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Relationships Between Environmental Factors and Plant Communities in Enclosure Rangelands (Case Study: Gonbad, Hamadan)

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Relationships Between Environmental Factors and Plant Communities in Enclosure Rangelands (Case Study: Gonbad, Hamadan) Journal of Rangeland Science, 2017, Vol. 7, No. 1 Asadian et al., / 20 Contents available at ISC and SID Journal homepage: www.rangeland.ir Research and Full Length Article: Relationships between Environmental Factors and Plant Communities in Enclosure Rangelands (Case study: Gonbad, Hamadan) Ghasem AsadianA, Seyed Akbar JavadiA, Mohamad JafaryB, Hossein ArzaniB, Morteza AkbarzadehC ADepartment of Range Management, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding author), Email: [email protected] BFaculty of Natural Resources, university of Tehran. Iran CFaculty of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran Received on: 02/01/2016 Accepted on: 13/06/2016 Abstract. Exclusion and not using of rangeland in the long term affects the composition and homogeneity of vegetation and consequently leads to the improvement of plants status. In this study, the characteristics and structural changes of the rangeland of Gonbad, Hamadan province, Iran, in 2014 (after 20 years of enclosure) were evaluated using Braun- Blanquet plot, Phytosociology and multivariate analysis by the software PC-Ord5. According to clustering diagram and Indicator Species Analysis, it was found that the studied region had 10 vegetation types and 17 Indicator Species. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) showed that in the first axis the variables: stone and gravel percentage, Electrical Conductivity (EC), clay, and organic carbon were important and in the second axis canopy cover of grasses, total canopy cover, and pH were important. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) confirmed the relationship between plant communities and environmental factors in the enclosure region. It was found that there are correlations between the echo logical units and the factors: stone and gravel (0.25), clay (- 0.26), sand (0.28), silt (0.38), slope (-0.36), total neutralizing value (0.34), and plant species indicators that resulted to the separation of the units. The results showed that in the long-term enclosure, plant communities tend towards a uniform and homogeneous composition and consequently led to the improvement of the rangeland vegetation conditions. Therefore the density, composition and the class I plant species have increased. Key words: Cluster, DCA, PCA analysis, Enclosure J. of Range. Sci., 2017, Vol. 7, No. 1 Relationships between …/ 21 Introduction diversity as communities replace each Rangelands constitute the largest natural other (Mulk Khan et al., 2013). Zhang et ecosystem in the world, and play the al. (2008) described and compared the most important role in producing protein SOFM (Self-Organizing Feature Map) and balancing ecosystems. More than 5.3 ordination were with DCA (Detrended billion ha of rangeland exist in the world, Correspondence Analysis), and PCA 903 million ha of which are located in (Principal Component Analysis), in Asia (excluding the Middle East). The analysis of plant communities in the rangelands of the Middle East cover 303 midst of Taihang Mountains in China. million ha, of which 86.1 million ha They showed SOFM, DCA, and PCA belong to Iran (Eskandari et al., 2008). produced consistent results, i.e. their axes Because of livestock overgrazing, species were significantly correlated with diversity has currently decreased in Iran’s elevation, soil organic matter, N, P, K, rangelands. The good management of and slope (Zhang et al., 2008). Therefore, natural resources requires knowledge of describing the vegetation is essential for flora and its changes. Understanding the reaching conservation and management relationship between plants and the objectives (Coetzee, 1993). Mirdavodi et environment and determining the factors al. (2013) found that three main variables affecting vegetation composition are (climate, land type, and land aspect) with important issues. Without a historical a total Eigen value of 82.8% were the record of rangeland productivity, most important factors affecting differences in yields cannot be precisely rangeland vegetation. Asadian et al., quantified (Haynes et al., 2012). The (2010) studied the effects of a four-year parameters of soil, bed rock, land form, enclosure on the vegetation of Giyan climate, decomposition, consumers, and Nahavand, Iran, They found that inside manufacturers affect the ecosystem. the enclosure, the total canopy cover of These variables must be determined and perennial species increased by about recognized on their own and/or in 80%. Jianshuang et al. (2013) showed interaction with other parameters. that short-term grazing exclusion Describing vegetation on both small and changed