Tiga Tipe Tata Ruang Desa Tradisional Di Nias Selatan, Sumatera Utara

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Tiga Tipe Tata Ruang Desa Tradisional Di Nias Selatan, Sumatera Utara KALPATARU, Majalah Arkeologi Vol. 28 No.2, November 2019 (45-60) TIGA TIPE TATA RUANG DESA TRADISIONAL DI NIAS SELATAN, SUMATERA UTARA Three Types of Spatial Patterns in South Nias Traditional Villages, North Sumatera Elyada Wigati Pramaresti Museum Ullen Sentalu, Jalan Boyong KM. 25, Kaliurang Barat, Hargobinangun, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta [email protected] Naskah diterima : 31 Juli 2019 Naskah diperiksa : 10 Agustus 2019 Naskah disetujui : 29 Oktober 2019 Abstract. South Nias is one of many regions in Indonesia that still mantains the existence of traditional settlement. Villages in this regency have unique characteristic shown from their linear forms with two rows of houses facing each other. Although the villages all seem similar, but in fact, there are three different spatial patterns. This research would be related with the disparity of these traditional settlement patterns. Qualitative method was used in this research by obtaining data through field observations, interviews, and literature study. The result reveals that the traditional settlement patterns were in the shapes of branched linear, I-shaped linear, and T-shaped linear. This classification was based on the variation of shapes and location of the village material components. Another purpose in this research is to do a documentation about South Nias traditional villages including their original components which become scarce nowadays due to being damaged by natural factors or deliberately replaced by modern components. Keywords: South Nias, Traditional Village, Spatial Pattern Abstrak. Nias Selatan adalah salah satu wilayah di Indonesia yang masih mempertahankan keberadaan permukiman tradisional. Desa-desa yang ditemukan di kabupaten tersebut memiliki karakteristik yang unik, yaitu berbentuk linear dengan dua baris rumah yang saling berhadapan. Meskipun sekilas desa-desa itu tampak memiliki bentuk yang sama, sebenarnya terdapat tiga tipe bentuk tata ruang yang dijumpai pada desa tradisional di Nias Selatan. Permasalahan yang akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini berkaitan dengan variasi bentuk tata ruang permukiman tradisional di wilayah tersebut. Tujuannya untuk memperoleh klasifikasi bentuk permukiman tradisional Nias Selatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data melalui observasi lapangan, wawancara, dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, desa tradisional di Nias Selatan memiliki bentuk tata ruang linear bercabang, linear I, dan linear T. Klasifikasi bentuk permukiman tersebut didasarkan atas perbedaan bentuk dan keletakan komponen materi desa. Penelitian ini juga berupaya untuk melakukan dokumentasi desa-desa tradisional Nias Selatan beserta komponennya yang kini menjadi langka karena rusak oleh faktor alam maupun sengaja diganti dengan komponen yang modern. Kata kunci: Nias Selatan, Desa Tradisional, Tata Ruang 45 KALPATARU, Majalah Arkeologi Vol.28 No.2, November 2019 (45-60) 1. Pendahuluan Keberadaan batu besar tersebut dihubungkan Permukiman dapat diartikan sebagai dengan status sosial, religi, maupun aspek tempat bermukim atau menetap bagi manusia lain yang dianut oleh penduduk desa tertentu. (Tim, 2000:760). Menurut Undang-Undang Selain itu, elemen yang kerap ditemukan pada No.1 Tahun 2011, permukiman adalah desa tradisional adalah adanya rumah dengan bagian dari lingkungan hunian yang terdiri arsitektur vernakular, yakni desain arsitektur atas lebih dari satu satuan perumahan yang yang menyesuaikan iklim lokal, menggunakan mempunyai prasarana, sarana, utilitas umum, teknik yang diwariskan secara turun-temurun, serta mempunyai penunjang kegiatan fungsi serta dipengaruhi budaya masyarakat setempat lain. Keberadaan permukiman menjadi salah (Mentayani dkk, 2017:111, Harpioza, 2016: satu objek kajian arkeologi karena kumpulan 10). Desa-desa tradisional beserta tinggalan hunian tersebut menjadi tanda adanya tangible dan intangible di dalamnya hingga hubungan manusia dengan lingkungannya, kini masih dijumpai di berbagai wilayah di serta menandai kehidupan berbudaya di suatu Indonesia. wilayah (Haryani, 2016:1). Oleh karena itu, Permukiman tradisional yang menarik dalam dunia arkeologi dikenal disiplin ilmu untuk diteliti dan menjadi fokus dalam tulisan arkeologi permukiman yang memberikan ini adalah desa tradisional Nias Selatan. Desa perhatian pada hubungan manusia dalam suatu ini memiliki karakteristik yang khas berupa satuan ruang dengan tujuan merekonstruksi rumah-rumah tradisional yang disusun berjajar kehidupan manusia di masa lalu. Hasil kegiatan dan saling berhadapan. Apabila diamati secara manusia pada muka bumi yang awalnya natural lebih mendalam, pada kenyataannya terdapat dibentuk sesuai dengan kebutuhan pembuatnya perbedaan