German agriculture. Imports account for may be an attractive solution for ensur- able industrial feedstocks: Their main the remaining percentage of raw mate- ing supply. Of the approx. 440 medicinal use is as animal feed or green manure. rial consumption for chemical-technical plants indigenous to Germany, approx. Proteins are also obtained as by-prod- purposes. 75 species are cultivated in Germany, of ucts of oilseed processing (e.g. rapeseed) which 24 species account for 92% of the or wheat starch production (gluten). Rapeseed is by far the most important oil plants cultivated. crop in Germany. Flax and sunflowers are also cultivated on a large scale. The Since the end of the 19th century the in- 3.2 Wood supply oil plants camelina, crambe and evening dustry has been producing most - primrose are of lesser importance. stuffs synthetically and inexpensively; Wood supply from the German therefore the cultivation of dye plants forestry industry , wheat and potatoes are the pri- (such as dyer’s knotweed, dyer’s woad, mary raw materials used for starch pro- dyer’s rocket, dyer’s madder and saf- Germany currently has about 11 million 47% of the total area was ei- duction. These products contain up to flower) has almost completely ceased. hectares of woodland. In order to assess ther private or “Treuhand forest” 80% amylopectin, along with amylose. Today some plants are being cultivated large-scale forest status and forest pro- (forest expropriated within the scope of Peas are of very little significance in the again on a very small scale. The cultiva- duction potential, National Forest Inven- the land reform in the GDR and trans- production of starch. Currently only tion, as well as the harvesting, process- tories have been conducted throughout ferred into public ownership and now small quantities of high-amylose starch ing and utilisation practices, must be Germany following uniform procedures either privatised or about to be priva- are being produced from high-starch pea further optimised before natural dye- and on the basis of random sampling. tised), 30% was state forest, 20% was varieties (wrinkled peas) in Germany. stuffs will be able to gain a significant The first National communal forest and 4%, federal forest. 1 share of the dyestuffs market. (NFI ) – which dealt exclusively with For climatic and economic reasons the within the borders of the former The IS 2008 showed that the percentage sugar produced in Germany is derived As fibre plants, only flax, hemp, fibre West Germany – was conducted in 1987. of broadleaves had increased between exclusively from sugar beets. Sugar cane nettle and, in warmer climates, kenaf The second National Forest Inventory 2002 and 2008 as a result of forest con- 2 and other sugar plants cannot be culti- can be cultivated in Germany, owing to (NFI ), conducted in 2002, is the basis version and usage patterns. According vated in Germany. Although Jerusalem the conditions. However, fibre plants are for all current data on Germany’s for- to this study the German woodland in artichokes are not used in Germany for currently being cultivated in Germany ests. The Inventory Study 2008 (IS 2008) 2008 was composed of roughly 57% inulin production they are cultivated on on a very small scale. Hemp accounts for the assessment of carbon stocks in and 43% broadleaves. Further- a small scale for the foodstuffs sector. for the majority of the fibre plants be- German forests supplied updated data more the area-weighted average age of ing cultivated today. Currently flax and on various sub-areas. The third National the increased from 73 to 77 years 3 The large-scale cultivation of medicinal fibre nettle are only being cultivated on Forest Inventory (NFI ) is currently be- during the same period. plants (such as chamomile, milk thistle, a small scale. ing planned for the year 2012. mint, St. John’s wort, Woolly Foxglove, 2 echinacea and valerian) represents a Miscanthus, also known as “Elephant According to the NFI the timber sup- small but nevertheless interesting agri- Grass”, is a speciality crop that is still ply area of Germany’s forests in 2002 cultural sector in Germany. However, very new in Germany. Until now it has was composed of 40.1% broadleaves, only 10% of the medicinal plants used only played a subordinate role as an in- 57.6% conifers and 2.3% unstocked areas in Germany are from domestic cultiva- dustrial feedstock. or gaps (Fig. 3.3). With respect to land

14 15 Using data from the NFI2 it is possible to as well as the volume of losses that nor- evaluate the utilisation of German for- mally occur in the harvesting process, ests to date and estimate the future avail- and takes into account the commer- ability of wood resources. For this evalu- cially standard deductions in the sur- ation the volume of standing timber, or veying of raw wood (“other wood incl. forest stands, is calculated as “Vorrats- unmerchantable wood” and “X-wood”, festmeter” (Vfm) which is the volume a term used for wood that is processed of standing timber over bark measured but not utilized). The result is the timber in m3 (m3 o.b.) and includes only mer- harvesting potential of “merchantable chantable wood (Derbholz). In the Ger- wood” measured as “Erntefestmeter” man forest industry, it is common to (Efm) which is the “harvested volume base calculations on the total volume of under bark” (m3 u.b.) (Fig. 3.4). merchantable wood (Derbholz), which is defined as above-ground woody mass According to data from the NFI2 the av- with a diameter of greater than 7 cm over erage utilisation of timber for the period bark. The sorting model used for these 1987-2002 can be estimated at approx. 60 calculations subtracts the bark volume, million m3 u.b./year. The study IS 2008,

Fig. 3.3: of species in German woodland in 2002 (Source: NFI2; as of: 2003)

According to the NFI2 the standing tim- all in small, private forests – followed ber volume in German woodland in by state forests (28%), communal for- 2002 was around 3.4 billion m3 (320 m3/ ests (20%) and federal forests (2%). The ha). A continued – though significantly southern states (Bavaria and Baden- slower – increase in standing timber vol- Württemberg) have the highest absolute ume has been predicted for the period total standing volume. With respect to 2002-2022. This trend was confirmed by tree species the spruce accounts for the the IS 2008, which reported an average largest standing volume, followed by standing timber volume of 330 m3/ha. pine and beech. The current estimate for annual increment based on the In- According to the NFI2 the largest stand- ventory Study 2008 is 11.1 m3 standing ing timber volume can be found in pri- volume over bark (Vfm) per hectare per vate/Treuhand forests (52%) – above year. Fig. 3.4: Above-ground woody mass and timber harvesting potential (Source: NFI2)

16 17 however, found that the volume of tim- ed upward or downward, depending on Supply of wood raw materials Deutschland - Bestandsaufnahme 1987 ber used per year for the period 2002- the scenario and respective time period. and waste paper in Germany bis 2005) and its follow-up studies. 2008 was approx. 70.5 million m3 u.b./ The assortment and age-class structure year. must also be taken into consideration. In addition to timber from the forestry As illustrated by the table in Fig. 3.5 the The timber harvesting potential that was industry other wood raw materials, such supply of wood raw materials has been With data collected from the National estimated based on data from the NFI2 as recovered wood or by-products from steadily increasing since 1987. Since 2008 Forest Inventories the WEHAM model is considerably higher than that of ear- and timber processing, the economic crisis has brought about (Projection Modelling of Forest Develop- lier estimates in the 1990s based on data represent important raw materials for a dampening of demand, especially in ment and Timber Harvesting Potential) from the NFI1. However, the increased wood-based value added and employ- raw materials used for industry, result- can be used to estimate scenarios for demand that was seen between 2002 ment in Germany. The supply of wood ing in a reduced wood supply. By 2012 timber harvesting potential in the future and 2008, especially for (and raw materials in Germany is calculated the demand is expected to increase again, by means of performance indicators for above all for spruce), must be taken into from the domestic supply of timber which would result in an increased sup- yield and growth. It should be pointed account. The IS 2008 study showed that and of other wood raw materials, tak- ply of wood raw materials. An increasing out that these WEHAM scenarios show the spruce utilisation rate was far greater ing account of exports and imports. The demand for wood by the energy sector is the timber harvesting potential but do than the annual increment for the peri- development and structures of wood expected owing to the general framework not make timber harvesting forecasts od surveyed. Furthermore estimates of raw material flows are described by the conditions. To what extent the industrial or timber market forecasts that predict potential must also be viewed from the report “Wood resource balance Ger- demand for wood raw materials will in- actual future timber yields. The most perspective of regional availability. many – 1987-2005” (Holzrohstoffbilanz crease or decrease remains to be seen. common WEHAM scenarios estimate an average timber potential ranging from 80 to 100 million m3 u.b./year for the period 6 Supply of wood 1987 2002 2012 2008-2013. This range is the product of 2003 2005 2007 2008 various assumptions and could be shift- raw materials (NFI1) (NFI2) Prognosis Sawlogs, pulpwood & 32.5 51.5 55.8 69.7 79.6 78.3 81.7 forest residues Sawmill by-products 7.2 11.2 11.7 14.3 17.0 16.5 16.9 Bark 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 Other industrial waste wood 1.9 2.1 5.1 3.5 11.1 7.6 7.8 Recovered wood 2.6 10.3 9.5 12.2 10.5 10.5 10.7 Other and, as applicable, 1.7 2.2 5.0 4.7 6.9 10.8 13.1 balance settlement Total 47.2 79.3 89.2 107 128.1 126.7 133.2

Fig. 3.5: Supply of wood raw materials in Germany (Source: Mantau/ of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science; as of: December 2009), volume in million cubic metres

6 WEHAM Scenario A. F (Scenario A is the basic scenario, and Scenario F is a model scenario which assumes that the standing volume will be harvested at 1987 levels).

18 19 In addition to the wood raw materials production. There has been a net export shown in Fig. 3.5, waste paper is another surplus in this sector since 2002 – with Supply of wood raw materials 2008 2008 Consumption of wood raw materials important wood-based resource for val- the exception of 2007. The production of Sawlogs 42.8 42.5 Sawmill industry ue added and employment in Germany. waste paper has increased steadily over For example, in 2008, waste paper ac- the past several years, and the waste- Other stemwood 29.1 16.5 Wood-based panel industry counted for 59% of the total volume of recycling rate has reached a high level. Forest residues 6.4 10.3 Pulp industry raw materials used by the German pa- In Germany today, only small quanti- Sawmill by-products 16.5 2.7 Other wood-based industries per industry. The table below (Fig. 3.6) ties of waste paper can be found in the shows the domestic production and do- waste stream. The domestic potentials Bark 3.0 0.0 Other sectors mestic consumption of waste paper. Cal- are therefore relatively low, and in some Other industrial waste wood 7.6 2.8 Energy product manufacturers culations indicate that the German mar- municipalities the potential has already Black 3.5 19.8 Power > 1 MW ket can be supplied solely by domestic been almost completely exhausted. Recovered wood 10.5 5.0 Power < 1 MW Wood cuttings from landscaping 4.6 25.2 Private households Waste paper 1987 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 Energy products 2.8 0.1 Other energy-sector users Waste paper supply 5.1 13.7 13.6 15.1 15.7 16.0 Balance settlement 0.0 1.8 Balance settlement Waste paper consumption 4.6 12.0 12.5 14.4 15.8 15.5 Total 126.7 126.7 Total Fig. 3.6: Waste paper supply and consumption in Germany (Source: VDP7; as of: December Fig. 3.7: Comparison of the supply and consumption of wood raw materials in 2008 (Source: 2009), volume in million tonnes Mantau/University of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science; as of: December 2009), volume in million cubic metres

Comparison of the supply and products, is accounted for on the supply ing-material industry using sawn tim- Of the total volume of wood raw mate- consumption of wood raw side through balance sheet extension. ber can later be used as recovered wood rials produced, just under 60% are used 8 materials in 2008 by the wood-based panel industry for by industry. The wood resource balance for 2008 pro- the production of chipboard or by CHP vides an impressive illustration of the plants that use wood-based biomass for Approximately three quarters of domes- The table shown in Fig. 3.7 compares the numerous use cascades that are possible the production of heat and power. tic roundwood (sawlogs and pulpwood) supply and consumption of wood raw with wood raw materials. For example are used by industry. materials in 2008. The wood resource sawn timber can be produced in the The most important source of wood raw balance is calculated using an “extended sawmill industry using sawlogs from materials for the maintenance of these In 2008 Germany had a net export sur- accounting” system. With this system the forestry industry. The sawmill by- use cascades is timber supplied through plus in raw wood. According to calcu- the raw material requirements of indi- products produced in this process can classic forest ; wood raw lations the German market can be sup- vidual users are recorded and totalled be used in the wood-based panel indus- materials from the field of landscape plied solely by domestic production. separately. “Physical double-counting”, try for the production of chipboards, in conservation or from agricultural short- The imports of tropical roundwood for like shares of the sawmill industry’s the pulp industry for the production of rotation have been of lesser sawn timber production in Germany roundwood requirements that can also pulp or in the wood pellet industry for importance to date. The biggest consum- amount to approx. 35,000 m³ of sawn supply other users (e.g. wood-based the production of pellets. The wooden ers of timber are the sawmill industry timber, which is marginal. panel or pulp industry) as sawmill by- pallets produced by the wood packag- and private homeowners (for heating).

