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(L.) Nevski И Heteranthelium Piliferum (Banks Et Sol.) Hochst. Breeding

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(L.) Nevski И Heteranthelium Piliferum (Banks Et Sol.) Hochst. Breeding РАСТЕНИЕВЪДНИ НАУКИ, ГОД. LII, No. 2 PLANT SCIENCE, VOL. LII, No. 2 София. 2015. Sofia СЕлЕКцИОННА ценност НА ОбразцИ ОТ ВИДОВЕТЕ Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski И Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks et Sol.) Hochst. ХРИСТО СТОЯНОВ М-АГРО ЕООД, Отдел „Селекция и растителни ресурси”, с. Стожер, Добричко E-mail: [email protected] Breeding Value of Accessions of Species Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski and Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks et Sol.) Hochst. H. Stoyanov M-AGRO EOOD, Breeding and Plant Resources Department, 9350 Stozher, Bulgaria Abstract The use of wide hybridization as a tool of classical breeding allows for the transfer of valuable genes between wild and cultivated phylogenetically distant species. This method is used to create new and to improve existing varieties in crops from tribus Triticae. There are many hybrids and amphidiploid forms between wheat species Triticum sp. and representatives of the genera Secale, Aegilops, Dasypyrum, Agropyron, Elytrigia, Leymus. Certain phylogenetically distant species of the same group have valuable genes which could be transfered into the wheat species. To determine the breeding value of wild plant forms in tribus Triticae, four accessions of the species Taeniatherum caput-medusae and one accession of Heteranthelium piliferum, were studied on their morphological and physiological characteristics. Both are characterized by complete resistance to pathogens of powdery mildew, brown and yellow rust and leaf blight early, making them a potential initial material for breeding programs of wheat species. Key words: Heteranthelium piliferum, resistance, Taeniatherum caput-medusae Отдалечената хибридизация като инстру- Psathyrostachys и Hordeum vulgare. Han et al. мент на класическата селекция е метод, който (2011) съобщават за наличие на гени, контро- успешно бива прилаган при разработването лиращи синтеза на нискомолекулни глутени- на селекционни програми при културните рас- ни. Поради своята инвазивност, усилено се тения. Прилагането му е особено ефикасно търсят заболявания, които успешно да кон- средство за преодоляване на ефектите на био- тролират разпространението на вида като опа- тичен и абиотичен стрес при хлебната пше- сен плевел. По данни на Sforza et al. (2004) и ница (Stoyanov, 2013). Чрез отдалечената хи- Wan et al. (1997) видът се напада от ограничен бридизация успешно са трансферирани гени брой патогени, включващи видовете Fusarium за устойчивост на фитопатогени, насекомни culmorum, Tilletia bornmuelleri, Ustilago phrygi- неприятели, толерантност към токсичност от ca, Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striformis. Не са алуминий, мед, кадмий (Stoyanov, 2013). съобщавани данни за чувствителност на вида Taeniatherum е монотипен род в семейство към Erysiphe graminis, Puccinia recondita, Sep- Poaceae, състоящ се от вида Taeniatherum caput- toria (Zymoseptoria) tritici. Поради тази причина medusae (L.) Nevski, обединяващ три подвида и поради филогенетичната си близост с хлеб- ssp. caput-medusae, ssp. crinitum, ssp. asperum ната пшеница, видът представлява ценен из- (Frederiksen, 1989). Frederiksen (1994) и Linde- точник на гени за устойчивост към брашнеста Laursen and Frederiksen (1989) съобщават за мана, кафява ръжда и ран листен пригор. успешна хибридизация на вида с обикнове- Heteranthelium също е монотипен род в се- ната зимна пшеница, както и с някои видове мейство Poaceae, който се състои само от вида 18 Heteranthelium piliferum (Banks et Sol.) Hochst нен листен пригор – скалата на Rosielle (Eyal (Sakamoto, 1974). Видът се отличава със сла- et al., 1987). Използваната скала и приравня- ба кръстосваемост с родовете Aegilops, Triti- ването са описани от Stoaynov (2014a). cum, Secale, но са получени успешно хибриди Степента на нападение (СН), изразена като с видовете Eremopyrum bonaepartis, Hordeum процент поразена листна площ за всеки обра- depressum (Sakamoto, 1974). Въпреки че ви- зец е определена по формулата на McKinney дът е потенциален гостоприемник на Erysiphe (McKinney, 1923), а степента на разпростра- graminis (Sepahvand and Mohammadian, 2012) нение (СР) е определена като отношение на и Puccinia striformis (Yahyaoui and Rajaram, болните към незаразените растения от всеки 2012), авторите съобщават за липсата на па- образец, изразено в % (Наков и др., 2007). тогенност на изолатите от тези заболявания Оценяването е извършено при полски усло- върху хлебна пшеница. Eyal et al. (1987) не съ- вия през 2013 и 2014 г. във фаза млечна зря- общава видът да е сред гостоприемниците на лост на образците при естествено представе- ранния листен пригор и петносването на пле- ни раси на патогена. За правилната