Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary

Volume 23 | Issue 1 Article 47

2007 Index Volume 23

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Recommended Citation (2007) "Index Volume 23," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 23: Iss. 1, Article 47. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol23/iss1/47 Primary indexing terms include taxa, contributing authors, major subjects, and most key words. Additional salient topics are featured if deemed appropriate, including geographic regions, genes and genetic loci, analytical software and concepts, selected informal plant groups, and vegetation types. For reasons of brevity, taxonomic names at the rank of and below are omitted, except where particular species constitute the focus of research. New taxa and combinations are in boldface. Organisms other than monocotyledonous (e.g., outgroup taxa, model organisms, and pollinators, etc.) are listed where they augment the discussion of monocot comparative biology. First authors of papers are cited in conjunction with the title of their article, followed by coauthor names (‘‘et al.’’ follows the first author’s name in contri- butions having three or more authors). Coauthors are entered without the article title. Numbers precede letters in the alphabetical order of the index, unless they are part of a composite term where a subsequent component determines placement: e.g., 18S rDNA is arranged under DNA. The connectors ‘‘and,’’ ‘‘as,’’ ‘‘in,’’ ‘‘or,’’ and ‘‘versus’’ are ignored for the purpose of alphabetical placement. Indexing terms are located to pages where their discussion assumes significant importance and not where they represent merely a passing mention.

Abildgaardia trnL–F analysis of 151–162 in Abildgaardieae phylogeny 149–164 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 151–154, 159– in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79 162 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 Abolboda embryo type of 150 androecium of 230 geographic distribution of 149 gynoecium of 231 ITS analysis of 155–156, 158–160 inflorescence of 227–233 morphology of 150 perianth of 228–230

photosynthetic pathways in (C3 and C4) 101–102, 111, Abromeitiella 161 in phylogeny 7–9, 14–17 rbcL analysis of 79 CAM photosynthesis by 11 relationship with Bulbostylis 150, 161 epiphytism of 12 relationship with Crosslandia 161 geographic origin and distribution of 10–11, 19 relationship with Fimbristylis 104, 150, 161–162 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14 trnL–F analysis of 155–158, 161–162 ndhF analysis of 7–9, 14–17 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 151–154, 159– pollination of 13, 21 162 Acamptoclados Abildgaardieae in phylogeny 574, 576 clades of 150–151 relationship with 595–596, 599, 602 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 79, 81, 149–150 Acanthostachys in Cyperales phylogeny 68 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 34, 36 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94, 96 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 embryo types of 149–150 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 ITS analysis of 151–156, 158–162 Achlaena photosynthetic pathways in 161 biogeography of 509–510, 516 phylogeny of 149–164 New World 505, 507, 509–510, 516 polytomy of 73 in phylogeny 503, 505, 507, 516 rbcL analysis of 73, 79, 81, 149–151 photosynthetic pathway of 516 relationship with Arthrostylideae 81, 149–162 Achlyphila relationship with Eleocharideae 150 androecium of 230 relationship with Fuireneae 150 gynoecium of 231 relationship with Scirpeae 150 inflorescence of 227–233 sister relationships in 150–151 perianth of 228–230 618 Index ALISO

