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The Language of the First Selkup Books

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The Language of the First Selkup Books EUGENE HELIMSKI THE LANGUAGE OF THE FIRST SELKUP BOOKS SZEGED 1983 Editionis curam agit JÚLIA VASTAG ö \\ o. 105718 TO THE MEMORY OF DAVID CONTENTS 1. INOSODUCTION .7 1.2. PERSONALITY AND ACTIVITIES OF N.P.GKIGOROVSKI . .10 1.3. PROBLEMS OF TEXTUAL CRITICISM .12 1.4. DIAIEO TO LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 15 2. SURVEY OF GRAMMAR. 18 2.1. raOMOLOGY . 18 2.2. STRUCTURE OF STEMS AND MORTOOfHONEMICS 27 2.3. INFLECTION. .31 2.4. TORD-FOHMATION. ................ .47 2.5. SYNTAX. ... ... .51 3. VOCABULARY 53 INDEX OF MEANINGS. ...... i ...... 226 APPENDIX 1 - ARTICLE BY ARCHIMANDRITE MELETIUS. .. 252 APPENDIX 2 - EXCERPTS FROM N.P.GRIGOROVBKI'S ANSWERS TO G.N.POT AN IN. 256 APPENDIX 3 - EXCERPTS FROM N.P.GRIGOROVBKI'S MANUSCRIPT "ОБРАЗЦУ НАРОДНОЙ СЛОВЕСНОСТИ ТОМСКИХ САМО- ЕДОВ". 262 ABBREVIATIONS 264 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 266 1. HÍTHODÜCTIOH 1.1. The year 1879 saw the appearance of the first books ever published in a Samoyed language. Compiled by a civil ser- vant and explorer of looal lore from Tomsk District, Hikolay Petrovich Grigorovski, and printed by the Orthodox Missionary Society in Kazan, they were destined to promote literacy and religious education among the Ostyak-Samoyeds (presently known as Selkups) of the Narym region. For the best of our knowledge, the immediate purpose of the publication was not achieved: Na- rym natives remained in their vast majority illiterate shama- nists (even »ben formally baptized) for another half of a cen- tury"; later Russian - and not Selkup - became the language of compulsory secular school education for them. These books are nevertheless of considerable interest as the first attempt to create a standard language for the Selkups and as a rich source of valuable linguistic (primarily lexical) data on an unexplored Southern Selkup dialect. This fact has been appreciated by samoyedologists only recently and due to the initiative of Páter Hajdú, who raised the name and activi- ties of Grigorovski out of long oblivion and re-edited the first (and by far the most interesting) of his books in 1973 as the second volume of "Studia Uralo-Altalce" (Grigorovski - Hajdú 1973). "Азбука сюссогой гулани" ("The ABC-book for the Selkup people") - this is the original title of the book in question - contains several parts. It begins with a short ABC-section (pp. 3-7: alphabet, syllables, Selkup words for reading exercises! the words are not translated, but can mostly be identified with greater or lesser confidence) followed by a collection of mora- lizing texts and prayers (pp. 8-19, 21-26; the equivalent texts in Russian are printed on adjacent pages with identical page- * Ho more successful was Bishop Maoariue of Tomsk (later the Me- tropolitan of Moscow) who sought the same purpose by publishing in 1900 another religious book in Selkup (see Katz 1976 for the reproduction of the text of thie book). - 8 - numbers) and a list of Selkup numerals (pp. 19-21). On pp. 27-42, under the heading "Чабт£ла" ("Tales"), we find four original Sel- kup texts with Russian translations (an untitled text about hun- ters transformed into kins; "Йтя" - a tale about the most popular hero of Selkup folk-lore i an account of the mortal combats with a "mammoth-pike" and a bearj "Золотандари пучо", "The golden bea- ver" - a tale about a youngster lured into a fairy house), while three other texts (pp. 42-48) are merely specimens of Russian folk-lore in Selkup translation. Three other books compiled by Grigorovski are of purely re- ligious content and bear Russian titles i the same system of giv- ing Russian equivalents (or rather originals) on adjacent and identically numbered pages is employed throughout these books. "Молитвы и о сердечной молитве к Богу" is a prayer-book accompa- nied by recommendations on the proper way to pray and on other aspects of pious conduct (this book partly duplicates the "Азбу- ка"). "Священная история" is a digest of the Holy Writ; relative- ly rich vocabulary makes this book especially valuable.'"Объясне- ние праздников Св. Церкви" contains a list of Orthodox holidays and explanations of their origin (partly repeating the text of the previous book). The bibliography of the scholarly work concerned with Grigo- rovski's books is rather scanty. First of all Péter Hajdú's int- roduction to' the facsimile edition of "Азбука" (Hajdú 1973) should be mentioned; the editor discusses the missionary activity of the Orthodox church among the Samoyeds, the role of neologisms and loan-words in non-original sections of the bookt he also sums up the dialectological and ethnonymical considerations which sup- port his attribution of the texts to the Southern Selkup dialect zone. Mérfca Csepregi (1975/76) concentrated her studies on the personality of Grigorovski. A review.by Hartmut Katz (1977) con- tains a tentative phonologization of a text fragment and percep- tive dialectological observations whioh enable the reviewer to localize the language of the book "am Ob etwa mittwegs zwischen . Narym und der Tschulym-Mündung". Two