7 German Pulp and Paper Association (Verband Deutscher Papierfabriken e.V. - VDP) 8 See Chapter 5

20 21 sives made from starch, sugar or ; pharmaceutical industry, especially in 4 Industrial use of agricultural , varnishes, parquet, floor the paper-starch and natural-fibre pro- coverings, form oils based on vegetable cessing industries. In absolute terms the raw materials oils and concrete plasticisers based on industrial use of renewable resources is derivatives are also available. lower than their use for energy. How- 4.1 Introduction Examples are: ever, renewable resources account for The value added per unit volume can a significantly higher percentage of the Renewable, agricultural raw materials • surfactants in detergents and cleaning vary greatly for the individual prod- total volume of organic raw materi- have been used for many years in the agents based on fatty acids, fatty alco- ucts. For example, with bulk chemicals als consumed by the chemical industry chemical-technical sector. In this time hols or sugars, and mass-produced articles revenue than biogenic raw materials account for the volume of industrially processed • fatty-acid-based hot-melt , is essentially generated through large as a percentage of the total raw materials raw materials has steadily increased, al- • raw materials for paints and varnishes quantities, but with speciality chemicals consumed for energy production. beit not as rapidly as the volume of ag- based on linseed oil and tall oil, and herbal medicines high revenues can ricultural raw materials used for energy • hydraulic oils, oils, mould release even be achieved with limited quanti- generation. Among agricultural raw ma- agents and cooling lubricants based ties. The best growth opportunities for terials oils and fats dominate quantita- on fatty acid esters, revenue are offered by bio-based poly- tively. In addition carbohydrates (starch • based on modified vege- mers and materials, industrial biotech- and sugar from agricultural raw materi- table oils, nology products, the herbal medicine als as well as cellulose from fibre plants • cellulose fibres, such as , modal sector and natural fibre products. or in the form of dissolving pulp9 from or lyocell made from , wood) are processed in significant quan- • latex made from natural In 2008 approx. 3.6 million tonnes of re- tities. Together, these two groups ac- rubber, newable raw materials were used by in- count for almost 80% of the industrially • natural fragrances and flavouring dustry (Fig. 4.1). Of this total around 2.7 processed renewable resources. Various agents in , million tonnes were used in the chemical other renewable raw materials are used • functional polymers made from cellu- industry (Fig. 4.1). Based on this figure on a smaller scale (especially proteins, lose, approx. 13% of the organic raw materi- as well as other plant constituents and • automobile interiors made from natu- als used in the chemical industry are re- exudates, such as plant waxes, lignin, ral fibre reinforced materials and newable. Approx. 0.9 million tonnes are and natural cork). • chemical intermediates from biotech- consumed outside of the chemical and nological and/or chemical processes Renewable resources represent especial- based on sugar/starch. ly attractive alternatives in applications where the synthetic output of nature can In addition materials have tra- be retained – at least partially – in the ditionally represented a main area of ap- final product or where the product can- plication for renewable raw materials, not be manufactured conveniently using and the range of suitable raw materials fossil resources. This applies to numer- for the construction and housing sector ous precursors and intermediates, fine extends well beyond wood, which will 9 Cellulose in the form of dissolving pulp is derived from the raw materials wood and cotton and speciality chemicals and biomate- be discussed in greater detail in chapter linters. Both raw materials are discussed in this chapter, as on the one hand a separation of rials in the chemical-technical sector. 5. For example there are insulating ma- these raw material plants is impracticable, and on the other hand their industrial processing terials made from plant fibres or sheep’s takes place in the chemical industry and not in the traditional wood-processing industry. as well as binding agents and adhe- For similar reasons lignin, wood constituents and tree exudates are also dealt with here.

22 23 2008 Raw material group Raw material 2007 2008 2009 (preliminary) Raw material 1991 1998 2005 2007 (preliminary) (estimated) Fats and oils Fats and oils 1,450 1,450 Starch 934 886 Fats and oils 900 1,150 1,150 1,450 1,450 1,5001.500 Sugar 102 136 Carbohydrates 747 846 1,166 1,508 1,482 1,5001.500 Carbohydrates Dissolving pulp 312 300 Other 350 460 487 673 644 700 Natural fibres 160 160 Total 1,997 2,456 2,803 3,631 3,576 3,7003.700 Proteins 53 45 Others Others 620 599 2008 2009 3,631 3,576 Raw material 1991 1998 2005 2007 Total (preliminary) (estimated)

Fats and oils 900 1,150 1,150 1,450 1,450 1,500 2008 Raw material group Raw material 2007 Carbohydrates 478 411 620 722 708 700 (preliminary) Other 323 425 356 605 549 600 Fats and oils Fats and oils 1,450 1,450 Total 1,701 1,986 2,126 2,777 2,707 2,800 Starch 308 272 Carbohydrates Sugar 102 136 Fig. 4.2: Industrial use of renewable raw materials (excluding wood) in the years 1991-2009 – top: Germany as a whole; bottom: in the German chemical industry only (Source: FNR; as Dissolving pulp 312 300 of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes Proteins 32 24 Others Others 573 525 Total 2,777 2,707 The industrial use of renewable resourc- compare current data with earlier data, es in Germany has increased since 1991. the data for “other” renewable raw ma- Fig. 4.1: Industrial use of renewable raw materials (excluding wood) in the years 2007 and In previous surveys the industrial use terials was reassessed. Furthermore a 2008 – top: Germany as a whole; bottom: in the German chemical industry only (Source: of lignin, waxes, resins, tannins, natural preliminary estimate was made for the FNR; as of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes rubber and natural cork were greatly year 2009 (Fig. 4.2). underestimated or not even taken into consideration as other types of renew- able resources. This inaccuracy was par- ticularly significant for natural rubber and natural cork. In order to accurately

24 25 The products manufactured from re- on exports and additional chemical inter- tween “non-drying” (for example, newable resources in Germany are mar- mediates and semi-finished goods based oil), “semi-drying” (for example, soya keted domestically and exported world- on renewable raw materials imported or rapeseed oil) and “drying” vegetable wide. into Germany for processing. This data, oils (for example, linseed or poppy-seed if available, will be cited additionally in oil). The term “drying” in this context Quantitatively, the bio-based10 product the following sections as quantities of does not refer to evaporation but to the groups, or fields of application, associ- renewable raw materials consumed in solidification (resinification) of the oil ated with the industrial use of renewa- Germany. caused by the oxidation and polymeri- ble resources can be roughly sorted into sation of the unsaturated fatty acids. four categories: 4.2 Oleochemical applications • oleochemical applications and pro- ducts The term “” refers to fats • bio-based materials and oils that are extracted from oil crops. • carbohydrate-based basic organic The raw materials used for the manu- chemicals, fine and speciality chemicals, facturing of vegetable oils are oilseeds chemical intermediates and oleaginous fruits that contain oil • industrial uses and products based on and other lipids. Chemically, vegetable various other renewable resources oils and fats are so-called triglycerides, which are triesters of glycerol with fatty These areas will be discussed in detail acids. For vegetable oils we differentiate in the following sections. In this between triglycerides with predomi- it was impossible to avoid overlaps be- nantly short-chain fatty acids (6 to 14 tween sections; however, in such cases carbon atoms) and triglycerides with references are always made to the cor- predominantly long-chain fatty acids responding previous or subsequent sec- (16 to 22 carbon atoms). The fatty acids tion in the text. can be saturated or unsaturated and can contain additional functional groups The data on the industrial use of renew- (e.g. OH groups, epoxy groups). Vegeta- able resources in Germany refers to the ble oils that are solid at room tempera- quantities of renewable raw materials ture are called vegetable fats. Vegetable used for the production and manufac- oils are obtained from oleaginous fruits Fig. 4.3: Distribution of the total vegetable oil consumption for Germany in 2008 (Source: turing of intermediates, semi-finished and oilseeds by pressing and extraction. OVID11) goods and finished products in Ger- many. The quantities of renewable raw Owing to their varying compositions materials consumed in Germany (for vegetable oils differ in a number of prop- intermediates semi-finished goods and erties. Based on the percentage of un- finished products) can vary depending saturated fatty acids we differentiate be-

10 In the field of renewable resources the prefix “bio” is short for “bio-based”, which in turn is 11 Association of the Oilseed Processing Industry in Germany (Verband der ölsaatenverarbei short for “biomass-based”. tenden Industrie in Deutschland e.V. - OVID)

26 27 The vegetable oils and fats processed imported vegetable oils that cannot be ever, for various reasons, usage data is in Germany vary with respect to fatty obtained from domestic oil crops ow- difficult to collect. For example, infor- acid composition and functionality and ing to the fact that either these oil crops mation from different sources tends to are derived from both plant and animal do not grow under the climatic condi- vary significantly, information from the sources. Only a small percentage of the tions in Germany, or their cultivation in manufacturers is often inaccurate or 5.6 million tonnes of vegetable oils used Germany is not economically feasible. incomplete, and calculation errors are in Germany in 2008 (Fig. 4.3) were used Therefore domestic vegetable oils ac- often made. However, data is available by industry (Fig. 4.4). Fig. 4.5 illustrates count for a relatively small percentage – or can be estimated – for many sub- the spectrum of oils and fats used by in- of the vegetable oils used for industrial areas, making it possible to achieve a dustry in Germany. applications (Fig. 4.6). good, selective overview, even if a few gaps remain. Oleochemical applications Domestic oils and fats are not suitable For example coconut oil and palm ker- nevertheless represent a comparatively for all oleochemical applications and nel oil contain short-chain fatty acids well-documented area of renewable re- may, for example, lack the required (e.g. lauric acid and myristic acid). These source use. quantities of certain fatty acids. This ex- fatty acids are practically non-existent in plains the relatively high percentage of domestic oil crops. Therefore these oils must be imported. Domestic vegetable oils, on the other hand, contain primar- ily long-chain as well as monounsatu- rated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid). Fig. 4.5: Distribution of industrial con- The most important domestic vegeta- sumption of oils and fats in Germany in ble oil is rapeseed oil. In 2008 rapeseed 2008 (Source: FNR) was cultivated over a total of 1.37 mil- lion hectares of agricultural cropland in Germany (11.5% of the total cultivation linseed oil accounts for an even small- area), and 5.16 million tonnes of rape- er share. Germany imports significant seed were harvested. This meant an av- quantities of sunflower and linseed oils erage rapeseed yield of 37.6 dry tonnes/ as well as soya and castor oils. Domestic ha. Domestic sunflower oil accounts and imported animal fats account for a for a significantly smaller share quan- considerable share of the raw materials titatively. Sunflower cultivation in Ger- consumed for oleochemical applica- many enjoyed a modest in tions. The import share for all oils and 2008. The 25,000 hectares of sunflowers fats used by industry is roughly 60%, grown that year represented an increase while the import share for vegetable oils of almost one third over the total culti- is approx. 70%. vation area for the previous year. The Fig. 4.4: Application areas for vegetable oils sunflower harvest in 2008 was around The industrial uses for vegetable oils Fig. 4.6: Application areas for domestic vege- in Germany in 2008 (Source: FNR) 50,000 tonnes (20.2 dt/ha). Domestic and fats are manifold (Fig. 4.7). How- table oils in Germany in 2008 (Source: FNR )

28 29 Surfactants certain applications than long-chain and unsaturated fatty acids. Price also plays Surfactants are the most important an important role in the choice of raw product group in the field of oleochem- materials. Because both oleochemical istry. Surfactants are used primarily and raw materials can for detergents and cleaning agents (ap- be used in the technological process prox. 64%), cosmetics and pharmaceu- involved in the manufacturing of sur- ticals (approx. 9%), textile and factants these two groups of raw materi- auxiliaries (approx. 8%) and numerous als compete with one another. Approx. other areas (approx. 19%). In Germany 430,000 tonnes of vegetable oils are used both inorganic and organic ingredients each year for the manufacturing of sur- are used for the manufacturing of deter- factants. Because considerable amounts gents, personal/household care products of surfactants are exported, domestic and cleaning agents. The organic ingre- consumption is lower than this figure. dients can be produced on the basis of either fossil or renewable raw materials. Manufacturing of polymers, In Germany the total volume of ingre- polymer additives, paints and dients (excluding water) consumed in varnishes detergents, personal/household care Fig. 4.7: Application areas for oils and fats in 2008 (Source: méo, FNR) products and cleaning agents in homes, In addition to surfactants other major and industry amounts to product groups in the field of oleochem- approx. 600,000 tonnes (IKW12). Sur- istry include polymers, polymer addi- Approximately one third of the con- factants play an important role in this tives, paints/varnishes, coatings and sumed oils and fats are used for the area, accounting for almost half of the solvents. Roughly 400,000 tonnes of manufacturing of surfactants, includ- total volume of ingredients consumed vegetable oils and fats are used in these ing products for detergents and clean- (250,000 tonnes). types of products. However, not all of ing agents, as well as foaming agents for these individual application areas can fire-fighting. Another third are used for Quantitatively anionic surfactants also be accurately quantified. the manufacturing of polymers and poly- represent the most important class of mer additives. Oils and fats also play surfactants, followed by nonionic sur- Approx. 13,000 tonnes of linseed oil are an important role in other oleochemical factants. Surfactants are made from both used per year for the production of lino- applications, including the manufactur- petrochemical and oleochemical raw leum. The main components of linoleum ing of paints, varnishes and biolubri- materials. Oleochemical raw materials are polymerised linseed oil (approx. cants (solid, semi-sold and liquid). currently account for approx. 50% of 30%), natural resins (approx. 7%), cork this total. Surfactants are produced pri- or wood flour (approx. 35-40%) marily from the short-chain lauric fatty and inorganic fillers and dyes (approx. acids from coconut and palm kernel oil 25%). Jute fabric is used as a backing. because they offer better properties for Today other chemically functionalised

12 German Cosmetics, Toiletry, Perfumery and Detergent Association (Industrieverband Körperpflege- und Waschmittel e.V. - IKW)

