DOCSLIB.ORG

3-8.3. Timber Production 3-8.3.1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
3-8.3. Timber Production 3-8.3.1 The Affected Environment and Consequences 3-8.3. Timber Production 3-8.3.1. Affected Environment The Forest administers approximately 1,246,985 acres of which approximately 92 percent is forested. Approximately 89 percent of the forested land is ponderosa pine. The 1999 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) conducted by the Rocky Mountain Research Station and the Black Hills NF estimated net volume of sawtimber (i.e., growing stock greater than 9-inch dbh) presently stocked on the Forest is about 6.1 billion board feet (International One-Quarter Scale). The Black Hills NF estimates that approximately 5 billion board feet have been harvested since the completion of the first federal timber sale (Case No. 1) in 1899 on the Black Hills Forest Reserve (now the Black Hills NF). Case No. 1 timber sale is documented in the Journal of Forestry (Ball and Schaefer 2000) and Evergreen magazine (1999). Table 3-54. Black Hills National Forest Timber Inventory Harvest volume Year Billion Bd.Ft. Source Remarks Year / Bd.Ft. Black Hills NF 50th 1897 1.5 saw lumber anniversary Black Hills 50th 1948 2.3 trees 10 inches and larger 1947 1 billion anniversary 1963 2.9 1977 TM Plan growing stock volume 1969 2 billion 1977 4.5 1977 TM Plan growing stock volume 1979 3 billion FP1996 Final EIS app. 1987 5.1 trees greater than 8 inches dbh 1987 4 billion G-2 1999 6.1 1999 FIA report p.5 growing stock trees >9.0 dbh 1997 5 billion The timber production section of the Final EIS for the 1997 Revised LRMP (USDA Forest Service 1996a p. 111-447) provides an overview of timber production and the timber industry in the Black Hills through 1995. Table 3-55 depicts timber production volumes on the Forest since 1997. “Sawtimber offered” is advertised for sale. “Sawtimber sold” is a contract award. Occasionally sawtimber is offered during one fiscal year but not awarded until the next fiscal year. III-382 Black Hills National Forest The Affected Environment and Consequencies Table 3-55. Annual Volume of Sawtimber Offered, Sold, Cut on the Black Hills National Forest Sawtimber Sawtimber Sold Sawtimber Cut Year Offered (MMBF) (MMBF) (MMBF) 1998 77.0 78.6 62.0 1999 82.7 73.5 73.0 2000 2.8 36.2 65.7 2001 36.5 38.2 75.4 2002 49.5 52.3 62.4 2003 70.5 40.8 67.7 2004 74.5 84.9 75.3 Source: Black Hills NF In the Black Hills region, there are currently 22 firms involved in processing forest products, distributing and selling forest products, or using forest products to manufacture secondary products. Thirteen firms are primary producers, firms that directly process raw logs purchased from the Forest, other agencies and private landowners, nine of which are sawmills (i.e., dimension product producers). Nine firms are secondary producers, which process sawn timber or mill residue (i.e., cants, wood chips, pellets). The wood product industry has an annual capacity of approximately 190 million board feet (MMBF). Three major mills, Pope and Talbot in Spearfish, South Dakota and Neiman Timber Company in Hulett, Wyoming and Hill City, South Dakota, make up 90 percent of this capacity. Refer to Forest Product Industry Market Study (Teasley 2004). 3-8.3.2. Direct And Indirect Effects There is no change in ASQ among alternatives. The ASQ for the decade in all alternatives is 83.8 MMBF of sawtimber and 2.7 million cubic feet of products other than logs (POL). The ASQ is a maximum. Annual timber sale offer may vary depending on funding but the decadal total may not exceed the ASQ. The 1997 Forest Plan Decision documented the last ASQ calculation. These figures are annual totals for the first decade. See tables in Appendix B for resource estimates If the relevant objectives, standards, and guidelines within any alternative are followed and met, harvest volumes up to the ASQ could be offered in any of the alternatives that may be implemented. The 1996 Final EIS (USDA Forest Service 1996a) discloses the effects of roads relating to timber. Final Environmental Impact Statement Phase II Amendment III-383 The Affected Environment and Consequences 3-8.3.2.1. Effects Of Species-viability Management On Timber Production The effects of species viability on timber production are addressed within specific species assessments relative to their desired habitat. For example, greater annual treatment acres will have a greater effect on some species than others. Likewise, less annual treatment acres will have a greater effect on some species than others. Structural stage is a key variable for effects on specific species for viability. The structural stage percentages in Alternatives 3 and 6 are directed at displaying the best range of all structural stages that will accommodate all species given the objectives of each alternative. Requirements for late successional species limit the amount of certain treatments in structural stage 4C and 5. Thinning structural stage 4C or 5 to basal area 50 or 60 may be too open to meet late successional habitat requirements for some species; thus more trees would be retained. Consequently these stands will retain their high insect and fire hazard, and loss to fire or insects is more probable. Some plant or animal species require an open grown forest. Management options for those species may compliment Forest Plan goals to reduce insect and fire hazard. 