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Renewable Resources in Industry

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Renewable Resources in Industry nachwachsende-rohstoffe.de Renewable Resources in Industry Industrial use of agricultural and wood raw materials in Germany Credits Contents Publisher: 1 Foreword 4 Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) Hofplatz 1 • 18276 Gülzow • Germany 2 The industrial use of renewable resources in Germany: 6 Tel.: +49 (0) 38 43/69 30 - 0 • Fax: +49 (0) 38 43/69 30 - 1 02 significance and current status [email protected] • www.fnr.de 3 Production of agricultural and forestry raw materials for 12 Published by Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), industrial use in Germany Hofplatz 1, 18276 Gülzow, Germany, with support from the Ger- 3.1 Cultivation of vegetable raw materials 12 man Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protec- 3.2 Wood supply 15 tion (BMELV) as a result of a decision by the German Bundestag. 4 Industrial use of agricultural raw materials 22 Author: 4.1 Introduction 22 Dr. Dietmar Peters, FNR 4.2 Oleochemical applications 26 in collaboration with 4.3 Bio-based materials 35 Dr. Norbert Holst, 4.4 Carbohydrate-based basic organic chemicals, fine and 47 Birgit Herrmann, speciality chemicals, chemical intermediates Sönke Lulies and 4.5 Applications and products based on other renewable resources 62 Henryk Stolte, FNR 5 Industrial use of wood 66 Acknowledgements: 5.1 Introduction 66 The authors would like to thank 5.2 Sawmill industry 70 Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Vorlop, vTI, and Dr. Björn Seintsch, vTI, 5.3 Wood-based panel industry 72 for their critical review of individual chapters. 5.4 Pulp and paper industry 74 Illustrations: 6 Conclusions and prospects 76 BMELV, Daimler AG, DIGITALstock, Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V., Fotolia.com, Fuchs Petrolub AG, Land Sachsen- 7 Additional literature 80 Anhalt, Lenzing AG, Theresa Fehrmann Design and layout: www.tangram.de, Rostock Translation: www.worldtext.com, Schwerin Printing and processing: www.druckerei-weidner.de, Rostock 3rd fully revised edition, 2010 1 Foreword From time immemorial the production environment and a demand for sustain- sustainable increase in the proportion of renewable resources has been one able products, the focus of consumer of biomass used in industry but also of agriculture’s main objectives, along and industrial interests has begun to for an improvement in the efficiency of with the supply of high-quality foods shift back to vegetable raw materials. biomass use in ensuring Germany’s raw and animal feeds. Over the past several material supplies while taking into ac- centuries agriculture and forestry have The industry, which has been process- count the objectives and requirements supplied us with the majority of the raw ing fossil resources for decades, must of sustainability strategies. It also aims materials needed for dyes, lamp oils, lu- first transition back to the use of renew- to secure and advance Germany’s role as bricants and cleaning agents, as well as able resources. Conventional process- an international leader in the industrial fibres for the production of textiles and ing methods must be adapted, and new use of renewable resources. wood for the construction of homes and methods developed – a worthwhile task, buildings. The wealth of entire regions not only in light of the environmental This brochure provides an overview of in Germany and Europe was based on benefits but also with regard to the in- the possible industrial uses of renewable the cultivation of plants and the trade teresting markets for products based resources in Germany and illustrates the of the raw materials derived from them. on renewable raw materials. Plants as important role that agricultural raw ma- Over the course of time the economic raw material suppliers represent one terials and wood already play in today’s focus has shifted significantly. Fossil of the future-oriented fields that have industry. Based on various current stud- resources, such as coal, petroleum and been identified as especially significant ies sponsored by the Federal Ministry of natural gas, were discovered and put to in terms of innovation policy. The Ger- Food, Agriculture and Consumer Pro- use. Synthetic products quickly began to man industry, in particular the chemical tection (BMELV), as well as current sta- take the place of plant-based products. industry, is once again processing agri- tistical data from Eurostat and Destatis cultural and forestry raw materials on a and recent surveys and estimates by the The chemical industry is dependent on significant scale. Well over ten per cent FNR, conclusive data is now available sources of carbonaceous raw materials of the organic raw materials used by the for the years leading up to and including in many areas of its production. These chemical industry are renewable. Fur- 2007, and preliminary data is available can be either fossil or renewable raw ma- thermore the wood-processing indus- for the years 2008 and 2009. terials. However, the