30 31 vegetable oils can be used as alternatives ral paints. Other significant quantities of the basis of consultations with repre- Perhaps the greatest challenge we face to linseed oil. In addition linoleum may vegetable oils, approx. 77,000 tonnes, are sentatives from the respective lubricant when investigating consumption data also contain rubber or plastics, depend- used for the production of printing . industry. The research findings from for biolubricants made from renewable ing on the manufacturer and type of li- méo14 that were published in the FNR’s raw materials is posed by the lack of con- noleum. Renewable resources are also used for 2005/2006 “Market Analysis for Renew- sistency with the use of the term “bio- several other applications in the poly- able Resources” on the consumption of lubricant”, which product manufactur- Roughly 70,000 tonnes of vegetable oils mer and /varnish sectors, such as biolubricants in Germany confirmed an ers and customers often use to mean (castor oil, sunflower oil and soya oil) adhesives and coatings; however, lim- overall market of approx. 46,000 tonnes “readily biodegradable lubricants”. are chemically modified to produce ited data is available for these areas. of biolubricants, as had been estimated Readily biodegradable lubricants are not vegetable oil polyols that can, in turn, to date. However, these findings also necessarily manufactured using renew- be used as components for the manufac- revealed that the biogenic portion in able raw materials. Fossil raw materials turing of polyurethanes and polyesters. Other oleochemical applications the individual lubricant products varied can also be used for manufacturing read- Polyamides (e.g. PA 11 and PA 6.10) and greatly and that there are products on ily biodegradable lubricants. Using the epoxy resins are also manufactured us- The manufacturing of biolubricants and the market containing less than 50% bio- appropriate chemical modifications both ing vegetable oils, above all castor oil bio-oils represents the only other ole- genic components. The overall market and vegetable oil can be used and linseed oil. ochemical application for which con- for biolubricants with more than 50% to make synthetic ester oils that, in spite crete data is available. biogenic components (in accordance of the varying raw materials, are read- In the materials sector biocomposites with the funding requirements for prod- ily biodegradable as a final product and (which will be discussed in the section According to figures published by the ucts in the context of the expired market share the name HEES (Hydraulic Oil En- “Natural fibre reinforced composites”) Association of the German Petroleum introduction program15) amounted to vironmental Ester Synthetic) according are manufactured using plant fibres and Industry (Mineralölwirtschaftsverband approx. 7,100 tonnes, which represented to the classification of hydraulic oils. a polymer matrix made from acrylated - MWV) the domestic volume for less than 1% of the overall lubricant mar- vegetable oils as bio-based polymers. lubricants in 2003 amounted to 1.066 ket in Germany. As indicated by the cor- Owing to this lack of clarity in the inves- million tonnes. Biolubricants accounted responding study from méo14 the market tigation of biolubricants we must assume As polymer additives vegetable oils im- for approx. 46,400 tonnes of this total, for hydraulic oils is the largest, followed that the estimated consumption volume prove the properties of plastics. representing roughly 4% of the overall by metalworking oils, chainsaw oils, lu- used to date, approx. 46,000 tonnes, also In this area approx. 80,000 tonnes of soya market. The mineral oil figures pub- bricating oils, gear oils and motor oils. includes readily biodegradable mineral- oil and approx. 40,000 tonnes of erucic- lished annually by the MWV show that oil-based lubricants. However, in com- acid-rich rapeseed oil are used each year the overall market has experienced only Various factors make it difficult to find parison, the figure estimated by méo14 as plasticisers in petrochemical-based minimal growth (with a total domestic accurate data on the actual consumption as the total volume of lubricants made plastics, such as PVC. sales volume of 1.109 million tonnes of vegetable oils in the lubricants sector: from renewable raw materials (7,100 reported for 2008). No comparable sta- For example the application areas are tonnes) seems rather low. A more recent Roughly 83,000 tonnes of vegetable oil tistics are available for biolubricants. very diverse, and moreover the term “bio- study performed by the nova-Institut16 are used in the manufacturing of paints The consumption figures for biolubri- lubricant” is not used in the same way estimates the current overall market for and varnishes, as well as about 10,000 cants available to date are based on a by all manufacturers and users. These biolubricants manufactured from re- tonnes of linseed oil, as so-called “dry- 2000/2001 study by the ISI13 as well as factors make it very difficult to produce newable raw materials at approx. 24,000 ing oils”, for the manufacturing of natu- subsequent estimates by the FNR on reliable data in this area. tonnes for 2008/009.

15 The BMELV’s market introduction programme on biogenic fuels and lubricants from 13 Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (Fraunhofer-Institut für 2000 to 2008 System- und Innovationsforschung - ISI) 16 nova Institute for Political and Ecological Innovation (nova-Institut für politische und 14 méo Consulting Team (méo) ökologische Innovation GmbH)

32 33 In light of the above-specified shortage vantages but also technical advantages. 4.3 Bio-based materials biogenic, non-polymeric materials. Bio- of accurate data we can assume that the Thanks to these technical advantages, based materials are used in pure form, as actual consumption is around 35,000 with biolubricants, users can actually In general, manufacturing materials can blends or in material composites; in the tonnes (approx. 3% of the domestic sales save more in operating expenses over be grouped into five different classes: latter two cases they are generally used in for lubricants), somewhere between the the entire usage period than they would metals, non-metals, organic materials, combination with conventional plastics. 46,000 tonnes originally estimated by have saved purchasing conventional, inorganic non-metallic materials and the ISI study and the 24,000 tonnes esti- mineral-oil-based lubricants. semiconductors. Within these classes Natural, biogenic materials were the mated by the nova study. The manufac- materials can be further differentiated as main materials used by mankind for turing of biolubricants and bio-oils uti- Quantitative – and in some cases even construction or structural materials and thousands of years. Wood was used lises primarily long-chain fatty acids, for qualitative – data for other oleochemi- functional materials. Composite materi- for building houses and boats. Flax and example from rapeseed oil, sunflower cal applications has not been collected. als represent a combination of materials hemp fibres were made into and oil or animal fats, owing to their supe- Examples include the use of renewable from different material classes (exam- technical textiles, such as sails and grain rior lubricating properties. raw materials as bitumen substitutes (in- ples: glass-reinforced and natural fibre sacks. In modern times, and during the cluding the use of rapeseed oil in Rap- reinforced plastics). Industrial Revolution, new application Only a small share of consumed lubri- sAsphalt, “rapeseed ”), as well as areas were found. Chemists developed cants is recovered through waste-oil col- their use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, Organic materials often consist of mac- binders that could be used to make ro- lection programmes and reprocessed or personal care products and wellness romolecular or polymeric substances bust components out of natural fibres, used for the generation of energy. The products. In addition fatty-acid-based (examples: , polylactic acid, and these components were used by rest, a substantial amount, is released stearins and waxes are used in many organic glass and lignin composites) but the young . In 1941 into the environment, either for system- different ways for the manufacturing can also be made from non-polymeric Henry Ford came out with a related reasons or though accidents of candles, polishes, other polishes substances of low molecular weight (ex- whose body was made primarily from and leaks. These substances can have and impregnators. amples: paraffin, stearin, and sugar resin-bonded hemp fibres. Wood and significant environmental impacts. We glass). cotton fibres bonded with phenolic res- can predict a growing market for biolu- ins were important materials for motor bricants and bio-oils, owing to their en- Polymeric, organic materials are also well into the 1980s. In West Ger- vironmental and technical advantages. known as plastics. They can be of natu- many these materials were mainly used From a technical standpoint more than ral-biogenic or synthetic origin. Plastics for motor vehicle interior finishing; the 90% of all lubricant products could be can be classified into three groups, based East Germans, however, even used them made from biogenic materials, accord- on their physical properties: thermoset- for making the rustproof and especially ing to current estimates from the lubri- ting plastics (cure irreversibly), thermo- lightweight bodies of their Trabants. For cant industry (Fuchs, 2009). The main plastics (can be remelted and remoulded decades now nearly all truck cabs have reason for their modest market share is by heating) and elastomers (flexible or been produced from cotton fibres and that, although many biogenic lubricants rubber-like elasticity). Of these, thermo- phenolic resins. Today the old, natural have been developed and are ready for plastics are the most widely used, repre- materials have long since evolved into market introduction, these products senting a market share of 80%. high-tech composites for the automotive are still more expensive than the estab- industry’s midsize and luxury vehicles. lished, mineral-oil-based products. An- The term “bio-based materials” refers to Owing to their good performance char- other problem is the lack of acceptance biomass-derived, polymeric organic ma- acteristics they will continue to gradual- by potential users, owing to inadequate terials and composites, such as bio-based ly take market share from the synthetic, information and practical experience plastics and natural fibre reinforced mate- mineral-oil-based materials that current- with these products. Biolubricants and rials, including wood-polymer compos- ly dominate the market and will be just bio-oils offer not only environmental ad- ites. However, this term can also refer to as versatile and high in quality.

34 35 Bio-based plastics Bio-based plastics may or may not be In 2007 bio-based plastics in Germany rubber products and man-made fibres biodegradable – depending on the de- accounted for roughly 5% of overall pro- the market share for bio-based plastics Bio-based plastics – i.e. plastics derived sired requirements profile – meaning duction in the plastics/polymers sector is already quite high, in the double-digit from renewable raw materials – are not that they can have a short or long service over the three above-mentioned pro- percentage range (more information in only manufactured from, or through the life. Unfortunately these two aspects of duction branches. However, the market the text below); however, in the largest modification of, natural biopolymers bio-based plastics – the functional bio- share of bio-based plastics within the production branch – and (such as starches, cellulose, chitosan, degradability and the biogenic origin of individual branches of production var- thermosetting plastics – market share is casein, gluten, collagen and natural rub- the raw materials – are often confused or ies significantly. In the production of only around 2%. ber); they are also manufactured from misunderstood as being equivalent. polymers and polymer monomers that are produced synthetically (by fermen- The plastics/polymers sector comprises Raw material Raw 2008 tation or chemical synthesis) on the basis the following three branches of produc- Product group 2007 of renewable resources (mostly carbohy- tion: basis material(s) (preliminary) drates and vegetable oils). Cellulose derivatives and Cellulose-based Dissolving pulp 312 300 • production of thermoplastics and ther- cellulosic fibres Of all natural biopolymers, cellulose, mosetting plastics natural rubber and starches are the most • production of rubber products Natural rubber Natural rubber Natural rubber 290 239 important raw materials for bio-based • production of man-made fibres Vegetable-oil-based Linseed oil. castor plastics. Most of the plastics that are polyurethanes, polyesters, Vegetable-oil-based oil, Sunflower oil, 419 419 manufactured synthetically from renew- In the following sections each of these polyamides, polyacrylates, Soya oil17 able raw materials are produced through three production areas are discussed in- epoxides and linoleum – mostly from starches and dividually. Starch-based and starch-blend- sugars – or through chemical synthesis Sugar- and based plastics, PLAs, PHAs Starch, sugar << 1 << 1 from vegetable oils. A combination of To date, bio-based plastics have only starch-based processing steps involving both fermen- been manufactured in relatively small and other bio-based plastics tation and chemical synthesis is also quantities, both worldwide and in Ger- Total 1,022 959 possible, as in the case of polylactic acid many (Fig. 4.8). Market development (PLA), which involves first the produc- in this sector is strongly dependent on Fig. 4.8: Volume of renewable raw materials used for the manufacturing of bio-based plastic tion of lactic acid by fermentation and technological developments. The regu- products in Germany in 2007 and 2008 (Source: FNR; as of: December 2009), volume in then the chemical synthesis of PLA from latory framework has an influence as thousand tonnes the lactic acid. well – especially in Germany.

17 The quantities given for both 2007 and 2008 in this position include 19,000 t of renewable raw materials that are used for the manufacturing of linoleum but are not vegetable oils.

36 37 Biogenic thermoplastics and thermosetting tion in this area was roughly 45,000 Nevertheless bio-based plastic products The majority of biogenic thermoplas- plastics tonnes. used as materials for industry have al- tics and thermosetting plastics, in total ready found their footing in various sec- roughly 340,000 tonnes in 2007, are not In 2007 approx. 20.5 million tonnes of Vegetable-oil-based plastics play the tors: used as structural and construction ma- plastics (PE18) were produced in Germa- largest role by far in this segment (dis- terials but as functional polymers. This ny. The export-import balance showed cussed earlier in Chapter 4.2 “Oleochem- • packaging (lightweight and food pack- volume constitutes roughly 10% of to- an export surplus of 4.65 million tonnes. ical applications”), followed by bio- aging, blister, loose fill, tote bags, tal consumption in this sub-segment. In 2008 plastics production in Germany based plastics derived from starch. Only coatings for paper composites and The main products used in this area are dropped by 2.2% to around 20 million small quantities of cellu- composites) cellulose derivatives and vegetable-oil- tonnes. lose are used as materials for industry. • catering (cups, plates, ), organ- based plastics. The following list gives ic waste bags some examples of products in this sec- In 2007 the total consumption for ther- Starch is used for bio-based plastics, • agriculture, and landscap- tor: moplastics and thermosetting plastics both directly in modified form and indi- ing (agricultural sheeting, in Germany was approx. 15.85 million rectly in hydrolyzed form as a fermenta- films, flower and seeding pots, twine, • cellulose ether as a water-retention tonnes, of which approx. 12.5 million tion raw material for the manufacturing cemetery products) agent used in the construction sector tonnes of polymers were used for manu- of polymer monomers. Of the various • toiletries and convenience products • cellulose nitrate and vegetable-oil- facturing plastic products that were in biogenic starch-based thermoplastics (diapers, incontinence products, fem- based polymers as binders for paints turn used as structural and construc- and thermosetting plastics used as ma- inine hygiene products, disposable and varnishes tion materials by industry and approx. terials for industry in Germany, PLAs gloves) • vegetable-oil-based compo- 3.35 million tonnes of polymers were and PLA blends currently account for • toys, sports equipment and office sup- nents used as functional materials for adhe- approx. 70%, and bioplastics from starch plies (building sets/blocks, PlayMais, • vegetable-oil-based epoxy resins sives, varnishes, binders and resins. The and starch blends, for approx. 30%. Poly- golf tees, pens) packaging sector represents the larg- hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) account for • textiles, household articles (T-shirts, Vegetable-oil-based products that are est application area for thermoplastics only a marginal percentage. mattresses) used as functional polymers were dealt and thermosetting plastics, followed by • medical (surgical mate- with in Chapter 4.2 “Oleochemical ap- the construction sector, including fur- rials, surgical sutures, surgical screws, plications”; therefore, only cellulose de- niture. Other important fields of appli- capsules, implants) rivatives will be discussed here. cation are automotive manufacturing, • structural components in automotive the electrical industry and the manu- manufacturing, the electronics indust- facturing of and household ry and the manufacturing of house- goods. Germany’s plastics process- hold goods (mouldings, pipes, tubing, ing industry is the largest in the EU. industrial fabrics)

In 2007 bioplastics accounted for less In some of these sub-sectors (organic than 1% of the total volume of plastics waste bags, loose fill) bioplastics have used for making plastic products as already achieved significant market structural and construction materials for shares. For example loose fill materi- industry; the total bioplastics consump- als for the packaging industry in Ger- many have a market volume of approx. 750,000 m3, of which biogenic loose fill 18 PlasticsEurope Deutschland e.V. (PE). formerly the German Association of Plastics materials (based on starch) account for Manufacturers (Verband Kunststofferzeugende Industrie e.V. – VKE) approx. 35%.