pada tiap desa dalam segi tata ruang. sehingga dalam permukiman terdapat pola dan Perbedaan tersebut tidak hanya mencakup sistem yang mengatur kehidupan sosial dalam elemen-elemen material yang ditemukan pada pemukiman tersebut. desa-desa tradisional, melainkan juga bentuk Salah satu bentuk permukiman adalah permukiman itu sendiri. Permukiman Nias desa tradisional. Desa diasosiasikan dengan Selatan yang bentuknya linear sebenarnya masyarakat yang tinggal menetap dalam suatu terbagi menjadi beberapa tipe. lingkungan, antarindividu saling mengenal Berkaitan dengan desa tradisional Nias satu dengan yang lain, corak kehidupan mereka Selatan, sudah ada beberapa peneliti yang relatif homogen, serta banyak tergantung pada mengulas objek tersebut. Feldman (2011) kebaikan alam (Mashab, 2013:1-2). Pada desa dalam tulisannya pernah membahas mengenai tradisional, penduduknya memiliki ikatan sosial makna komponen materi Desa Hilinawalӧ Fau yang kuat dan masih teguh memelihara tradisi serta ragam hias yang ditemukan pada rumah yang diwariskan para leluhur. Masyarakat pada tradisional milik bangsawan desa. Jajang A. umumnya menganut kepercayaan tertentu Sonjaya dalam buku Melacak Batu, Menguak yang menjadi landasan aspek-aspek kehidupan Mitos (2008) dan artikel berjudul Makna manusia seperti organisasi sosial dan tata Megalitik: Kontekstualisasi dalam Sejarah ruang. Penataan ruang kawasan memiliki Budaya Bӧrӧnadu (2010) memaparkan hasil kaitan yang erat dengan dinamika budaya penelitian etnografi mengenai kehidupan yang berkembang pada suatu daerah (Erawati, masyarakat Desa Sifalagӧ Gomo. Dalam 2016:2). tulisan yang pertama, juga disinggung Pada masa cocok tanam, permukiman mengenai tata ruang Desa Sifalagӧ Gomo. dalam bentuk desa seringkali ditandai dengan Sejarah permukiman tersebut pernah dibahas adanya monumen megalitik (Erawati, 2016:3). oleh Hämmerle dalam karyanya, Hikaya 46 Tiga Tipe Tata Ruang Desa Tradisional Di Nias Selatan,Sumatera Utara, Elyada Wigati Pramaresti Nadu (1995) dan Asal-Usul Masyarakat Nias: adalah salah satu bentuk adaptasi manusia Suatu Interpretasi (2013) yang menyebutkan terhadap lingkungannya sekaligus gambaran Desa Sifalagӧ Gomo sebagai awal mula dari kehidupan sosial masyarakat yang berkembangnya tradisi megalitik di Nias. mendiami suatu wilayah tertentu. Alasan Tulisan mengenai persebaran tinggalan lain pemilihan topik ini adalah upaya untuk megalitik di desa-desa Nias Selatan pernah melakukan dokumentasi desa-desa tradisional diulas oleh Ketut Wiradnyana (2010) dalam Nias Selatan beserta komponennya, termasuk Legitimasi Kekuasaan pada Budaya Nias. rumah tradisional yang semakin langka karena Beberapa denah desa tradisional Nias rusak oleh faktor alam maupun sengaja diganti digambarkan oleh Alain dan Viaro (2006) dengan bangunan modern. dalam buku Traditional Architecture of Nias Dalam meneliti bentuk-bentuk tata Island. Namun, denah-denah itu hanya disertai ruang desa tradisional di Nias Selatan, dengan nama desa, penjelasan karakteristik penulis akan memusatkan bahasan pada lima permukiman Nias secara umum, serta desa di Kabupaten Nias Selatan, yakni desa keterangan lain yang cenderung terfokus pada Sifalagӧ Gomo di Kecamatan Bӧrӧnadu pembahasan fisik rumah bangsawan desa. , Desa Bawӧmataluo, Hilinawalӧ Fau, Sejauh ini belum ada peneliti yang mengkaji dan Onohondrӧ di Kecamatan Fanayama, tipe tata ruang desa tradisional di Nias Selatan. serta desa Hili’amaetaniha di Kecamatan Penulis tertarik untuk mengangkat tema ini Luahagundre Maniamӧlӧ. Kelima desa karena tata ruang permukiman tradisional tersebut memiliki masyarakat pendukung yang masih mempertahankan adat istidat leluhur mereka serta elemen tata ruang permukiman lama yang kini sulit ditemui pada desa-desa di Nias Selatan. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam tulisan ini adalah bagaimana bentuk tata ruang pada desa-desa tersebut dan apa saja faktor yang berpengaruh pada ketiga tipe tata ruang desa tradisional di Nias Selatan. Tujuannya adalah untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai bentuk-bentuk tata ruang Gambar 1. Monumen megalitik dan rumah bangsawan desa tradisional Nias Selatan dan memahami di Desa Bawӧmataluo (Dokumentasi: Elyada faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi perbedaan Wigati, 2016) tata ruang permukiman di wilayah itu. 2. Metode Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif-analitis yang mengkaji objek arkeologi, yakni tata ruang desa tradisional Nias Selatan. Dalam penilitian deskriptif, objek penelitian digambarkan berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang tampak pada saat dilakukan observasi (Nawawi, 2008: 63). Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis kualitatif, yaitu penelitian yang tidak Gambar 2. Desa Sifalagӧ Gomo di Kecamatan Bӧrӧnadu, Nias Selatan. (Sumber: Sonjaya, 2010) menekankan pada perhitungan angka-angka, 47 KALPATARU,
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