3-8.3.2.2. Effects Of Research Natural Area Management On Timber Production RNAs could be established with the implementation of Alternatives 3, 4, or 6. RNA establishment would preclude harvest within the boundary, and those lands would be reclassified into a research natural area management emphasis. Alternative 3 would include consideration of 4 candidate RNAs: Canyon City, Fanny Boles, Geis Springs and Sheep Nose Mountain. Alternative 6 would consider 4 candidate RNAs: North Fork Castle Creek, Fanny/Boles, Geis Springs, and North Fork Castle. See Section 3-6.2 and Appendix G for candidate RNA locations and additional information. If all nine candidate RNAs were designated, as is proposed in Alternative 4, their total area would be less than 1 percent of the Forest. Some of the RNAs have very little suitable forest land. 3-8.3.2.3. Effects Of Fire-hazard And Insect-risk Management On Timber Production Fire-hazard and insect-risk ratings were evaluated by linking them to structural stages. FVS strata by structural stage were reviewed to arrive at ratings (Appendix B). The fire-hazard rating scheme is integrated into the national growth and yield process (FVS). One variable output of FVS is the fire-hazard rating. The insect-risk rating scheme is based upon the database protocol directed by Region 2. The insect-risk rating is also output through FVS. III-384 Black Hills National Forest The Affected Environment and Consequencies Table 3-56. Fire-hazard Rating And Insect-risk Rating By Structural Stage Ponderosa Pine Spruce Structural Fire Insect Structural Fire Insect Stage Rating Rating Stage Rating Rating 1 Low Low 1 Low Low 2 Medium Low 2 Medium Low 3A Medium Low 3A Medium Low 3B High Medium 3B High Medium 3C Very high High 3C Very high High 4A>9” Medium Medium 4A High Low 4A<9” Very high Medium 4B Very high Medium 4B>9” High High 4C Very high High 4B<9” Very high High 5 Very high High 4C>9” Very high High 4C<9” Very high High 5 Very high High These ratings were used as indicators for treatment levels. Reducing forest density to reduce fire and insect hazard could be lower than the optimum basal area for wood fiber production. Stocking level graphs for optimum wood fiber and insect management in the 1997 LRMP Appendix H illustrate this difference. It is estimated that management for a more open forest under all alternatives may slightly reduce cubic volume production. This loss of wood fiber production would be a tradeoff for reducing the probability of insect and fire mortality. 3-8.3.3. Cumulative Effects Alternative 1, 3 and 6 have the same estimated commercial harvest acres and volume based upon the goals/objectives/standards & guidelines. The mix of harvest-treatment types will be specific at the project level. Harvest types are predicted to be relatively the same from Alternatives 1, 3 and 6 as displayed in Section 3-1. Forested Ecosystems Table 3-10, which is from the 1996 Forest Plan. Also, based upon the goals/objectives/standards and guidelines, the estimated commercial harvest acres and volume are less for Alternatives 2 and 4. Since all alternatives have the same estimated commercial timber harvest acres, the emphasis is placed on the importance of determining structural stage distribution across a landscape to meet the habitat needs of species and lower fire-hazard and insect-risk ratings. The art of balancing these areas directly affects the level of timber volume for the Forest. Final Environmental Impact Statement Phase II Amendment III-385 The Affected Environment and Consequences 3-8.4. Livestock Grazing 3-8.4.1. Affected Environment The Black Hills is a highly productive area from the standpoint of forage resources with an average of approximately 466 million pounds of forage produced across the Forest each year. At an average proper- use level of 50 percent, up to 233 million pounds of forage is available for harvest each year by livestock and wildlife (USDA Forest Service 1996a p. III-174). Of the 233 million pounds of forage available for harvest, 127 million pounds within designated allotments is allocated to permitted livestock under Forest Plan direction.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microscopic Study on the Composites of Wood and Polypropylene*1