38 39 Cellulose derivatives 2007 2008

Cellulose acetates 14 14 Cellulose esters Cellulose nitrates 35 53 35 54 Other cellulose esters 4 5 CMC and similar 14 16 cellulose derivatives Cellulose ethers Ethyl cellulose 1 1 129 123 Hydroxypropyl cellulose 1 1 Other cellulose ethers 113 105 Other cellulose products 20 20 Total 202 197 Fig. 4.9: Total production of cellulose derivatives in Germany in the years 2007 and 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19; as of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes

Cellulose derivatives fall into two cat- About 92% of these products were pro- Fig. 4.10: Utilisation of cellulose derivatives in Germany in 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19; egories: cellulose ethers and cellulose duced for technical (non-food) appli- as of: December 2009) esters. Germany is one of the leading cations, constituting a total of 186,000 producers of cellulose derivatives. The tonnes in 2007 and 181,000 tonnes in The typical fields of application for cel- the basis of petrochemical raw materi- raw material used for the manufactur- 2008.20 With the exception of cellulose ac- lulose derivatives are paper manufactur- als). ing of cellulose derivatives is imported etates, imports for all other cellulose de- ing, construction chemistry and the oil dissolving pulp. The production of cel- rivatives are low, and Germany exports industry. The latter, however, plays no Natural rubber is made worldwide from lulose derivatives in Germany amount- roughly 50% of its domestic production. role in Germany. The utilisation of these the latex that flows from the tropical rub- ed to a total of 202,000 tonnes (Eco Sys19) The domestic consumption of cellulose products in the pharmaceutical or cos- ber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and used for in 2007 and 197,000 tonnes (Eco Sys19) in derivatives for technical applications metics industry is relatively low. Their elastomers, although several other latex- 2008. German production is primarily was therefore only 108,000 tonnes (Eco use in food applications, or the produc- containing plants have been identified focused on the manufacturing of cellu- Sys19) in 2007 and 112,000 tonnes (Eco tion of animal feed, is marginal. Fig. 4.10 (chicle, gutta-percha, guayule). The latex lose ethers, although cellulose esters and Sys19) in 2008. shows the usage patterns for cellulose is concentrated and stabilised, or prevul- other cellulose products are also pro- derivatives in Germany. canised, on site and then sold in liquid duced (Fig. 4.9). form. The latex can also be converted Biogenic elastomers into a fine powder. Natural rubber is 19 Eco Sys Association for Analytics and Project Management (ECO SYS Gesellschaft also sold as a solid material. To produce für Analytik und Projektmanagement mbH – Eco Sys) Elastomers are polymers that are elasti- this material the liquid latex is coagu- 20 For these quantities the derivatisation of cellulose must be taken into account. cally deformable but retain their shape. lated – often in accordance with nation- The approximate underlying quantities of dissolving pulp (only for the production volume Elastomers are based on natural rubber ally standardised processes – and then for technical applications) for the manufacturing of cellulose derivatives amounted (biogenic elastomers) and/or synthetic sold in the form of so-called “sheets” or to 110,000 t (2007) and 107,000 t (2008). rubber (elastomers manufactured on “crepes”, as well as balls or blocks.

40 41 The total quantity of rubber and rub- Biogenic man-made fibres one quarter of the total man-made fibre in the automotive industry back in the ber-based elastomers in Germany was production in Germany. The total con- 1990s. Now, they are gradually gaining 790,000 tonnes in 2007 and 591,000 Man-made fibres are chemically manu- sumption of man-made fibres in Ger- foothold in other sectors as well. tonnes in 2008 (wdk21), of which around factured from synthetic or natural poly- many, taking into account exports and 489,000 tonnes (2007) and 355,000 tonnes mers; they are used for textiles or for imports (according to Eurostat24), was Natural fibres are plant fibres from vari- (2008) were made into tyres, and ap- technical applications. A fundamental roughly 299,000 tonnes (FNR) in 2007 and ous sources and, correspondingly, with prox. 301,000 tonnes (2007) and 236,000 distinction is made between synthetic roughly 285,000 tonnes (FNR) in 2008. a variety of properties. The fibres of so- tonnes (2008), into technical elastomer and cellulosic fibres. Man-made fibres called “bast-fibre plants” – flax, hemp, products. Of this total quantity natural made from synthetic polymers include, jute and kenaf – grow from the stem rubber accounted for well over 290,300 for example, polyacrylic fibres, polyam- Natural fibre reinforced axes. Bast fibres form in the outer por- tonnes (2007) and 239,000 tonnes (2008), ide fibres and polyester fibres. Man-made composites tion of the long, thin stem to give the and , for roughly fibres made from cellulosic polymers in- plant stability and prevent the stem from 500,000 tonnes (2007) and 352,000 tonnes clude viscose, lyocell and acetate fibres. When especially rigid and strong con- bending, for example, in strong winds. (2008), meaning that approx. 37% (2007) struction materials are required manu- These plants have been bred to increase and 40% (2008) were biogenic elasto- The raw material used for cellulosic fi- facturers must resort to either expensive their fibre content from the original 5 to mers. The export ratio for this sector was bres is high-purity cellulose in the form speciality plastics or reinforced standard 10 percent up to the 25 to 30 percent fi- 30% in 2007 and 2008. of dissolving pulp or cotton linters. The plastics, such as polypropylene, with bre content of today’s plants. Sisal and cellulose is dissolved either directly or added fibres. Most of these products are abaca fibres, on the other hand, come Natural rubber can be used either in pure in the form of a cellulose derivative. The made with glass fibres. In Europe nearly from leaf sheaths, where they strength- form or in mixtures with synthetic rub- cellulose fibres are then formed or regen- one million tonnes of glass-reinforced en the plant’s large leaves. In cotton ber. The individual tyre sectors use vary- erated22 by forcing this cellulose solution plastics (GRPs) are consumed each year. plants, fibres grow from seeds as seed ing percentages of synthetic and natural through tiny holes called spinnerets. These materials can even be used in hairs. Cotton fibres can simply be picked rubbers in their products, depending on place of metal , depending from the plant, de-seeded and cleaned, the respective material requirements. The most important direct dissolution on the requirements. In principle, natu- removing dirt and residues. The process For example truck and airplane tyres process is the acetate process. Regener- ral fibres can be used in place of glass fi- by which bast fibres, like flax and hemp, use a higher percentage of natural rub- ated fibres are produced by the viscose bres, producing materials known as nat- are obtained is considerably more elabo- ber than automobile tyres; and winter or lyocell process. ural fibre reinforced plastics (NFRPs), rate, and this is one of the main reasons tyres have a higher percentage of natu- which are composed of a plastic that why cotton is by far the most widely ral rubber than summer tyres. Some of The total volume of cellulosic fibres pro- gets its stability from embedded natural used natural fibre worldwide. the most common technical elastomer duced in Germany from imported dis- fibres. Components made from NFRPs products are hoses, conveyor belts, ad- solving pulp was 202,000 tonnes (IVC23) have a higher strength and rigidity as hesive tapes, , diving equipment, in 2007 and 193,000 tonnes (IVC23) in well as a lower density than those made balloons, rubber gloves and . 2008. These totals constituted roughly from GRPs. Simply put: They are light- weight and can withstand high mechan- ical loads, making them ideal for mod- ern automotive manufacturing. These 21 Association of the German Rubber Industry (Wirtschaftsverband der deutschen relatively new natural fibre materials Kautschukindustrie e.V. - wdk) were developed in the 1980s, mainly 22 The term “regeneration” in this context refers to the recovery of cellulose from the in Germany. Their success story began cellulose derivative. 23 Industrievereinigung Chemiefaser e.V. (IVC) (a trade organisation for German manufacturers of man-made fibres) 24 Statistical office of the European Union (Eurostat)

42 43 In 2007 approx. 160,000 tonnes (nova16) rials. Data on the volume of wood fi- Today natural fibres in the NFRP sector of natural fibres (not including wood fi- bres processed in this area is provided are mainly used in three types of com- bres) were processed in Germany in the in Chap. 5, which deals with the use of posites: (1) thermoplastic and thermoset form of raw fibres, yarns and fabrics.25 wood; the respective usage figures will compression moulded parts, (2) natural therefore be reported separately. fibre/polypropylene injection moulded Of this total only about 3,000 tonnes parts and (3) wood-plastic composites came from plants cultivated in Germa- Natural fibre reinforced composites – (WPC). ny. The rest – the vast majority – was used primarily in automotive manufac- imported. Imported fibres include, most turing – represent the main field of ap- In the German automotive industry to- importantly, cotton and non-European, plication for natural fibres in Germany. day, the use of natural fibres – mostly exotic natural fibres (jute, abaca, kenaf, Significant quantities of natural fibres as compression moulded parts – is stan- ramie, coconut and sisal). Most of the are also used outside of the NFRP sec- dard in midsize and luxury vehicles. In hemp fibres consumed come from do- tor, for example in the , compact cars, however, the use of these mestic cultivation, while most of the for speciality papers, and in other sec- products is still too cost-intensive. Ap- flax is imported. Indigenous nettle fibre tors (especially as insulation materials prox. 19,000 tonnes of natural fibres are plays a very minor role. Fig. 4.11 shows in the construction industry) (Fig. 4.12). used in thermoplastic and thermoset the distribution of natural fibres used as These sectors will be dealt with later, in compression moulded parts (nonwo- industrial materials in Germany. Wood Chapter 4.5 “Applications and products vens/felts plus polymer matrix) in the fibres are also used as industrial mate- based on other renewable resources”. automotive industry per year for inte- rior panels, rear shelves, trunk lin- ings, headliners, seat cushions and other car-interior parts. This total comprises Fig. 4.12: Fields of application for the natu- 12,200 tonnes of flax fibres, 5,000 tonnes ral fibres used by industry in Germany in 16 of exotic fibres and 1,800 tonnes of hemp 2007 (Source: nova ) fibres. An additional 45,000 tonnes of cotton fibres (reclaimed cotton) are used for reinforcing the driver’s cabs of Development work is also underway on trucks, and 27,000 tonnes of wood fibres individual structural components for are used primarily in the passenger-car applications outside of the automotive sector. In total, approx. 91,000 tonnes of industry. In this work there has been a natural fibres (incl. wood fibres) are used special emphasis on the manufacturing in the German automotive industry (Fig. of so-called “biocomposites”. In these 4.13). Examples include interior door materials both the fibres and the matrix panels made from kenaf-fibre-reinforced are derived from renewable raw materi- polypropylene composites, rear shelves als (e.g. vegetable-oil-based acrylates). made from a wood-fibre/polypropyl- Now that the first products have been ene composite and abaca-polypropyl- successfully developed (smaller com- ene parts for passenger-car underbody ponents for interior applications) in the Fig. 4.11: Natural fibres used for industrial applications in Germany in 2007 (Source: nova16) shields. The use of natural fibres has area of interior cladding and in the de- increased by 10-20% every year since sign of an industrial safety helmet the 25 There is still no accurate data available for 2008, but similar quantities are estimated 1996. This growth has slowed some- focus of this development work has (nova16). what, however, in the past few years. shifted to exterior applications.

44 45 The industrial breakthrough for natural 4.4 Carbohydrate-based basic juice, molasses, glucose, starch hydro- Natural fibres Quantity fibre/propylene injection moulded parts organic chemicals, fine and lysates). Some examples of products is on the horizon. These new materials Cotton fibres 45.0 speciality chemicals, chemical manufactured in Germany using fer- are interesting for a multitude of appli- mentation processes on an industrial cations and sectors. Most of the technical Wood fibres 27.0 intermediates scale are isomalt, vitamins, antibiotics challenges have been solved; the price is Flax fibres 12.2 and bioethanol. In the chemical industry right, as are the mechanical properties. Exotic fibres 5.0 The chemical and fermentative conver- sugar is also used in the manufactur- And the market launch has just begun. sion of carbohydrates to basic organic ing of sugar surfactants for detergents, Hemp fibres 1.8 chemicals, chemical intermediates, fine cleaning agents and cosmetics, as well as Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are Total 91.0 and speciality chemicals or pharmaceu- in the pharmaceutical industry as tablet- composite materials made from wood tical products is of great importance. In ting aids, in the polymers sector and in Fig. 4.13 Use of natural fibres in the Ger- and plastic (mostly polyethylene or PVC) addition polymer, paint and textile aux- the construction industry. man automotive industry in 2007 (Source: in varying proportions, which combine iliaries, construction chemicals, paper nova16; as of: September 2009), volume in the properties of these two components. additives and paper auxiliaries are im- thousand tonnes The market for these materials in Ger- portant fields of application. The main many is still small: an estimated 20,000 raw materials used in these areas are to 30,000 tonnes of WPCs, comprising starch and sugar26 as well as small quan- approx. 12,000 to 15,000 tonnes of wood tities of other carbohydrates. In terms fibres (nova16). In Germany the use of of its chemical-technical applications, WPCs is focused both on exterior appli- cellulose is used almost exclusively for cations, such as terrace , structural and functional polymers and frames and fencing systems, and interior has therefore already been discussed in applications, such as automotive interi- Chapter 4.3 “Bio-based materials”. ors, consumer goods and small parts for the furniture industry. Sugar is used primarily in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Starch is also used in chemical-industrial applica- tions; however, the majority is used in the paper industry. Most of the starch and sugar used in chemical-industrial applications undergoes biotechnologi- cal conversion using microbial or enzy- matic methods. Fermentation processes have long been utilised on an industrial scale. Carbohydrates from renewable raw materials are available as substrates in large quantities (e.g. sucrose, thick

26 The term “sugar” in the industrial, chemical-technical sense refers to sucrose and its secondary products.

46 47 Raw material 2007 2008

Sugar used by chemical industry 102 136 Starch for paper/corrugated board 626 614 Starch used by chemical industry27 308 272 Total 1,036 1,022

Fig. 4.14: Industrial use of carbohydrates (excluding cellulose) in Germany in 2007 and 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19. FNR; as of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes

In 2008 roughly 136,000 tonnes of sug- In addition to these raw materials, inter- ar (crystalline sucrose and thick juice) mediate products for further processing and roughly 886,000 tonnes of starch (especially fermentation products and (native and modified starch, starch hy- technical bioethanol) were imported drolysates, glucose and sugar alcohols) and processed in chemical-technical ap- were used in Germany for industrial plications. This amounted to approx. purposes (Fig. 4.14). 147,000 tonnes of sugar-based interme- diate products28, approx. 10,000 tonnes of starch-based intermediate products28 and approx. 200,000 - 300,000 tonnes of sugar equivalents in the form of bioetha- nol for chemical applications.