иденти- вите при пшеницата. Това дава възможност фикация на патогените и отчитане на тяхната Heteranthelium piliferum също да се счита като поява са използвани стандартните сортове за потенциален източник на устойчивост към чувствителност към брашнеста мана (Erysiphe брашнеста мана, видовете ръжди и ранния graminis) – Садовска ранозрейка; кафява листен пригор. и жълта ръжда (Puccinia recondita; Puccinia Целта на настоящето изследване беше да striformis) – Мичиган амбър; ран листен пригор се оцени чувствителността на образци от ви- (Septoria tritici) – Енола. довете Taeniatherum caput-medusae и Heteran- Реколтиране е извършено във фаза пълна thelium piliferum към патогените на брашнеста- зрялост в периода 1-10. VII. 2013 година. От та мана, кафявата и жълтата ръжда и ранния всеки образец на случаен принцип са подбра- листен пригор при естествено представени ни по 10 напълно зрели, без наличие на по- раси на патогена при полски условия, като на ражение от вредители класове. Направена е база морфологичните и физиологичните им морфологична оценка на класовете от всеки характеристики се оцени пригодността им да образец по три показателя, имащи значение участват като изходен материал в хибриди- за отдалечената хибридизация: чупливост на зационните програми на обикновената зимна вретеното (ЧВ), степен на оронване (СО) и пшеница. разклоненост (РК). Показателите ЧВ и РК са определяни по методика, описана от Stoyanov МАТЕРИАл И МЕТОДИ (2014b). СО е измервана като процентно отно- Изследвани са 4 образеца, представители шение на опадалите зърна към общия брой на вида Taeniatherum caput-medusae с произ- при поставянето на класовете за 2 месеца ход от генбанката на IPK-Gatersleben, Герма- при условия на нерегулирана полиетиленова ния и един образец от вида Heteranthelium pil- оранжерия. iferum, получен от NSGC към Министерство на Оценката за пригодност на образците като земеделието на САЩ. По 15 семена от всеки изходен селекционен материал е извършена образец са засявани в редове с дължина 1 m въз основа на чувствителността им към пато- при междуредово разстояние 30 cm и вътре- гени, като е направена корекция спрямо да- редово 5 cm. Сеитбата е извършена на 11. XI. нните от морфологичните показатели. 2012 и 9. XI. 2013 г. в землището на с. Стожер, Добричко. РЕзУлТАТИ И ОбСЪЖДАНЕ За определяне на инфекциозния тип за В табл. 1 и 2 са представени данните за ин- трите патогена е използвана десетстепенна фекциозния тип при изследваните образци за скала, приравнена към съответните скали за двата изследвани периода. Всички растения чувствителност за всеки един от патогените: от Taeniatherum caput-medusae и Heteranthe- за брашнеста мана – скалата на Mains and lium piliferum не показват никакви симптоми Dietz (1930) (по Дочев и др., 2009); за кафя- спрямо патогените на брашнестата мана, ка- ва ръжда – скалата на Coreal Rust Laboratory, фявата ръжда и ранния листен пригор. На- Minnesota, USA (по Дочев и др., 2009); за ра- блюдава се значително нападение (табл. 3 19 и 4) по стандартните сортове, което показва но обусловена устойчивост (Stoyanov, 2014a; наличието на естествено представени раси и Stoyanov, 2013), която е в резултат на еволю- патотипове от патогените. Независимо от за- ционно приспособяване или за пълна имун- сушливия климат, характерен за условията ност в резултат на липса на специализирани на Южна Добруджа силното нападение показ- форми на патогена, еволюирали паралелно ва по-висока агресивност и вирулентност на с растителния гостоприемник. Тъй като Tae- патогените, характерни за района. Stoyanov niatherum caput-medusae (Sforza et al., 2004) и (2014a) съобщава за силно нападение и раз- Heteranthelium piliferum (Sakamoto, 1974) не са нородна проява на същите заболявания вър- характерни за района на изследване видове ху различни представители на род Aegilops. се предполага, че естествено представените Инфекциозният тип върху Aegilops cylindrica, раси на патогените не са специализирани да който е характерен див вид за района, е много ги заразяват, независимо от тяхната агресив- висок, а при видовете, които не се срещат, като ност и вирулентност. Aegilops neglecta, Aegilops ovata и Aegilops spel- Sepahvand and Mohammadian (2012) съоб- toides не е отчетено нападение. При тези видо- щават за нападение от патогена на брашнес- ве често се съобщава за наличие на вертикал- тата мана върху Heteranthelium piliferum в ха- Таблица 1. Инфекциозен тип при изследваните образци от видовете Taeniatherum caput-medusae и Heteranthelium piliferum за 2013 г. Table 1. Infectious type of studied accessions of species Taeniatherum caput-medusae and Heteranthelium piliferum in 2013 № Species Accession EG PR YR ST 1. Taeniatherum caput-medusae GRA1126 R(0) R(0) - R(0) 2. Taeniatherum caput-medusae GRA1086 R(0) R(0) - R(0) 3. Taeniatherum caput-medusae GRA1304 R(0) R(0) - R(0) 4. Taeniatherum caput-medusae GRA866 R(0) R(0) - R(0) 5. Heteranthelium piliferum PI401354 R(0) R(0) - R(0) 6. Triticum aestivum
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