    「森林総合研究所研究報告」（Bulletin of FFPRI），Vol. 1, No. 1 (No.382), 115-122, March, 2002 論 文（Original Article） Microscopic Study on the Composites of Wood and Polypropylene*1 FUJII Tomoyuki*2 and QIN Te-fu *3 Abstract Optical and scanning electron microscopies coupled with a thin-sectioning method and a chemical treatment to remove cell wall material were adopted to investigate morphologically the dispersion of wood fillers and the interface between the wood and polypropylene (PP) matrices in injection-molding composites. Wood fillers were well dispersed in PP matrix with a tendency toward longitudinal and concentric orientation. The interface between wood and PP was well illustrated by the chemical digestion method. It was demonstrated with this method that PP can penetrate into macro-cavities such as fiber lumina inside wood particles through cracks of inter- and intra-wall fractures and comprises a three-dimensional network within the particles and also connecting to PP matrix outside. Wood fillers were always completely isolated and covered by PP probably owing to their high wetability at their interface, although this did not directly result in stiff chemical bonding. This suggests that the chemical bonding of wood fillers and PP matrix is more important for the improvement of the adhesion properties than the surface compatibility. Keywords: composite wood, polypropylene, morphology, SEM, optical microscopy Introduction is that the resulting composites usually have a significantly reduced impact and tensile strength due to poor adhesion There has recently been a dramatic increase of interest between the hydrophilic filler material and hydrophobic in using biomass such as wood fibers, oil palm fibers and thermoplastic.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry | I
    23. Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2017 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry | I. Erele, H. Välja, K. Klauss 1 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry Ieva Erele Latvian Forest Industry Federation Riga, Latvia Henrik Välja Estonian Forest and Wood Industries Association Kristaps Klauss Latvian Forest Industry Federation Riga, Latvia 23. Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2017 2 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry | I. Erele, H. Välja, K. Klauss 23. Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2017 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry | I. Erele, H. Välja, K. Klauss 3 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry We can certainly call Baltic states the land of forests. Almost every inhabitant is related to forest, forestry and forest products in one or another way. Since long ago wood has been used in heating, construction, production of furniture and other household items. Today forest sector and its wood processing industry have developed into one of the most important sectors of the regional economy. And despite the fact that it occupies only 4,1% of the EU's territory, the commercial forest stock accounts for 6,3% of the EU. Forest has deep roots into Baltic States culture traditions, as well as provides opportunities for spending free time in forest hunting, in sports activities or picking berries and mush- rooms. And furthermore, there are large nature values in our forests that in some cases are unique not only on European, but also global level. However, it’s not an opportunity because it’s simply here. The forest that grows by itself represents beautiful nature values, but it becomes „the green gold” because we have learned to use and manage it wisely – by protecting nature values, by securing resources for national growth and contributing to the wellbeing of our society.
    [Show full text]
  • Wood Industry Report
    Wood Industry Report Submitted by Tim Jenks Prosperity Region 3 Wood Industry Proposed Five Year Action Plan Introduction The Wood Products Industries form a broad sector of business activity in Northern Michigan, and particularly in the eleven counties of Region 3. An MSU Extension study in 2012 described the forest industry as “Michigan’s third largest manufacturing sector,” supporting “about 136,000 jobs and adding $17 billion to Michigan’s economy.” (MSUE, 2012) While timber harvests could increase somewhat above their current levels, the greatest opportunity for economic growth lies in the added value provided by manufacturing wood products. Timber harvest, sawmill operations, and wood products manufacturing represent traditional industries for the people of this area of Michigan. The sector offers long- term sustainability, opportunities for positive environmental impact, and lifestyle compatibility. The actions proposed in this section will work to stabilize and maintain the existing industry, as well as to promote the establishment and growth of new entrepreneurial businesses. Overview of the Wood Products Industry Sector The “Wood Industry” sector includes a supply chain of related goods and services, ranging from harvesters to cut the trees to skilled crafts who create finished products. In addition, the sector supports large trucking operations, heavy equipment for harvesting and loading, maintenance services, and other support businesses. Harvesters Harvesters comprise a number of small businesses with a large investment in capital equipment. They sometimes own “tree farm” land, but more often bid on contracts to cut timber, either in behalf of a sawmill, or to sell independently to a sawmill. Northern Michigan’s forest lands – including extensive Federal and State holdings – continue to experience net growth every year.