Fig. 4.15: Process diagram for the manufacturing and utilisation of sugar (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR)

27 Including the starch equivalents from the manufacturing of bioethanol directly from grain. 28 The figures represent net import surplus.

48 49 the EU.29 Process diagrams for the man- ufacturing and utilisation of sugar and starch are shown in Figs. 4.15 and 4.16.

Sugar

The 2008 sugar beet campaign gave a total yield of 23 million tonnes of sugar beets, with an average extractable su- crose content of 18%. No sugar beets were imported or exported. The harvest- ed beets produced 3.93 million tonnes of sugar and 0.39 million tonnes of mo- lasses30. Roughly 0.14 million tonnes of dried sugar-beet pulp were produced as a by-product.

In addition to domestic production granulated sugar and molasses are also traded internationally, and surplus ca- pacities of granulated sugar are stored. Fig. 4.17: Fields of application for sugar30 in Molasses, however, is only stored on a Germany in 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR) small scale. Concentrated beet juice is only used locally. In 2008 a total of 4.2 million tonnes of sugar (granulated sug- Fig. 4.16: Process diagram for the manufacturing and utilisation of starches (Source: Eco ar and thick juice) and molasses were 30 Sys19, FNR) available for domestic consumption (Fig. 4.17). This total included both quota sugar and out-of-quota sugar (Fig. 4.15). There is some degree of overlapping in beets and potatoes runs from October to the market for sugar and starch because September. Import and export statistics, of the various application areas in which as well as usage data for technical inter- both raw materials can be used (for ex- mediate and end products, however, al- ample in the manufacturing of bioetha- most always refer to the calendar year, nol); this can lead to difficulties in mar- from January to December. 29 The agricultural markets and the processing of agricultural products in the EU and ket research. Another problem is that the Germany are subject to numerous regulations, which, for example, control the EU’s calendar year can differ from the fiscal Other factors that influence market re- internal market and its relationship to the world market through quota, price and year. The years for which statistics are search are the common market organi- customs rules. More information is available under the following address: gathered for raw materials do not gener- sations for agricultural products in the http://europa.eu/pol/agr/index_en.htm ally refer to calendar years. For example framework of the EU Common Agricul- 30 All quantitative data for sugar and sugar products is given in “sugar equivalents”. the fiscal year for grains runs from July tural Policy, especially the common mar- Sugar equivalents: sucrose content of 47% in molasses and 75% in concentrated to June, while the fiscal year for sugar ket organisations for sugar and starch in beet juice (thick juice).

50 51 Granulated sugar is the most common bioethanol. Over the past several years Taking into account the volume of sugar esters and of these organic acids) was form of sugar in the food sector; in 2008 concentrated beet juice has been used in- equivalents used for the manufacturing around 130,000 tonnes (FNR, Eurostat24) a total of 3.07 million tonnes of this terchangeably with grains for bioethanol of industrial bioethanol the total volume in 2007 and 147,000 tonnes (FNR, Euro- sugar product were consumed for food production, depending on current pric- of sugar equivalents used in Germany stat24) in 200828. Furthermore roughly applications in Germany. Approx. 0.57 es. (More information will be provided by industry was 102,000 tonnes in 2007 100,000-150,000 tonnes (equivalent to million tonnes of sugar (measured in later in the section “Starch”.) In 2008 the and 136,000 tonnes in 2008 (Fig. 4.18). 200,000-300,000 tonnes of sugar equiva- sugar equivalents) are used for fermen- total volume of sugar equivalents used lents) of bioethanol for further pro- tation processes in the food and animal for the manufacturing of bioethanol for In addition the total volume of sugar cessing were imported and used in the feed industries and for the manufactur- chemical-technical use amounted to products that were imported for further chemical-technical sector. ing of animal feeds. These processes use approx. 70,000 tonnes. Approx. 66,000 processing and used in the chemical- primarily molasses, along with thick tonnes of granulated sugar were used technical sector, especially fermentation juice. Molasses is used not only as an for technical fermentation and sugar- products (above all amino acids, lactic additive to animal feed but also as a based chemical purposes. acid, citric acid, gluconic acid and the binding agent in the manufacturing of feed pellets. Together, these two appli- Most of the sugar for chemical-technical cations account for more than 80% of applications is used in fermentation and molasses consumption. Another 10% in the form of bioethanol. Relatively is used as a raw material for fermenta- small quantities of sugar are used in tion to produce yeast. Concentrated beet construction chemistry, for pharmaceu- juice is used as a raw material for fer- ticals or in the manufacturing of cosmet- mentation to produce fodder yeast and ics. Fig. 4.18 provides an overview of the bioethanol. Around 0.53 million tonnes industrial uses of sugar. of sugar equivalents in the form of thick juice were used in the manufacturing of

Application area 2007 2008

Fermentation 48 50 Pharmaceuticals & cosmetics 11 12 Construction chemistry & surfactants 3 4 Technical bioethanol 40 70 Total 102 136

Fig. 4.18: Industrial use of sugar30 in Germany in 2007 and 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR; as of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes

52 53 Starch Starch is used both as native or modi- fied starch and as hydrolyzed starch for In 2008 a total of approx. 50 million saccharification products (for example, tonnes of grain were harvested in Germa- dextrose, glucose, fructose and sugar al- ny.31 This total included 26 million tonnes cohols). The products generated through of wheat and 5 million tonnes of maize, the hydrolysis of starch fall into one of along with various quantities of barley, three groups, depending on the degree oats, rye and triticale. The 2008 potato of hydrolysis33: maltodextrins (starch hy- harvest yielded more than 11 million drolysates with a DE – “dextrose equiva- tonnes of table, starch and processing lent” – of less than 20), glucose syrups potatoes. In addition to domestic produc- (starch hydrolysates with a DE of more tion these products were also imported than 20 and less than 80) and dextrose and exported, and stocks, wherever ap- syrups (starch hydrolysates with a DE plicable, must be taken into account as above 80). The products in these three well. Furthermore small quantities were groups can either be used directly or fur- reserved as seed tubers or written off as ther processed, e.g. as feedstocks for the losses. Based on this data a total of 41 mil- manufacturing of further glucose deriv- lion tonnes of grain and 11 million tonnes atives. For example dextrose syrups are of potatoes were available for domestic used for the manufacturing of the sugar consumption. alcohol sorbitol and the synthesis of sur- factants (so-called alkylpolyglycosides, Starch production in Germany is mainly Fig. 4.19: Application areas for grain31 in or “APGs”). Fig. 4.20: Application areas for potatoes in 19 based on wheat, maize and potatoes and Germany in 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR) Germany in 2008 (Source: Eco Sys , FNR) accounts for only a small percentage of Native starches can be grouped accord- the total consumption of grains (Fig. ing to their raw materials and fields of 4.19) and potatoes (Fig. 4.20) in Germa- from peas on a limited scale. Small quan- application (Fig. 4.22). Such a grouping, ny. For starch production a total of 1.7 tities of cassava32 and rice starch from however, is not possible with modified million tonnes of grain and 2.7 million imported products are also used. When starches and saccharification products tonnes of potatoes were processed. The calculating the gross domestic availabil- from starch (Fig. 4.23). extractable starch content is a little over ity for starch in Germany – as with the 50% for wheat (based on wheat grains availability of raw materials for starch with a starch content of around 58-60% production – one must take into account and an extraction rate of 88-90%), ap- imported and exported products, as well prox. 60% for maize (based on maize as any products in stock, in addition to kernels with a starch content between domestic production. Based on these 62 and 64% and an extraction rate of calculations a total of approx. 1.5 million 88-90%) and approx. 19% for potatoes. tonnes of starch equivalents was avail- In addition pea starch is manufactured able for use in Germany (Fig. 4.21).

31 The harvested volume of grains refers only to the actual grains, excluding the harvest 33 The degree of starch hydrolysis is expressed as “dextrose equivalent” (DE). Dextrose is of whole-plant crops and silage maize. an older term for glucose. However it is still being used as a separate term in the starch 32 Cassava is also known as manioc industry for high-glucose syrups (> 80%).

54 55 Approx. 20% of harvested maize (ker- For the past several years approx. one nels) is used in the manufacturing of million tonnes of wheat has been used Starch source Application area 2008 starch. A substantial proportion of this per year for the manufacturing of starch; Paper starch 59,000 amount is not used as native starch, this figure represents well below 5% of Corrugated board & starch glues 28,000 but for further processing to modified the total volume of wheat harvested. A Native maize starch starches and saccharification products. substantial proportion of this amount Chemicals & fermentation 5,000 In addition considerable quantities of is used as native starch or processed to Total 92,000 native maize starch are imported, and saccharification products. Unlike maize small quantities, exported. starch only small quantities of wheat Paper starch 141,000 Corrugated board & starch glues 15,000 starch are used for the manufacturing Native wheat starch of modified starches. In addition to do- Chemicals & fermentation 12,000 mestic production wheat starch is also Total 168,000 exported and imported. Paper starch 48,000 Corrugated board & starch glues 10,000 Native potato starch Chemicals & fermentation 1,000 Total 59,000 Paper starch 6,000 Corrugated board & starch glues 0 Native pea starch Chemicals & fermentation 0 Total 6,000 Paper starch 0 Corrugated board & starch glues 0 Native rice starch Chemicals & fermentation 300 Total 300 Paper starch 254,000 Corrugated board & starch glues 53,000 Total native starches Chemicals & fermentation 18,300 Total 325,300 Fig. 4.21: Domestic availability of starch in Germany in 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR; Fig. 4.22: Industrial use of native starches in Germany 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR; as of: December 2009) as of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes

56 57 About one fourth of the potato harvest Starch source Application area 2008 is used for the manufacturing of potato starch. This starch is only used for mak- Paper starch 230 ing native and modified starches - pri- Corrugated board & starch glues 77 Total modified starches marily modified starches - and never for Chemicals & fermentation 27 conversion into glucose or similar prod- 34 Total 334 ucts through saccharification. Paper starch - Total Starches are used in both the food indus- Corrugated board & starch glues - try and the technical sector (Fig. 4.24). saccharification products Chemicals & fermentation 148 Almost 50% of all starch products made from starch from wheat, maize and potatoes are Total 148 used in food processing. In the technical sector (Fig. 4.25) starches and modified Fig. 4.23: Industrial use of modified starches and saccharification products from starch in starches are most commonly used as Germany in 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR; as of: December 2009), volume in thousand an admixture in paper and corrugated tonnes board products. Chemical-technical ap- plications (e.g. saccharification products as excipients/carriers, fillers and co-for- mulants, sugar-based surfactants, spray starch for textiles and starch products in the pharmaceutical sector) and uses in fermentation processes are relatively Fig. 4.24: Utilisation of starches (excluding low scale. bioethanol) in the form of native starches, modified starches and saccharification pro- The total volume of starch equivalents ducts from starches in Germany in 2008 used for industrial applications in Ger- (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR; as of: December many was 813,000 tonnes in 2007 and 2009) 807,000 tonnes in 2008 (excluding the starch equivalents that were used for the manufacturing of technical bioethanol).

Additionally the volume of starch products for further processing (above all, fermentation products and PLAs) that were imported and used in chem- ical-technical processes totalled around 10,000 tonnes (FNR, Eurostat24) in 2007 34 Waste materials from the processing of potatoes to crisps. chips. potato flour and similar and again 10,000 tonnes (FNR, Euro- products are used on a small scale for the fermentation of bioethanol. In other EU states stat24) in 2008.28 these waste products are processed to make tradable starch that can then be marketed out side of the quota.

58 59 Application area 2007 2008 Raw materials used for 2007 2008 industrial bioethanol Paper starch & corrugated-board starch 626 614 Starch equivalents Chemicals & fermentation 187 193 121 79 produced from grains Total 813 807 Sugar equivalents 40 70 Fig. 4.25: Industrial use of starch (excluding bioethanol) in Germany in 2007 and 2008 produced from sugar beets (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR; as of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes Fig. 4.26: Production of bioethanol for the chemical-technical sector from grains and sugar beets in Germany in 2008 (Source: Eco Sys19, FNR; as of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes

In addition to starch production another The industrial use of starch in Germany, industrial use of grains is the manu- taking into account the total volume of facturing of bioethanol. Over the past starch used for the production of indus- several years grains have been used in- trial bioethanol, totalled 934,000 tonnes terchangeably with sugar in this area, in 2007 and 886,000 tonnes in 2008 (vol- depending on current prices. In 2008 ume in starch equivalents). roughly 530,000 tonnes of bioethanol were produced in Germany (53% from grains and 47% from sugar beets).35 Of this total 75,000 tonnes were used in chemical-technical processes, 145,000 tonnes in the (including beverages alcohol, or “drinking alco- hol”, excluding production) and 310,000 tonnes for fuel. The total starch and sugar equivalents used for the man- ufacturing of bioethanol for chemical- technical processes are shown Fig. 4.26.

35 In Germany, in addition to bioethanol, approx. 110,000 tonnes of have been produced using chemical synthesis every year for many years by the company Sasol. In 2008 a total of 630,000 tonnes of ethanol was manufactured in Germany.