main advantage of try is a significant economic sector that, renewable raw materials is that they can with the raw material wood, has gener- be continuously regenerated by plants. ated far more value added than other We now know that the supply of petro- German industries. leum is limited, and in times of crisis we feel the effects of our dependence on im- The “Action Plan for the Industrial Use of Dr. Andreas Schütte ports. The significance of environmental Renewable Resources” that was adopted considerations is also becoming more by the German Federal Government in and more apparent, and the call for re- 2009 is an important impulse for pro- newable products is growing ever loud- moting the industrial use of renewable er. At the same time, owing to a change resources parallel to their use for energy in consumer behaviour associated with generation. The Action Plan sets forth a an increased awareness of health and the broad vision, not only for a significant and 4 5 2 The industrial use of renewable resources in Germany: significance and current status The term “renewable resources” refers to by-products, whey, liquid manure and all biomass produced from agriculture slaughterhouse wastes). and forestry that is not used for food or animal feed. The term biomass, however, In the use of renewable resources Ger- comprises all organic matter originating many is one of the leading countries in or recently1 derived from living organ- the world. The nation’s competitive in- Climate protection is one of the great In Germany approx. 14% of the petro- isms. Biomass either remains in the eco- dustry and thriving research landscape challenges of the 21st century. Germa- leum and 4% of the total fossil raw ma- system or is used by humans as a raw offer favourable conditions for further ny and the European Union have set terials (petroleum, natural gas and coal) material for food, industry or energy. strengthening its position. Sustainable themselves ambitious climate protection in 2008 were used in the chemical indus- production and the use of renewable goals. The use of renewable resources in try, and the rest were used for energy Thanks to nature’s inherent diversity resources can also help improve value place of fossil raw materials can contrib- generation (power, heat, fuels) (Fig. 2.1). a vast range of renewable resources is added and employment in rural areas ute to the reduction of CO2 emissions. While many different renewable energy available. Practically all common crop where raw materials are produced and The industrial use of renewable resourc- sources exist for the generation of en- plants are already being used in one undergo first processing. A secure and es generally results in the conservation ergy, renewable raw materials represent form or another, either as energy sourc- sustainable supply of raw materials is of fossil resources and the reduction of the only alternative to fossil raw mate- es for the generation of heat, power and particularly important for our country, CO2 emissions, as plants are able to ab- rials for industrial use in the chemical other forms of energy or as raw materi- with its relative lack of natural resourc- sorb carbon from the atmosphere over a industry. For the industrial production als for industrial use. Scientists continue es. The availability of fossil resources long period of time, depending on their of organic chemicals the chemical indus- to seek and discover new and alternative is limited. Given the increasing short- respective life spans. The environmental try is dependent on carbon sources to a uses for these plants and to research po- age of fossil resources we can expect impacts associated with the industrial large extent. The only renewable source tential uses for other plant species that to see rising prices over the long-term. use of renewable resources vary sig- in the short and medium term is the bio- have yet to be used. The scope of such Furthermore a proportion of the fossil nificantly depending on the cultivation mass formed by the photosynthetic fixa- research is not limited to crop plants: resources used in Germany come from method and yields, the conversion tech- tion of carbon dioxide in plants. Wild plants and even a number of ani- politically instable regions. Against this nology, the product and its lifetime and mal products are being studied. Other backdrop it is of particular importance the method of recycling and disposal. types of renewable resources are bio- that Germany pursues a three-pronged Products made from agricultural wastes genic materials, wastes and residues that strategy involving the conservation of or by-products generally have less im- originate from agricultural and forestry raw materials, the improvement of ef- pact on the environment. Although production (such as straw, hemp shives, ficiency in the use of raw materials and scientists have estimated the potential molasses, glycerol from the hydrolysis the increased use of renewable resources reduction of CO2 emissions associated of fats and oils, wood residues, sawmill in their entirety.
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