    [Show full text]
  • Naval Stores Review and JOURNAL of TRADE
    Naval Stores Review AND JOURNAL OF TRADE A WEEKLY PAPER FOR NAVAL STORES PRODUCERS, FACTORS, EXPORTERS AND DEALERS, AND MANUFACTURERS OF SOAPS, VARNISHES, PAPER, PRINTING INKS, ETC. “Vor. XXX1, No: 4 SAVANNAH, GA., SATURDAY, APRIL 23, 1921 _ Price $5.00 PER ANNUM J. A. G. CARSON, President H. L. KAYTON, Vice-President J. A. G. CARSON, Jr., Vice-President W. H. BARBER CO. C. H. CARSON, Vice-President at Jacksonville 3650 SOUTH HOMAN AVENUE CHICAGO, ILL. Carson Rosin, Turpentine Naval Stores Company Pine Oil, Etc. Organized in 1879. Oldest House in the Business. DIRECT SHIPMENT FROM SOUTH. BUYERS, FACTORS IT WILL PAY YOU TO -ECURE OUR PRICES. AND PRODUCERS, PLACE YOUR OFFERS WITH US. WHOLESALE GROCERS PRINCIPAL OFFICE BRANCH OFFICE SAVANNAH, GEORGIA JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA SALES DEPARTMENT National Bank Building Atlantic National Bank Building With an organization unsurpassed and ample means at our Gillican-Chipley command, our facilities for handling your business are second to none Company, Inc. ‘WE INVITE YOUR CORRESPONDENCE NEW ORLEANS, LA. DOMESTIC SALES OFFICES AND AGENCIES IT i Columbia Naval Stores Company OF DELAWARE Progyced, Digtiied ond Oistriduted Fy GILLICAN-CHIPL Head Office: SAVANNAH, GA. COMPANY ine. NEW ORLEANS, LA. U.S.A. TEMAND RURE GUA TURPENTINE ) NEW YORK - - : x . 17 Battery Place BOSTON = - - 88 Broad Street, Room 322 PRODUCERS, DEALERS PHILADELPHIA Dowdy Bros, Lafayette Building AND PITTSBURGH E. E. Zimmerman, Bessemer Building EXPORTERS CHICAGO - - 155 North Clark Street CINCINNATI - 2 - - 320 Gwynne Building OF CLEVELAND - 372 Kirby Building, (Grund & Krause) DETROIT - Western Rosin & Turpentine Co., Palmer Ave. Rosin—Turpentine - SAVANNAH WEEKLY NAVAL STORES REVIEW AND JOURNAL OF TRADE JOHN E.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Model Building Framework for Production Planning in the Primary Wood Industry
    Article Adaptive Model Building Framework for Production Planning in the Primary Wood Industry Matthias Kaltenbrunner * , Maria Anna Huka and Manfred Gronalt Institute of Production and Logistics, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Feistmantelstrasse 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (M.A.H.); [email protected] (M.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: Production planning models for the primary wood industry have been proposed for several decades. However, the majority of the research to date is concentrated on individual cases. This paper presents an integrated adaptive modelling framework that combines the proposed approaches and identifies evolving planning situations. With this conceptual modelling approach, a wide range of planning issues can be addressed by using a solid model basis. A planning grid along the time and resource dimensions is developed and four illustrative and interdependent application cases are described. The respective mathematical programming models are also presented in the paper and the prerequisites for industrial implementation are shown. Keywords: production planning; sawmill; modelling framework; mathematical programming; integrated planning 1. Introduction In production planning, the quantities to be produced are planned taking into account capacities, processes, the availability of raw materials and demanded products. In the primary wood industry, logs are used as raw materials in sawmills and processed into many intermediate products for further processing. These value-adding processes are usually carried out at one location. Three different value-added stages—sawing, drying and planing—are performed by a sawmill.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Sector and Primary Forest Products Industry Contributions to the Economies of the Southern States: 2011 Update
    J. For. 113(2):205–209 BRIEF COMMUNICATION http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.14-054 economics Forest Sector and Primary Forest Products Industry Contributions to the Economies of the Southern States: 2011 Update Consuelo Brandeis and Donald G. Hodges The analysis in this article provides an update on the southern forest sector economic activity after the down- 2009 figures. Information on the economic turn experienced in 2008–2009. The analysis was conducted using Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) software contribution of forest industries and trends in and data sets for 2009 and 2011 and results from the USDA Forest Service Timber Products Output latest survey of roundwood consumption before and through primary wood processing mills. Although improving economic conditions are reflected by increased mill roundwood the recession can be found in Hodges et al. consumption during 2011, the forest industry’s economic contribution improved slightly but not across all states. At the (2012) and Brandeis et al. (2012). regional scale, the sector displayed a downward trend in employment, value added, and number of active primary mills. Data Sources and Methodology Keywords: southern forest products industry, economic contribution, economic contribution, timber harvest, We conducted two analyses, one esti- North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) mating the economic contribution of the forest sector and one estimating the contri- Ͼ bution of a subset of industries compris- he southern forest products sector starts dropped from a high of 2 million units ing primary forest products mills. Primary makes significant contributions to to a low of 554,000 units (Census Bureau mills use logs, either whole or chipped, to the economies of the southern states 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Niche Markets for Small Scale Forest Products Companies