60 61 4.5 Applications and products exported in considerable quantities and Vegetable and animal proteins are an- ingredients and complex mixtures of based on other renewable used domestically. Most of the raw glyc- other form of renewable raw material ingredients in certain plants influence resources erol for domestic consumption is used used by industry in significant quanti- human metabolism. Clinical studies for industrial applications; only small ties. These products include gelatine, ca- have proven the effectiveness of a num- quantities are used in biogas plants. The sein and gluten, as well as yeast extracts, ber of medicinal plants in the treatment Oils, fats and carbohydrates are impor- industrial, domestic consumption in raw wool, raw and raw leather. The of human diseases. The targeted use of tant raw materials for industry. Howev- Germany, taking into account exports range of applications for cork is very individual medicinal plants for the treat- er there are a number of other renewable and imports, amounts to roughly 84,000 wide and includes cork flooring, walls ment of diseases is referred to as “ration- resources used by industry (Fig. 4.27). tonnes. Industrial uses include the pro- and insulation, bottle corks and ev- al phytotherapy”, or in other words, the With the exception of glycerol the major- cessing of glycerol to make pharmaceu- eryday objects made of cork. There are rational science of the medical effects of ity of these raw materials for industrial tical-grade glycerin and various chemi- even composite materials that use cork medicinal plants. Herbal medicines en- use are imported. The most notable of cal-technical uses, such as in anti-freeze, with various plastic matrices; these are joy widespread popularity in Germany. these imported products quantitatively as an additive in plastics manufacturing known as “cork plastic composites”. In the early 1970s only 52% of the popu- are natural rubber (discussed in Chap- and in cosmetics. In addition speciality Other notable uses are as additives, ag- lation used natural remedies; however, ter 4.3 “Biomaterials”) and the group of chemicals, such as epichlorohydrin, pro- gregates, binders and pressing agents by 2002, according to a survey by the Al- plant waxes, resins, tannins and gums pylene glycol and triacetin, are manu- in the form of lignosulfonates, as addi- lensbach Institute for Public Opinion Re- (which are used, above all, for adhe- factured on an industrial scale using tives to drilling fluids and as dispersing search, this figure had increased to 73%. sives, paints and varnishes). newly developed production processes agents. The main field of application is Consumers use these herbal medicines in quantities of approx. 10,000 tonnes the construction and construction-chem- for self-medication, primarily for the The raw glycerol that is obtained as a by- per year. icals industry. treatment of mild ailments and disor- product both from the hydrolysis of fats ders, such as colds, digestive problems, and oils in the chemical industry and The use of medicinal plants is a relative- upset stomach, insomnia and nervous- from the manufacturing of is ly small sector in terms of consumption ness. volume; however, with regard to sales volumes and value creation, the use of medicinal plants represents a significant Raw materials 2007 2008 sector. Over the past millennia humans (preliminary) have collected a wealth of knowledge Natural rubber 290.0 239.0 about the effects and effectiveness of me- dicinal plants. These plants can be used Plant waxes, resins, tannins 140.0 151.0 both preventatively and for the treat- Glycerol 84.0 108.0 ment of disorders and diseases. Ideally Proteins 53.0 45.0 only one type of medicinal plant is used for treatment because it is assumed that Cork 44.0 17.0 the active ingredients of specific plants Medicinal plants 24.5 24.5 selectively influence human metabo- Other 37.5 59.5 lism. Extensive research has been car- Total 673.0 644.0 ried out in this area, producing numer- ous findings, such as how the individual Fig. 4.27: Industrial use of other renewable resources in Germany in 2007 and 2008 (Source: FNR; as of: December 2009), volume in thousand tonnes

62 63 As explained earlier, in the section “Nat- were used in Germany in 2007. We can Shives are a by-product of the extraction tracted from the woody core of the stem. ural fibre reinforced composites”, there assume that wood and cellulose insu- of natural fibres from bast-fibre plants. In Germany approx. 100 tonnes of flax are many other applications for natural lation still enjoy the most widespread In terms of quantity they constitute the shives and 3,000 to 6,000 tonnes of hemp fibres outside of the NFRC segment. use. The overall market for insulation most abundant product of fibre-process- shives are available per year. The major- These applications will be discussed in materials seems to have grown since ing, accounting for approx. 50-60% of ity of these products are marketed as the following paragraphs. Unfortunate- 2005 (approx. 25 million m3 according the stem material for hemp and approx. animal bedding. A smaller proportion is ly, detailed figures on the use of natu- to the GDI37). The available data var- 45-55% for flax. Shives are similar in ap- used for lightweight chipboards. ral fibres are only available for a few of ies, depending on the source; however pearance to wood shavings and are ex- these application areas, meaning that we most sources estimate a total volume of are only able to present a rough over- approx. 30-35 million m3. Thus the mar- view for the textile, speciality paper and ket share for natural insulation seems insulation sectors. to have remained roughly consistent, at approx. 4%. Experts estimate that the In 2004/2005 approx. 1.0-1.3 million m3 market for insulation materials declined (ADNR36) of natural insulation were in 2008. used in Germany, representing about 4-5% of the total market for insulation In the textile sector large quantities of materials. Wood and cellulose are the clothing textiles, home textiles and tech- most popular of these materials, fol- nical textiles are imported as finished lowed by the far less widely used ma- goods4, along with raw fibres, yarns and terials flax and hemp. Wool comprises fabrics. Cotton textiles represent the larg- a small fraction of the natural insulation est product group, accounting for a total market. Grass fibres and straw occupy consumption of 565,000 tonnes in Ger- only a niche position in the market. A many. Textiles made from other natural very small fraction of total straw is fibres amount to roughly 30,000 tonnes used in house-building, above all in the (flax and jute, as well as small quanti- restoration of half-timbered houses, as ties of hemp and other exotic fibres). an insulating material and in straw-bale building. No statistical data is available Speciality papers made with a portion of regarding the market for natural insula- natural fibres are used mainly as - tion materials for the year 2007. Reports notes, cigarette paper and filters. suggest that the increase in this market since 2004/2005 has been slight; accord- ingly, experts estimate that a maximum of 1.4 million m3 of natural insulation

36 German Association for Insulation Materials from Renewable Resources (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Dämmstoffe aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen - ADNR) 37 Gesamtverband Dämmstoffindustrie (GDI), which is the German umbrella organisation of the insulation industry

64 65 5 Industrial use of wood

5.1 Introduction the sawmill industry experienced the largest growth, followed by the wood- Wood is, quantitatively, Germany’s based panel industry and the pulp and most important raw material. Owing to paper industry. The use of wood for en- the wide range of species and varie- ergy generation has also increased sig- ties, as well as the associated variety of nificantly in recent years (Fig. 5.1). physical and chemical-technological properties, wood represents an ex- Following the boom in the construc- tremely versatile raw material. The tion industry that came on the heels of forestry industry has the traditional German Reunification the consump- task of producing timber for craftsmen tion of wood raw materials in Germany and industry, as well as for both indus- stagnated until the mid 1990s, which trial use and increasingly also use for marked the beginning of a moderate energy production. Wood use repre- upward trend that began to accelerate in sents one of the best-documented ap- 2003 and reached its climax in 2007. The plication areas for renewable resources. world economic crisis brought about a sharp deceleration in this growth start- The use of wood raw materials for indus- ing in 2008. After a brief lull renewed Fig. 5.2: Comparative representation of industrial use (background colour) and use for try has doubled since 1987. In this period growth is forecasted until 2012 (Fig. 5.2). energy generation (foreground colour) of wood in Germany (Source: Mantau/University of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science; as of: December 2009), volume in million cubic metres

In Germany the total consumption of total industrial use of wood in 1987. This Wood 1987 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 2012 1 2 wood raw materials in 2008 was 126.7 figure had risen to almost 60% by 2008. consumption NFI NFI prognosis million m³ (approx. 63 million tonnes38), This increase indicates that the sawmill of which 72 million m³ (roughly 36 mil- industry experienced faster growth in Industrial use 36.1 53.7 56.3 66.3 73.8 72.0 74.1 lion tonnes) were used in industry (Fig. comparison to other industrial sectors 5.3). The demand for wood in the indus- where wood was used. Energy use 11.1 25.2 32.9 40.7 54.3 54.7 59.1 trial sector was driven by the sawmill in- dustry. Consumption by the sawmill in- Total 47.2 79.3 89.3 128.1 128.1 126.7 133.2 dustry accounted for almost 53% of the

Fig. 5.1: Consumption of wood in Germany (Source: Mantau/University of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science; as of: December 2009), volume in million cubic metres

38 The following conversion factor was used for wood volume: 1 cubic metre (m3) = 0.5 dry tonnes (absolutely dry – atro)

66 67 Industrial uses 1987 2002 2012 Without the applicable statistics we 2007 timber construction accounted for 2003 2005 2007 2008 40 1 2 must use estimates for the year 2004 approx. 15% (HAF ) of the residential of wood NFI NFI prognosis when breaking down data on wood construction sector. This percentage has Sawmill industry 19.0 29.8 30.3 37.2 43.8 42.5 43.5 raw material consumption according to roughly doubled since 1990. In the non- Wood-based panel end-use sectors. According to these esti- residential sector timber construction mates the construction sector accounted accounted for roughly 17% (HAF40) in industry 9.1 15.2 16.8 17.4 16.7 16.5 17.3 for approx. 50% of consumption, a wide 2007. Overall more than 20,000 buildings Pulp and paper margin ahead of furniture manufactur- were built in 2007 using timber construc- 6.7 7.2 7.4 9.8 10.6 10.3 10.5 industry ing (approx. 30%) and other areas of use tion. Compared with other countries, (e.g. paper, printing and packaging in- however, the percentage of new wooden Other industrial uses 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.7 2.7 2.8 dustries) with approx. 20%. However, it buildings in Germany is relatively low Total 36.1 53.7 56.3 66.3 73.8 72.0 74.1 is reasonable to assume that these per- (timber construction rates: USA 90%, centages are still roughly the same. Austria 33%, Sweden 50%)41. Fig. 5.3: Industrial use of wood in Germany (Source: Mantau/University of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science; as of: December 2009), volume in million cubic metres The use of wood in the construction in- In 2009 an updated status report en- dustry, both for new buildings and for titled “Zukunft Holz” (The Future of the modernisation of older buildings, Wood) summarised the current range All of the German industrial sectors that tal turnover, number of companies and has experienced a significant upswing of potential applications for wood and participate in wood-based value chains number of employees in the time period in the past two decades. The trend to- wood products as well as the future are regarded collectively as the nation- surveyed varied significantly among the wards timber construction continues development potential for wood in the wide “forestry and timber cluster” (for- individual sectors.39 to grow. This is being seen above all in building and construction industry. This estry industry, wood-processing indus- non-residential buildings. There are ma- report took into account numerous stud- try, wood in the construction industry, As shown in a report by Dieter (2009) jor regional differences with respect to ies and surveys regarding the future of timber trade, paper industry and pub- the wood-processing industry (sawmill the use of wood as a construction mate- timber construction as well as current lishing and printing industries). Within industry, wood-based panel industry, rial. The German states of Bavaria and and planned the nationwide forestry and timber clus- manufacturers of builders’ carpentry Baden-Württemberg have the highest projects. ter structural parameters on the wood and joinery, and manufacturers of other percentage of timber construction. In energy sector cannot be adequately rep- wood products) achieves a value added resented owing to the limited availabil- factor of 10.4 on the basis of the value of ity of data. one unit of raw wood from the forestry in- dustry. Accordingly if we assume an av- In 2007 the roughly 146,400 companies in erage raw wood value of 50 euros/m³ the the nationwide forestry and timber clus- wood-processing industry would yield ter generated a total turnover of 173.6 a value added of 520 euros/m³. Further- billion euros with 1.2 million employees. more with 100 m³ of raw wood a value 39 Data published in a working report (2010/02) by the Johann Heinrich von Thünen In the German economy as a whole the added of 55,000 euros can be generated Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries (Johann nationwide forestry and timber cluster in the wood-processing industry, which Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für ländliche Räume, Wald accounted for 4.7% of the total compa- is roughly equivalent to the economic und Fischerei - vTI) nies, 3.4% of the total turnover and 3.4% average per full-time employee in 2007. 40 German Timber Promotion Fund (Holzabsatzfonds - HAF), activities ceased as of the total employees. Changes in to- of 31 August 2009 41 Karl Moser Consulting and Institute for Ecological Economy Research (Institut für ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung - IÖW)

68 69 5.2 Sawmill industry and triple laminated beams), along with In 2008 the German sawmill industry of wood”. Together, these companies better-known products, such as glued consumed more than 43 million m3 of generated a total turnover of approx. The largest consumer of timber for in- laminated timber and nail laminated wood (Fig. 5.3) for the production of 7.3 billion euros.39 The German sawmill dustrial use is the sawmill industry. The timber. Owing to the use of sawmill sawn timber (Fig. 5.4) and sawmill by- industry is very heterogeneous. Compa- main sawmill products are sawn timber by-products (e.g. and wood products. The majority of this wood nies range from small, family-run busi- (including beams, dimensional lumber, chips) the entire volume of roundwood came from coniferous trees (spruce, nesses to large-scale industrial . boards/planks and siding/panelling), is exploited. With these by-products the pine, fir, and ). Broad- In the past several years this industry packaging wood (e.g. for pallets and sawmill industry also provides an im- leaves – primarily beech and – cur- has seen a significant increase in exports crates) and sawn wood products for oth- portant raw material base for other in- rently account for less than 5% of wood to Europe and the US, as well as the Far er purposes (including furniture, win- dustries, such as the wood-based panel consumption in this industry. East; the export ratio for 2007 was 39.4%. dows, , stairways and flooring). industry, the Many sawmills also have facilities and and the wood pellet industry, as well as According to turnover tax statistics processes for drying, planing, moulding wood-based biomass heating and CHP from the Federal Statistical Office there and/or impregnating their sawn tim- plants. Competition for these sawmill were roughly 3,600 companies in 2007 ber. Some relatively new products in- by-products has increased significantly in the sector comprising the “sawmill- clude solid structural timber (KVH) and in recent years. ing and planing of wood, impregnation glued laminated solid timber (double

Production of 1987 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 sawn timber Softwood 8.1 15.8 16.3 20.9 24.0 22.0 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 Total 9.7 16.9 17.3 22.0 25.2 23.1

Fig. 5.4: Production of sawn timber in Germany (Source: VDS42, ZMP43, HAF40; as of: December 2009), volume in million cubic metres)

42 Association of the German Sawmill and Wood Industry (Verband der Deutschen Säge- und Holzindustrie e.V. - VDS) 43 Central Market and Price Reporting Bureau for Agricultural, Forestry and Food Products GmbH (Zentrale Markt- und Preisberichtstelle für Erzeugnisse der Land-, Forst- und Ernährungswirtschaft GmbH - ZMP), activities ceased as of 30 April 2009

70 71 5.3 Wood-based panel industry for the production of particleboard, ori- ented strand board (OSB), fibreboard The second largest consumer of wood (MDF, HDF), wood fibre insulation raw materials for industrial use is the board (WFIB), veneers and wood-based panel industry. Wood- (Fig. 5.5). based panels are products that are manufactured by pressing together The wood raw materials used for this wood pieces and particles of various industry include mainly small timber shapes and sizes (e.g. boards, rods, ve- (pulpwood), sawmill by-products, in- neers, shavings and fibres), sometimes dustrial waste wood and used wood; with adhesives or mineral binders and these materials are used in varying sometimes without binding agents. The proportions, depending on the type of wood-based panel industry includes wood-based panel. For example OSB manufacturers of particleboard, fibre- is made only from virgin timber, while board, oriented strand board (OSB) and particleboard is produced with a signifi- solid wood panels, as well as veneer and cant portion of used wood (Fig. 5.6). plywood manufacturers. The advantages of wood-based panels lie in their ho- mogeneity and stability. In addition, by pressing together various wood pieces Fig. 5.6: Wood sources for the production of wood-based panels in Germany (Source: and adhesives, it is possible to manu- Mantau/University of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science), figures for 2005 facture board-like and rod-shaped ele- ments whose dimensions would not be attainable using solid wood alone. For 2007, according to official turnover The German wood-based panel industry In 2008 the German wood-based panel tax statistics, this industry comprised a is relatively homogeneous – with busi- industry consumed a total of 16.5 mil- total of 285 companies as manufacturers nesses ranging in size from medium- lion m3 of wood raw materials (Fig. 5.3) of veneer, plywood, fibreboard and par- sized enterprises to internationally or- ticleboard. The total turnover generated ganised companies. The export ratio for by these companies was 5.3 billion euros39. 2007 was 36%.