specimens of Grigorovski'e texts are used and commented in the Selkup chrestomathy of the same author (Katz 1979: 105-111). The Russian loan-words in "Аз- бука" have been examined, on a line with chronologically compa- rable data from other Selkup and Kamassian sources, by Ago Kiinnap - 9 - (KBHHan 1980). ' Die utilization of Selkup linguistic material from Grigorov- ski's books is hampered by many obstacles. Their author was not a linguist and did not destine them for scholarly purposes, neither was he a native speaker of Selkupi hence the abundance of unreli- able forms and inaccurate translations. Three of the four books are hardly available, and it is problematio whether they will be ever re-edited. Last but not least, a set of texts in general may- be a convenient way of material presentation for syntactic stu- dies, but much less so for lexicologic, phonetic or morphologic * research. The author hopes that the present contribution, aimed at ex- traction, cross-checking and systematized presentation of the linguistically relevant information from the first Selkup books, will prove useful for further descriptive and comparative re- search in Selkup linguistics. x I am pleased to acknowledge the courtesy of the Editors of "Studia Uralo-Altaica", who have accepted my initiative to write this book and have helped me with advice and encouragements. My special thanks are due to Péter Hajdú for his valuable comments on considerable parts of the manuscript. Since my knowledge of English is far from perfection, I am greatly indebted to Vladimir Orel and Iatvfin Kenessei who have read and improved the English text» the responsibility for all remaining faults, especially in the Vocabulary, is, however, my own. I should like to thank E.V.Grushklna, A.I.Kuznetsova, Y.A. Morev, V.A.Terentyev and all other numerous colleagues with whom I worked together in Selkup linguistic expeditions or discussed problems of Selkup descriptive and comparative research; after many years of contacts and co-operation it is not always possible to recollect who was the first to express a certain idea concern- ing the Selkup language. I am also grateful to the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies (Moscow) and to the Hostratic Seminar that works under its auspices for having created necessary intel- lectual environment for productive linguistic studies. - 10 - 1.2. PERSONALITY AND ACTIVITIES OF N.P.GRIGOROVSKI 1.2.1. Biographical Data. The souroes used by Csepregi refer mainly to Grigorovskl's efforts to publish the already prepared books through the Orthodox Missionary Society in Kazan. As to the question posed in the heading of her article (1975/76) - "Who was Grigorovski?" - Csepregi states that he was not a missionary him- self but a civil servant (clerk) in the rank of collegiate secre- tary! he died in April 1883 In Novoilyinskoye (Tomsk District). cGrigorovski's literary legacy comprises not only four Selkup books but also a number of ethnological papers. There are however other sources that give a fuller account of Grigorovskl's personality and activities. Among them an article by Archimandrite Meletius of Irkutsk (in "Иркутские епархиальные ведомости", 1876, No.3) is especially important because it sheds more light upon the circumstances and procedure of compilation of the books. This article (based on a personal letter received by Meletius from Grigorovski) is reproduced as Appendix 1 to this volume. Besides other details we find out that Grigorovski came to Narym region in 1868 as an exile and made his first acquaint- ance with Selkup language in 1873 as a home-teacher in a well-to- do Selkup family in Kostenkiny yurtyj that he prepared his trans- lations without thorough knowledge of Selkup and without regular assistance of native speakers (especially after his removal.to Novoilyinskoye in 1874)j that he compiled a dictionary of Selkup and used it in his translator work. Some additional biographical data can be found in the jour- nals and accounts of the West Siberian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographic Society (see seotions "Протоколы" and "Отчеты" in "Записки Западно-Сибирского отдела Имп. Ясского Географиче- ского Общества", vols. I-VI, 1879-1884); In these documents Niko- lay Petrovlch Grigorovski is repeatedly mentioned as a member of the Branch and an active participant of many ethnological pro- jects. His article on the Russian peasantry in Narym region (Гри- горовский 1879) was awarded the Silver Medal of the Geographic Society. The Branch organized and financed Grigorovskl's expedi- tion to the Vasyugan tundra in 1882 (the account of this expedi- tion was published posthumously - ГрЖГОрОВСКИЙ 1884). The jour- nals for the year 1884 determine the day of his death - April 25, 1883 - and inform that "on the occasion of this sorrowful event - 11 - I.A.Kozlov, collaborating member, communicated to the partici- pants of the meeting a short biography of the deceased colleague, describing him as a modest and a most active toiler in the field of missionary activity and especially in writing the descriptions of local lore and everyday life of the inhabitants of Narym re- gion" (Протоколы 1884: 12).
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