    Evaluation of Niche Markets For Small Scale Forest Products Companies Jan J. Hacker Resource Analytics May, 2006 Federal Project Number: MN 03-DG-11244225-492 This Report was Prepared Under an Award from the U.S.D.A. Forest Service and WestCentral Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission 1 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................3 2.0 Niche Markets in General ...............................................................................................4 3.0 Efforts Undertaken to Help Industries Identify and Enter Niche Markets .....................6 3.1 Direct Technical Assistance to Forest Products Firms .........................................7 3.2 Specialized Research and Marketing Assistance..................................................8 3.3 Establishment of Specialized Networks & Locally Based Programs .................11 4.0 Niche Markets Due to Technology...............................................................................21 5.0 Niche Markets Due to Customer Choice/Specifications and Preferences....................26 6.0 Niche Markets Due to Unique Products or Species .....................................................33 6.1 Unique Products..................................................................................................33 6.2 Unique Species....................................................................................................42 7.0 Niche Markets Resulting From Regulatory Policies
    [Show full text]
  • WOOD IDENTIFICATION -A REVIEW' Elisabeth A. Wheeler2 & Pieter Baas3
    IAWA Journal, Val. 19 (3), 1998: 241-264 WOOD IDENTIFICATION -A REVIEW' by Elisabeth A. Wheeler2 & Pieter Baas 3 SUMMARY Wood identification is of value in a variety of contexts - commercial, forensic, archaeological and paleontological. This paper reviews the basics of wood identification, including the problems associated with different types of materials, lists commonly used microscopic and mac­ roscopic features and recent wood anatomical atlases, discusses types ofkeys (synoptic, dichotomous, and multiple entry), and outlines some work on computer-assisted wood identification, Key words: Wood identification, keys, computer-aided wood identifi­ cation, INTRODUCTION In the last decade, computerized keys have made the identification of uncommon woods easier, Nevertheless, 'traditional' methods remain important because often they are more efficient and convenient, particularly for common commercial woods, This paper discusses some applications of wood identification, logistics, the macroscopic and microscopic features used for wood identification (particularly for hardwoods, i.e" dicotyledonous angiosperms), identification procedures, some recent computer­ aided wood identification projects, and the need for additional work. APPLICATIONS Proper processing of wood, especially drying, depends upon correct species identifi­ cation because different species and species groups require different protocols. When problems arise during wood processing (drying, machining, or finishing), one of the first questions asked is whether the wood was correctly identified. Customs officials need to know whether logs, timbers, or wood products are cor­ rectly labeled so that tariffs can be properly assessed and trade regulations enforced. The International Timber Trade Organization (ITTO) has proposed limiting interna­ tional trade to timber that is cut from sustainably managed concessions. Verifying the source and identity of timber in order to enforce bans on trade in woods of endan­ gered species will require wood identification skills (Baas 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Analysis and Diagnostics in Wood Manufacturing Industry
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2002 Energy analysis and diagnostics in wood manufacturing industry Amol Anant Mate West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Mate, Amol Anant, "Energy analysis and diagnostics in wood manufacturing industry" (2002). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 1270. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/1270 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Energy Analysis and Diagnostics in Wood Manufacturing Industry Amol Mate Thesis submitted to the College of Engineering and Mineral Resources at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Industrial Engineering B.Gopalakrishnan, Ph.D., Chair Ralph Plummer, Ph.D. Bruce Anderson, Ph.D. Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering Morgantown, West Virginia 2002 Keywords: Energy Assessment, Wood Manufacturing Industry, Sensitivity Analysis, Motor Downsizing, Demand Reduction, Motor Master + Abstract Energy Analysis and Diagnostics in Wood Manufacturing Industry Amol Mate Energy conservation is the need of the hour.