Production of 1987 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 wood-based panels Particleboard and OSB 6.81 8.73 9.31 10.93 10.86 10.19 Fibreboard (MDF, 0.52 4.29 4.79 5.54 6.23 6.64 HDF, WFI) Veneers and plywood 0.87 0.68 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.60 Total 8.20 13.70 14.74 17.10 17.71 17.43

Fig. 5.5: Production of wood-based panels in Germany (Source: FAO44; UNECE43, as of: 44 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) December 2009), volume in million cubic metres 45 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE)

72 73 5.4 Pulp and paper industry (sulfate) process and the sulfite process. Production of mechani- In 2008 kraft pulp accounted for approx. 1987 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 The third largest consumer of wood raw 60% of the paper pulp production, and cal and chemical pulp materials for industrial use is the pulp sulfite pulp, for 40%. Mechanical pulp 1.59 1.23 1.34 1.47 1.46 1.38 and paper industry. Wood is the fibrous Paper (chemical) pulp 0.61 0.87 0.85 1.41 1.55 1.52 material used for the highly integrated In 2008 the paper industry manufac- 2.20 2.20 2.19 2.88 3.01 2.90 production of mechanical pulp, chemi- tured roughly 22.8 million tonnes of Total cal pulp and paper. These processes are paper, (Karton) and board Fig. 5.7: Production of mechanical and chemical pulp in Germany (Source: VDP7, ZMP43, used for the manufacturing of wood (Pappe) (Fig. 5.8). This makes Germany FAO44; as of: December 2009), volume in million tonnes pulp and paper pulp, which are, in the largest paper producer in Europe. turn, made into paper, paperboard and board46. In Germany there are roughly Not all of the wood raw materials used 3,000 different types of paper. These for the domestic production of paper, Production of can be sorted into four main groups: (1) board and paperboard come from Ger- paper, board and 1987 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 graphic paper; (2) paper, paperboard man production, as can be seen when paperboard and board for packaging purposes; (3) comparing the production data (Fig. 5.7) sanitary paper; and (4) technical and with the consumption data (Fig. 5.9). In Total 10.3 18.5 20.4 21.7 23.3 22.8 speciality papers. 2008 only about 15% of the mechanical Fig. 5.8: Production of paper, paperboard and board in Germany (Source: VDP7; as of: pulp came from imports, while imports December 2009), volume in million tonnes In 2008 the German pulp and paper in- accounted for roughly 80% of the total dustry consumed a total of 10.3 million paper pulp consumed.47 Calculations m³ of wood raw materials (Fig. 5.3) for show a net export surplus for waste pa- the production of wood pulp and paper per. The waste paper utilisation ratio48 in Use of fibrous pulp (Fig. 5.7). For the manufacturing of 2008 was roughly 68%. material in the 1987 2002 2003 2005 2007 2008 wood pulp and paper pulp both timber paper industry (pulpwood) – primarily from forest thin- For 2007, according to turnover tax sta- ning – and sawmill by-products (indus- tistics, this industry comprised a total of Mechanical pulp 1.47 1.40 1.52 1.68 1.63 1.66 trial waste wood) are used. In the pulp 634 companies that produced mechani- Kraft pulp (for paper) 2.40 3.36 3.81 4.15 4.33 4.08 manufacturing process wood is broken cal and chemical pulp or manufactured Sulfite pulp (for paper) 0.83 0.67 0.70 0.81 0.80 0.72 down into its fibres. If this process is per- paper. The total turnover generated by formed mechanically the result is me- these companies was 18.1 billion euros. Waste paper 4.64 12.04 12.45 14.41 15.75 15.46 chanical pulp. If chemical processes are An additional 2,080 companies in the Total 9.34 17.47 18.48 21.05 22.51 21.92 used, chemical pulp is produced. The paper-processing sector generated a to- two most common chemical pulping tal of 20.7 billion euros.39 Fig. 5.9: Use of fibrous material in the paper industry in Germany (Source: VDP7, ZMP43; methods used for industry are the kraft as of: December 2009), volume in million tonnes

46 German classification based on grammage: paper (Papier) – up to approx. 170 g/m². paperboard (Karton) – from approx. 170 to approx. 600 g/m². board (Pappe) – over 600 g/m². 47 Taking into account exports and imports this percentage is calculated as the relationship between import surplus and consumption. 48 Waste paper consumption in % of paper production

74 75 On the supply side the sustainable culti- lot phase shall show which certification 6 Conclusions and prospects vation and supply of renewable resourc- methods actually work, which advan- es play a major role. Of course this also tages and disadvantages are associated As a highly technology-oriented coun- The use of renewable resources is de- applies to the demand side of renewable with the various methods and what ar- try Germany is especially dependent on pendent on four main factors: raw material use, where several factors eas must be optimised if the system is innovation. The industrial use of renew- must be weighed, including the environ- to be used in the long-term. This project able resources offers a huge potential • availability mental burden, costs and social impact has made significant progress: in 2009 for innovation with respect to new tech- • (consistent) quality of various products and manufacturing the results of the first pilot certifications nologies and new products. This huge • price methods were available, and preparations were potential for innovation comes with a • processing technology and technical being made for long-term implementa- high value added through the produc- suitability. The establishment of sustainability cri- tion. This system is presently limited in tion, processing and use of renewable teria for the production of biomass, scope to the field of energy production. raw materials. Furthermore the indus- Competitively priced raw materials will along with its certification in this area, In early 2010 this certification system, trial use of renewable resources contrib- be best able to compete in the chemical is regarded as an important strategy known as the “International Sustain- utes significantly to climate protection industry, along with materials whose for ensuring that the use of biomass can ability and Carbon Certification” (ISCC) and helps guarantee a stable supply of technical advantages make it possible to be expanded without compromising system, was granted provisional autho- raw materials in Germany. And lastly offer the respective products at higher sustainability. This consideration is in- risation as a certification system in ac- the use of renewable resources helps prices. The main application areas for cluded in national and European legis- cordance with the German “regulation reduce wastes, whose disposal is often renewable resources where high growth lation on the use of biomass for energy on the requirements for sustainable pro- expensive. The industrial use to date has can be expected include the chemical in- production. The proof of sustainable duction of ” (Biokraft-NachV) shown that the best potential for renew- dustry (as substitutes for fossil raw ma- biomass use is known as certification. by the German Federal Agency for Ag- able resources is offered by products terials), new products with high value A certification system should give evi- ricultural and Nutrition (BLE). The ISCC and applications added, bio-based materials and the field dence of compliance with certain sus- is the world’s first state-approved certi- of herbal medicines. Another growth tainability standards for products/ser- fication system for verifying compliance • that have technical advantages, driver will be the field of industrial vices and their manufacturing processes, with sustainability requirements for • that provide opportunities to increase biotechnology. Economic conditions including trade. The development of biofuels and liquid biomass for power value added, also have a significant influence on the such certification systems, however, is generation. • that take advantage of the synthesis industrial use of renewable resources. extremely complex. Many studies have work performed by nature, In this context the crude oil price trend been conducted on sustainability is- The standardisation of bio-based prod- • for which slightly modified, low-cost – along with other factors – is of great sues surrounding biomass, but only few ucts in consideration of environmental renewable raw materials can be used importance. concepts have been developed for their criteria is currently being promoted in in place of expensive petroleum pro- practical implementation in concrete the context of the Lead Market Initiative ducts, terms. of the European Commission. In the fu- • that can be manufactured less expen- ture a certification system for bio-based sively using renewable raw materials Since 2006 the BMELV has been funding products could also build upon these ef- than using petroleum products and a large-scale pilot project for the certi- forts. • that can be used in environmentally fication of biomass through the FNR to sensitive areas owing to their biode- assess the feasibility of a comprehensive gradability. implementation solution. A two-year pi-

76 77 Furthermore regulatory framework also Owing to the fact that no substantial has an effect on the industrial use of re- subsidies are available for the industri- newable resources. The main aspects al use of renewable resources and that of these influences are specified in the the respective products and applica- above-mentioned “Action Plan for the tions will have to compete under mar- Industrial Use of Renewable Resources” ket conditions, a strong emphasis must from the German federal government. be placed on the promotion of research This Action Plan covers twelve “action and development efforts in this area. areas” in which the federal government This applies both to state subsidies and is especially active in supporting and to the creation of a climate that promoting the further expansion of in- is conducive to innovation. Innovation- dustrial uses for renewable resources. and investment-friendly conditions for The implementation of the Action Plan the cultivation, supply, processing and is a multi-sectoral task that can only be use of renewable resources are also of achieved through effective co-operation importance. between politics, businesses, organisa- tions, science and consumers, flanked by the political actors in the European Union.

78 79 7 Additional literature FNR, “Daten und Fakten zu nachwachsenden Rohstoffen”, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_303fg_dafa_071107.pdf

7.1 Statistics FNR, “Themenportale Nachwachsende Rohstoffe”, http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/themenportale.html BMELV, “Statistik und Berichte”, www.bmelv-statistik.de Wikipedia, “Portal Nachwachsende Rohstoffe”, BMELV, “Statistisches Jahrbuch über Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten”, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nachwachsende_Rohstoffe http://www.bmelv-statistik.de/de/statistisches-jahrbuch nova Institute for Political and Ecological Innovation (nova-Institut für politische German Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt - Destatis), “GENESIS- und ökologische Innovation GmbH), “Nachrichtenportal Nachwachsende Online”, http://www.destatis.de Rohstoffe”, http://www.nachwachsende-rohstoffe.info

Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat), “Statistical Database”, FNR, “Projekte des BMELV im Bereich Nachwachsende Rohstoffe”, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/projekte-foerderung/projekte.html

Food and Agriculture of the United Nations (FAO), “FAOSTAT”, edu-Consult, Frankfurt University (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt) “Nachwach- http://faostat.fao.org sende Rohstoffe and Klimaschutz - Ein WebQuest für Schüler”, http://www.naturwissenschaften-entdecken.de/nachwachsende-rohstoffe.php United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), “UNECE Trade and Timber Division - Data and Statistics”, http://timber.unece.org/index.php?id=84 FNR, “Bildung & Schule - Lehrmaterialien und Ausbildungsangebote zu http://timber.unece.org/index.php?id=84 Nachwachsenden Rohstoffen”, http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/service/ schule-ausbildung/lehrmaterialien/schule.html

FNR, “Nachwachsende Rohstoffe - Spitzentechnologie ohne Ende”, 2007, 7.2 Renewable resources: http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_245spitzentechnologie_2007.pdf General information, economy, ecology Dr. Norbert Schmitz – méo Consulting Team, “Marktanalyse Nachwachsende BMELV, “Nachwachsende Rohstoffe”, Rohstoffe”, FKZ 22011102, commissioned by the BMELV, http://www.fnr-server.de/ http://www.bmelv.de/cln_172/DE/Landwirtschaft/Nachwachsende-Rohstoffe/ ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_254marktstudie_2006.pdf and nachwachsende-rohstoffe_node.html http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_281marktanalyse-ii-komplett.pdf

BMELV, “Nachwachsende Rohstoffe”, nova Institute for Political and Ecological Innovation (nova-Institut für politische http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_346-nawaro_magazin_web.pdf und ökologische Innovation GmbH), “Entwicklung von Förderinstrumenten für die stoffliche Nutzung von Nachwachsenden Rohstoffen in Deutschland - BMELV, “The Federal Government’s action plan for the industrial use of Volumen, Struktur, Substitutionspotentiale, Konkurrenzsituation, Besonder- renewable resources”, 2009, heiten der stofflichen Nutzung und Entwicklung von Förderinstrumenten”, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/ FKZ 22003908, BMELV-funded project, pdf_406-aktionsplan_stoffliche_nutzung_englisch_2009.pdf http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/projekte-foerderung/projekte.html

FNR, “Renewable Resources”, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (Fraunhofer-Institut http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/index.php?id=140 für System- und Innovationsforschung - ISI), “Makroökonomische Effekte des FNR, “Publications on Renewable Resources”, Anbaus und der Nutzung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen”, FKZ 22008502, http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/index.php?id=200 commissioned by the BMELV, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf294_Makrooekonomie.pdf