the aboveground biomass and large scales can produce a mental image coverage at both community and species for those who have not seen the region levels. In studying the effects of grazing and allow different vegetation units to be and non-grazing conditions on the compared and classified (Kershaw, dynamics of plant communities of a 1973). Accurate knowledge of spatial southwestern Utah desert rangeland over distribution of soil physical and chemical 59 years, Alzerreca et al. (1998) found properties is needed for suitable that grazing affected the variability and management and proper use of dynamics of plant communities more rangelands (Rostami et al., 2015). than climate. In another study, Amiri and Anthropogenic pressures, heavy grazing, Basiri (2008) found that enclosure and natural calamities have led to the increased the cover and density of degradation of the natural habitats of vegetation. Mcnew et al. (2012) found many species. Such practices are that the probabilities of colonization and discouraging for high–valued, moisture– local extinction were impacted by loving, native species and promote hardy, different sets of environmental factors. non-native, exotic species that have little Haynes et al. (2012) conducted a study in value for the local ecosystem (Pant and the Deakin rangelands of northern Greece Samant, 2012). Mountain ecosystems are and found that the animal effect was hot spots for plant conservation efforts, clearly visible and consistent with because they hold high overall plant grasses. They also explained the reduced Journal of Rangeland Science, 2017, Vol. 7, No. 1 Asadian et al., / 22 amount of bare ground and increased words, as the slope increased, the canopy bush and forbs even with increasing cover of H. persica was decreased. distance from the hut. The ordination of Height, slope, and slope direction had the species and environmental variables greatest impact on the distribution of H. revealed that grazing intensity influenced persica. Tatian (2013) conducted a study the composition of the plant community in the Vezvar rangelands of Galoogah, by significantly affecting the palatability Mazandaran province, Iran. According to of plants. Jafari et al. (2006) conducted a the results, the grasses showed a severe study on 14 rangelands in Qom province, reaction to grazing intensity, while forbs Iran. Their results showed that the most and woody plants reacted severely to important soil properties influencing the topography. In total, the effect of intense differentiation of plant species were soil grazing on vegetation was almost similar texture, EC, and limestone content. in all topographical circumstances. On Gorgine Karaji et al. (2006) conducted a the other hand, slope and slope direction study in the Saral rangelands of acted as grazing-limiting factors with a Kurdistan, Iran. Their study resulted in more marked effect on a rangeland’s the identification of four vegetation status and trend. The current study types. The relationship between physical purposed to study relationships between and chemical properties of soil and plant community in enclosure areas and vegetation showed that Bromus environmental factors affecting tomentellus, Achillea vermicularis, and vegetation composition, changes in Eryngium sp. needed more sand and silt vegetation, and the effects of the and less clay, while, Chaerophyllum enclosure on increasing canopy cover. macrospermum and Cephalaria microcephala needed more silt and clay Materials and Methods and less sand. The species Ferula Study Area haussknechtii, Acantholimon sp., The current study was carried out on 154 Prangos ferulacea, and A. vermicular ha at the Gonbad Research Station, needed lower pH, but higher silt and Hamadan, Iran. Its geographical moisture content. According to DCA coordinates is: longitude (48°41´0˝ to analysis, the loam percentage differed 48°42´ 15˝), latitude (34° 41' 15˝ to among the plant communities in the first 34°41'50˝), and elevation 2086 to 2433m axis. Environmental factors including above sea level (Fig. 1). According to the height, clay, stone, gravel, and slope were Emberger curve (Fig. 2), the climate of different among the plant communities in the region is cool and arid with annual the second axis. The environmental mean temperature 5.89°C. The minimum factors affecting the distribution of plant absolute, maximum absolute were, - species included organic carbon, organic 32.8°C and 39.6°C, respectively. matter, stone and gravel, height above sea Minimum and maximum relative level, nitrogen content, canopy cover, humidity was 41.8%, and 75.5%, slope, loam, and phosphorus content. respectively. Annual average evaporation Ariapour et al. (2012) studied the ecology and precipitation were 1408 and 304 mm, of Hulthemia persica in Gonbad, respectively. Hamedan, Iran. They found a negative correlation between the canopy cover of H. persica and slope (P<0.05). In
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