    [Show full text]
  • IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Softwood Identification 1
    IAWA List of microscopic features for softwood identification 1 IAWA LIST OF MICROSCOPIC FEATURES FOR SOFTWOOD IDENTIFICATION IAWA Committee Pieter Baas – Leiden, The Netherlands Nadezhda Blokhina – Vladivostok, Russia Tomoyuki Fujii – Ibaraki, Japan Peter Gasson – Kew, UK Dietger Grosser – Munich, Germany Immo Heinz – Munich, Germany Jugo Ilic – South Clayton, Australia Jiang Xiaomei – Beijing, China Regis Miller – Madison, WI, USA Lee Ann Newsom – University Park, PA, USA Shuichi Noshiro – Ibaraki, Japan Hans Georg Richter – Hamburg, Germany Mitsuo Suzuki – Sendai, Japan Teresa Terrazas – Montecillo, Mexico Elisabeth Wheeler – Raleigh, NC, USA Alex Wiedenhoeft – Madison, WI, USA Edited by H.G. Richter, D. Grosser, I. Heinz & P.E. Gasson © 2004. IAWA Journal 25 (1): 1–70 Published for the International Association of Wood Anatomists at the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden, The Netherlands 2 IAWA Journal, Vol. 25 (1), 2004 IAWA List of microscopic features for softwood identification 3 2 IAWA Journal, Vol. 25 (1), 2004 IAWA List of microscopic features for softwood identification 3 PREFACE A definitive list of anatomical features of softwoods has long been needed. The hard- wood list (IAWA Committee 1989) has been adopted throughout the world, not least because it provides a succinct, unambiguous illustrated glossary of hardwood charac- ters that can be used for a variety of purposes, not just identification. This publication is intended to do the same job for softwoods. Identifying softwoods relies on careful observation of a number of subtle characters, and great care has been taken to show high quality photomicrographs that remove most of the ambiguity that definitions alone would provide. Unlike the Hardwood Committee, the Softwood Committee never met in its full com- position.
    [Show full text]
  • A Formaldehyde-Free, Sustainable Alternative for the Engineered
    Paper A Formaldehyde-Free, Technical Sustainable Alternative for the Engineered Wood Industry By Dr. Gregory J. Tudryn ngineered woods, such as particle come under substantial scrutiny due board and medium density to rising costs (now accounting for Ecovative is a recipient of RadTech’s fiberboard (MDF), are common upward of 30% of the product cost) 2014 Emerging Technology Award. Ewithin the furniture industry as each and detrimental human health effects. provides an inexpensive alternative to State regulations on the emission of solid wood construction. Although the formaldehyde from composite wood physical performance of particle board products (such particle board, MDF and MDF is adequate for furniture and hardwood plywood) and federal applications, there are significant amendments to the Toxic Substances legislative drivers for safer structural Control Act set formaldehyde emission core materials to limit the emission limits for composite wood products of volatile organic compounds. The sold in the United States. The National most common resins are urea Toxicology Program most recently formaldehyde (UF) or methylene added formaldehyde, a precursor to diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), typically engineered woods, to the federal list constituting between 7% and 10% of of carcinogens. the final product’s total mass, which Ecovative has begun to develop a emit toxic volatiles either during or drop-in replacement for engineered post production. wood products (Myco Board™) which These resins instituted in the is economically competitive and production of traditional engineered intrinsically safe. This mycological wood products (UF, MDI) have recently biocomposite is comprised of biobased Figure 1 Mycelium, agricultural waste and grown biomaterial (Left) 140x magnification of mycelium; (Middle) agricultural waste from the cotton industry; (Right) grown biomaterial that serves as protective packaging, the mycelium is white.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 State of the Industry
    TABLE OF CONTENTS SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 3 HARDWOODS DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL ......................................................................... 4 PENNSYLVANIA’S HARDWOOD INDUSTRY ...................................................................... 6 PENNSYLVANIA’S FOREST RESOURCE ............................................................................. 13 GOVERNOR’S GREEN RIBBON TASK FORCE .................................................................. 17 DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND NATURAL RESOURCES .......................... 19 DOMESTIC MARKETING ....................................................................................................... 21 INTERNATIONAL MARKETING ............................................................................................ 22 PENNSYLVANIA WOODMOBILE ......................................................................................... 24 WOOD IS GREEN ..................................................................................................................... 26 FOREST PESTS – INVASIVE SPECIES .................................................................................. 27 PENNSYLVANIA HARDWOOD UTILIZATION GROUPS ................................................ 29 Allegheny Hardwood Utilization Group .................................................................................... 30 Keystone Wood Products Association ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]