80 81 AFC Management Consulting AG, “Jährliche Erhebung von statistischen Daten German Chemical Industry Association (Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. - zu Anbau und Verarbeitung nachwachsender Rohstoffe”, FKZ 22002607, VCI), “Rohstoffbasis der chemischen Industrie: Daten und Fakten”, 2009. http:// commissioned by the BMELV, www.vci.de/default2~cmd~shd~docnr~126033~rub~743~tma~1~nd~.n02..htm http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/projekte-foerderung/projekte.html Society for Chemical and Biotechnology (Gesellschaft für Chemische Dr. Gehrig Management & Technologieberatung “Erhebung statistischer Daten zu Technik und Biotechnologie e.V. - DECHEMA), German Chemical Society Preisen nachwachsender Rohstoffe”, FKZ 22024507, commissioned by the BMELV, (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V. - GDCh), German Society for Petroleum and http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/projekte-foerderung/projekte.html Coal Science and Technology (Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Erdöl, Erdgas und Kohle e.V. - DGMK), German Chemical Industry Association (Verband Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (Gesellschaft für Chemische der Chemischen Industrie e.V. - VCI), “Rohstoffbasis im Wandel”, 2010, Technik und Biotechnologie e.V. - DECHEMA), German Chemical Society (Gesells- http://www.dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/ chaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V. - GDCh), German Society for Petroleum and Coal Positionspapier_Rohstoffbasis_im_Wandel.pdf Science and Technology (Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Erdöl, Erdgas und Kohle e.V. - DGMK), German Chemical Industry Association (Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. - VCI), joint working group “Bewertung der Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe – ein Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeit in der Chemie”, “Po- 7.3 Agriculture, plants & agricultural raw materials, bio-based sitionspapier Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe in der chemischen Industrie”, products., biomaterials, natural building materials 2008, http://www.dechema.de/dechema_media/Downloads/Positionspapiere/ BMELV, “Agriculture and rural areas”, PP_in_der_chemischen_Industrie_final_DINA5.pdf http://www.bmelv.de/cln_173/sid_D6FAE8F1C73EA2FB101D2A4C8AE2166A/EN/ Agriculture-RuralAreas/agriculture_node.html PE International, “Auswertung von Studien zur ökologischen Betrachtung von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen bei einer stofflichen Nutzung”, FKZ 22012106 , BMELV, “German Agriculture Facts and Figures”, commissioned by the BMELV, http://www.bmelv.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/381754/publicationFile/64866/ http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_339-auswahl.htm GermanAgriculture.pdf

Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (Wuppertal Institut aid Info-service Consumer Protection, Food, Agriculture (aid infodienst für Klima, Umwelt, Energie GmbH), “Kaskadennutzung von nachwachsenden Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung, Landwirtschaft e.V.), 1334/2009, Rohstoffen”, 2009, “Was ist uns unsere Landwirtschaft wert? - EU-Zahlungen für Landwirtschaft http://www.wupperinst.org/uploads/tx_wibeitrag/WP180.pdf und ländlichen Raum”, http://aid.de/shop/pdf/1569_2009_landw_wert_x000.pdf?cb_content_ Dr. Norbert Schmitz – méo Consulting Team, “Certification of biofuels”, FKZ name=1569.%20Was+ist+uns+unsere+Landwirtschaft+wert%3F+-+EU- 22016706 and “Certification of biomass and biofuels – Pilot phase”, FKZ 22007207, Zahlungen+f%FCr+Landwirtschaft+und+l%E4ndlichen+Raum BMELV-funded project, www.iscc-project.org BMELV, “Plants”, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (formerly Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH) http://www.bmelv.de/cln_173/EN/Agriculture-RuralAreas/Plants/plants_node.html (co-ordination) “Netzwerk Lebenszyklus-daten”, http://www.netzwerk-lebenszyklusdaten.de and http://www.netzwerk- FNR “Pflanzen für die Industrie”, 2005, lebenszyklusdaten.de/cms/content/site/lca/Home/Aktivitaeten/AKNaWaRo http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_197industriepfl2005.pdf

Silke Feifel, Wolfgang Walk, Sibylle Wursthorn, Liselotte Schebek (editors), FNR “Arzneipflanzen – Anbau und Nutzen”, 2007, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/ “Ökobilanzierung 2009 – Ansätze und Weiterentwicklungen zur Operationali- pdf/literatur/pdf_287-arzneibroschur_2009_download.pdf sierung von Nachhaltigkeit”, conference transcript Ökobilanz-Werkstatt 2009, http://www.itas.fzk.de/deu/lit/2009/feua09a.pdf FNR “Färberpflanzen”, 2009, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_167faerber_2004.pdf

82 83 Senate of the Federal Research Institutes overseen by the BMELV (Senat der 7.4 Forestry and wood Bundesforschungsinstitute im Geschäftsbereich des BMELV) “Pflanzen als Nachwachsende Rohstoffe”, ForschungsReport 1/2009, BMELV, “Forests, Timber and ”, http://www.bmelv.de/cln_173/EN/Agri- http://www.bmelv.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/610474/publicationFile/35324/ -RuralAreas/Forests-Timber-Hunting/forests_node.html Forschungsrep1-2009.pdf BMELV, “Results of the National Forest Inventory (NFI2)”, 2003, BMBF “Pflanzen als Rohstoffe für die Zukunft - Neue Wege für Landwirtschaft, http://www.bundeswaldinventur.de/enid/aa0e43fa4bec95ed5ef043a35ed00171.0/ Ernährung, Industrie und Energie”, 2008, a9.html http://www.bmbf.de/pub/rohstoff_pflanze.pdf Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Eco Sys Association for Analytics and Project Management (Eco Sys Gesellschaft für Forestry and Fisheries (Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Bundesforschungsin- Analytik und Projektmanagement mbH), “Stoffliche Verwertung von Kohlenhy- stitut für ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei - vTI), “Inventurstudie 2008”, 2008, draten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland”, FKZ 22018709, commissioned by the BMELV, BMELV-funded project, http://www.vti.bund.de/de/aktuelles/presse/pdf/AFZ_InvStudie-kompl.pdf http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/projekte-foerderung/projekte.html BMELV, “Cluster Forst und Holz - Sonderdruck der im Holz-Zentralblatt von FNR, “Biolubricants”, http://www.fnr-server.de/cms35/index.php?id=373 2006-2008 veröffentlichten Ergebnisberichte der Teilstudien”, 2008, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_347-cluster-studien-holz.pdf FNR, “Biowerkstoffe”, www.biowerkstoffe.info Centre for Forest Ecosystems, University of Münster (Wald-Zentrum der Westfälis- FNR “Bioplastics”, 2005, chen Wilhelms-Universität Münster), “Clusterstudie Forst- und Holzwirtschaft http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_237bioplastics2006.pdf Bundesrepublik Deutschland”, 2005, http://www.wald-zentrum.de/index_innen. php?unav=projekte&subnav=aktuelle&seite=clusterstudie_deutschland.html and University of Applied Sciences and Arts in Hanover (Fachhochschule Hannover). http://www.wald-zentrum.de/pdf/projekte/Clusterstudie.pdf M-Base “Biopolymer Database”, FKZ 22022705, BMELV-funded project, http://www.materialdatacenter.com BMELV, “Charta für Holz”, 2004, http://www.bfafh.de/bibl/pdf/chartaholz.pdf and http://www.bmelv-forschung.de/fileadmin/sites/FR-Texte/2005/R9_2005-1_0012.pdf FNR “Naturfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe”, 2008, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_227-brosch_nfk_2008.pdf BMELV, “Symposium Waldstrategie 2020”, Berlin, 10-11 December 2008, http://www.fnr.de/waldstrategie2020 nova Institute for Political and Ecological Innovation (nova-Institut für politische und ökologische Innovation GmbH), “Studie zur Markt- und Konkurrenzsitua- Björn Seintsch. Matthias Dieter (editors), “Waldstrategie 2020”, conference tran- tion bei Naturfasern und Naturfaser-Werkstoffen (Deutschland und EU)”, FKZ script for the BMELV Symposium, Berlin, 10-11 December 2008, Landbauforschung 22020005, BMELV-funded project, - vTI agriculture and forestry research, 327 (2009) 27-36, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_315gf_band_26_komplet_100.pdf http://www.vti.bund.de/fallitdok_extern/bitv/zi044075.pdf

FNR, “Bauen und Wohnen mit nachwachsenden Rohstoffen”, Udo Mantau, Christian Sörgel, Holger Weimar, University of Hamburg – Depart- www.natur-baustoffe.info ment of Wood Science (Universität Hamburg – Zentrum Holzwirtschaft), “Holz- rohstoffbilanz Deutschland - Bestandsaufnahme 1987 bis 2005”, 2007 FNR “Dämmstoffe aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen”, 2009, http://www.fnr-server.de/ftp/pdf/literatur/pdf_317-brosch_daemmstoffe2009.pdf Udo Mantau, University of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science (Universität Hamburg – Zentrum Holzwirtschaft), “Holzrohstoffbilanz Deutschland: Szenar- aid Info-service Consumer Protection, Food, Agriculture (aid infodienst Verbrauch- ien des Holzaufkommens und der Holzverwendung bis 2012”, Landbauforschung erschutz, Ernährung, Landwirtschaft e.V.), “Bauen auf die Kraft der Natur”, 2005, - vTI agriculture and forestry research, 327 (2009) 27-36, http://www.aid.de/landwirtschaft/technik_bauen.php?orderno=7628 http://www.bfafh.de/bibl/lbf-pdf/landbauforschung-sh/lbf_sh327.pdf

84 85 Matthias Dieter, University of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science (Univer- Biberach University of Applied Sciences Institute of Timber Construction (Hochs- sität Hamburg – Zentrum Holzwirtschaft), “Volkswirtschaftliche Betrachtung von chule Biberach, Institut für Holzbau), “Zukunft Holz - Statusbericht zum aktuel- holzbasierter Wertschöpfung in Deutschland”, Landbauforschung - vTI agricul- len Stand der Verwendung von Holz und Holzprodukten im Bauwesen und ture and forestry research, 327 (2009) 37-46, Evaluierung künftiger Entwicklungspotentiale”, 2009, reference number 54- http://www.bfafh.de/bibl/lbf-pdf/landbauforschung-sh/lbf_sh327.pdf 8214.07 IV/59-15, commissioned by the Ministry of Food and Rural Affairs, Baden- Württemberg (Ministerium für Ernährung und Ländlicher Raum Baden-Württem- Björn Seintsch, Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forest- berg), http://www.fva-bw.de/forschung/wn/zukunft_holz.html ry and Fisheries (Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für ländliche Räume, Wald und Fischerei - vTI), “Entwicklungen des Clusters Forst Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisher- und Holz zwischen 2000 und 2007”, working report 2010/02 from the Institute ies (Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für ländliche of Forest Based Sector Economics (Instituts für Ökonomie der Forst- und Hol- Räume, Wald und Fischerei - vTI), “Ökobilanz-Basisdaten für Bauprodukte aus zwirtschaft), http://www.vti.bund.de/de/institute/lr/publikationen/downloads.htm Holz”, FKZ 22028808, BMELV-funded project, http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/projekte-foerderung/projekte.html Udo Mantau, University of Hamburg – Department of Wood Science (Universität Hamburg – Zentrum Holzwirtschaft), “Ökologische Potentiale durch Holznut- Environmental Protection and Encouragement Agency (EPEA) Internationale

zung gezielt fördern (Ökopot) – Marktanalyse der Holzprodukte und der wichtig- Umweltforschung GmbH, “CO2 -Speicherung und Wertschöpfung – Holznutzung sten Konkurrenten”, FKZ 0330545B, BMBF-funded project, in einer Kaskade”, 2009, http://www.oekopot.de http://epea-hamburg.org/fileadmin/downloads/2009/EPEA_Studie_Holz_ Kaskadennutzung_2009_Kurzfassung.pdf Udo Mantau and Bernd Bilitewski, “Stoff-Strom-Analyse Holz Stoffstrom-Modell- HOLZ – Bestimmung des Aufkommens, der Verwendung und des Verbleibs Justus Liebig University Giessen (Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen), “Standorts- von Holzprodukten”, research report for the German Pulp and Paper Association pezifische Analyse der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit von Kurzumtriebspappeln”, FKZ (Verband Deutscher Papierfabriken e.V. - VDP), 2005, 22015808, BMELV-funded project, http://www.muellundabfall.de/.download/pdf/mua_20050604.pdf http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/projekte-foerderung/projekte.html

German Pulp and Paper Association (Verband Deutscher Papierfabriken e.V. - German Timber Promotion Fund (Holzabsatzfonds – Absatzförderungsfonds der VDP), “Leistungsbericht Papier 2008” and “Leistungsbericht Papier 2009”, deutschen Forst- und Holzwirtschaft - HAF), “Info Holz”, http://www.holzabsatz- http://www.vdp-online.de fonds.de. http://www.infoholz.de (The HAF ceased its activities as of 31 August 2009. Therefore not all of their Internet pages have been updated in recent months. BMELV, “Ergebnisse der Waldentwicklungs- und Holzaufkommensmodellierung The organisation “Zukunft Holz GmbH” (ZHG) is taking over the role of central 2003 bis 2042 (WEHAM)”, http://www.bundeswaldinventur.de timber promotion in Germany as of 1 April 2010.)

BMELV, “Waldbericht der Bundesregierung 2009”, http://www.bmelv.de/Shared- Platform Forest and Wood/German Forest Council (Plattform Forst und Holz/ Docs/Downloads/Broschueren/Waldbericht2009.html?nn=309822 Deutscher Forstwirtschaftsrat e.V.), “Informationsdienst Holz”, www.informationsdienst-holz.de Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie GmbH), “Holzwende 2020plus : Nachhaltige Zukun- Platform Forest and Wood/ Plattform Forst und Holz/Forst Holz Markt Consulting ftsmärkte für den Rohstoff Holz”, FKZ 0330566A-E, BMBF-funded project, Dr. Franz-Josef Lückge, “Holzmarktbericht”, http://www.holzwende2020.de www.holzmarktbericht.de

Institute for Ecological Economy Research (Institut für ökologische Wirtschafts- aid Info-service Consumer Protection, Food, Agriculture (aid infodienst Verbrauch- forschung - IÖW) GmbH, “Zukünfte und Visionen Wald 2100 : Langfristige erschutz, Ernährung, Landwirtschaft e.V.), 1334/2009 “Forst/Holz 2009”, Perspektiven von Wald- und Landnutzung – Entwicklungsdynamiken, normative http://www.aid.de/shop/addinfo_files/1097.pdf Grundhaltungen und Governance”, FKZ 0330789A-F, BMBF-funded project, http://www.waldzukuenfte.de

86 87 Publisher

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