Achnatherum Aechmea subgen. Gravisia 39 geographic distribution of 349, 355 Aechmea subgen. Lamprococcus 29, 35, 39, 41 ITS analysis of 351, 355–357 Aechmea subgen. Macrochordion 29 matK analysis of 342 Aechmea subgen. Ortgiesia 29, 35, 39 ndhF analysis of 342 Aechmea subgen. Platyaechmea 29 ndhH analysis of 342 Aechmea subgen. Podaechmea 29, 38–39 in phylogeny 342 Aechmea subgen. Pothuava 29, 38–39, 41 rbcL analysis of 342 relationship with Anemanthele 355 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 relationship with Jarava 349–350, 355, 359 DMC1 analysis of 365, 367 relationship with 350 EF-G analysis of 363, 367 in phylogeny 349–351, 355–357 mitochondrial genome of 366 Acostia morphological analysis of 365, 368 biogeography of 509–510, 521 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 New World 505, 508–510, 521 in phylogeny 362–363, 365–369 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 521 Aegilops triuncialis photosynthetic pathway of 521 bet-hedging strategy of 296, 298 Acrachne dimorphism in 296–298 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581 inflorescence of 296 New World 581 invasion by 295–300 Acroceras maternal effect on 296–298 biogeography of 511, 519 phenotypic plasticity in 295–300 New World 505, 508, 511, 519 seed dormancy in 296–298 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 519 seed mass of 296–297 photosynthetic pathway of 519 seed production in 298 in Poaceae phylogeny 254 sibling effect on germination 296–298 Actinocladum spikelets of 296 branching of 308 buds of 308 biogeography of 587, 593 Actinoschoenus breeding system of 608–610 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 81, 149 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–574, geographic distribution of 149 577, 581, 584 ITS analysis of 156 ITS analysis of 566, 571 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 trnL–F analysis of 157–158 morphological analysis of 584–585 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 159 New World 581, 584, 587, 593 Actinoscirpus trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 92, 94, 96 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 81 Bromeliaceae origin and distribution in 5, 7, 10–12 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 Chloridoideae in 585 rbcL analysis of 79 Afrotrilepis, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 relationship with Schoenoplectus 81 Agenium Adaptive radiation, of Bromeliaceae 5, 12–14, 19–22 biogeography of 509, 511, 515 adh1, in Poaceae analysis 252 New World 504–505, 509, 511, 515 Aechmea in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 515 AFLP analysis of 37–39 photosynthetic pathway of 515 in Bromeliaceae () phylogeny 8–9, 27, Agmatoploidy 29, 34–39, 41 of Carex 63–64, 193 CAM photosynthesis by 11 of Cyperales 63–64, 66–67 epiphytism of 12 of Rhynchospora 193 geographic origin and distribution of 10 Agnesia leaf and trichome anatomy of 14, 39–40 biogeography of 310 pollination of 13 in Olyrinae () phylogeny 310 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 35–36 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 Aechmea subgen. Aechmea 29, 41 DMC1 analysis of 366–367, 369–370 VOLUME 23 Index 619

EF-G analysis of 366–367, 369–370 Alves, Marccus V. 72–83 mitochondrial genome of 366 Alvimia morphological analysis of 365 in Arthrostylidiinae () phylogeny 308 relationship with 372, 374, 377 biogeography of 308 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 branching of 308 in Triticeae phylogeny 365–370 buds of 308 Agrostideae, in phylogeny 380 fruit of 308 Agrostidinae spikelets of 308 as outgroup in Poa study 422 Amazon Basin, Bromeliaceae origin and distribution in 5, 7, in Pooideae phylogeny 346 10–12 Agrostis Amazonia, Bambusoideae in 311 as outgroup in Poa study 422 Amazonian Region, Panicoideae of 510–511 in Poaceae phylogeny 256 Amblyopyrum in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346–347 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 Aira, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346–347 DMC1 analysis of 365, 367 Airinae EF-G analysis of 367 in Pooideae phylogeny 346–347 mitochondrial genome of 366 relationship with Poa 421–422, 427 morphological analysis of 365–366 Alatae 194 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 Alcantarea in Triticeae phylogeny 365–369 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 28, 34 Ammophila, in Pooideae phylogeny 346 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Ampelodesmeae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 Alinula Ampelodesmos in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 ITS analysis of 351–356 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 matK analysis of 342 rbcL analysis of 80 ndhF analysis of 342 Allolepsis ndhH analysis of 342 biogeography of 587, 593 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 581 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 ITS analysis of 566, 571 rbcL analysis of 342 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Stipeae phylogeny 350–356 New World 581, 587, 593 Amphibromus, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Amphicarpum Allopolyploids biogeography of 509–510, 521 of Bromus 468–471 cleistogamy and chasmogamy in 287–293 of Elymus 372–379 New World 505, 508–510, 521 of Eragrostis 596, 602 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 521 Alloteropsis photosynthetic pathway of 521 New World 505, 508 Amphilophis, in phylogeny 532 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508 Amphiphyllum 6 Alopecurinae placement of genera in 423–424 matK analysis of 342 in phylogeny 421 ndhF analysis of 342 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 ndhH analysis of 341–342, 344 relationship with Poa 421–427, 431–433 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 341–342 Alopecurus rbcL analysis of 342 in Poeae phylogeny 421 Amphiscirpus, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) relationship with Poa 421, 424, 427, 431, 433 in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) analysis 29–33, 35– tribal/subtribal placement of 423 39, 41 Altai Mountain region, variability of Poa in 435, 448 in Carex sect. Ovales analysis 193–203 Altoparadisium Ananas biogeography of 509, 511, 516 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 8–9, 34–36 New World 505, 507, 509, 511, 516 CAM photosynthesis by 11 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507, 516 epiphytism of 12 photosynthetic pathway of 516 geographic origin and distribution of 10, 12 620 Index ALISO

leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 in Panicoideae phylogeny 262, 503–505, 514–516 morphology of 35 photosynthetic pathway of 262, 504, 514–516, 530–531 ndhF analysis of 8–9 PHYB analysis of 531, 537–543 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 phylogeny of 262, 530–544 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 35–36 plastid genome analysis of 262 Anarthriaceae, relationship with Bromeliaceae 27–28 in Poaceae phylogeny 245, 252–254 Anatherostipa, nomenclature for 350 rames of 262 Andean Region, Panicoideae of 510–512 rbcL analysis of 533 Andes relationship with Arundinella 262, 531, 533, 537–542 Bambusoideae in 311 relationship with Arundinelleae 537–541 Bromeliaceae origin and distribution in 5, 7, 10–12, 18– relationship with Paniceae 262 19 rpl16 analysis of 490–500 Androdioecy/andromonoecy 605–614 spikelets of 261–262, 504, 530–531, 543 Androlepis tb1 analysis of 531, 541–543 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 34, 36 trnL analysis of 530–544 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 trnL–F analysis of 262, 530–544 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Andropogoninae Andropogon in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 531–532, 538–540, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 530–532, 534, 537– 542 542 biogeography of 514–515 biogeography of 514, 541 ITS analysis of 538 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 494–496 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 cleistogamy in 286 New World 504, 506, 514–515 inclusion in 542 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–504, 514–515 ITS analysis of 534, 538, 541 photosynthetic pathways in 514–515 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 trnL–F analysis of 539 morphological analysis of 494, 541 Andropogonodae, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 531 ndhF analysis of 494–496 Andropogonoideae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 New World 504–505, 514 Androtrichum, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 514 Anemanthele photosynthetic pathways in 514 hilum of 355 PHYB analysis of 541 ITS analysis of 355–357 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 relationship with Achnatherum 355 spikelets of 286 relationship with Austrostipa 355, 358 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539, 541 of 355 Andropogon sect. Gymnanthelia 532, 542 in Stipeae phylogeny 350, 355–357 Andropogon subgen. Cymbopogon 532, 542 Animal pollination, of Hypolytreae 77 Andropogon subgen. Heterozygi 532 Aniselytron, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Andropogon subgen. Isozygi 532 Anisopogon Andropogoneae ITS analysis of 351, 355–356 awned versus awnless 262 matK analysis of 342 base chromosome number of 504 ndhF analysis of 342 biogeography of 509, 511, 514–516 ndhH analysis of 342 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 487, 491– in Poaceae phylogeny 239, 242–244, 342 500 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 chloroplast DNA analysis of 530–544 rbcL analysis of 342 core 262 in Stipeae phylogeny 350–351, 355–356 core clade of 542 Anomochloa economic and ecological importance of 530 matK analysis of 342 inflorescence of 530–531 ndhF analysis of 240, 242, 248–249, 341–342, 344 ITS analysis of 262, 530–544 ndhH analysis of 341–342 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–543 in Poaceae phylogeny 239–244, 248–249, 251, 254, morphological analysis of 504 341–342, 344 ndhF analysis of 262, 490–500, 530–544 rbcL analysis of 342 New World 504–506, 509, 511, 514–516, 530 Anomochloeae Old World 530 in phylogeny 303 VOLUME 23 Index 621

in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 odoratum Anomochlooideae diploids of 472–484 matK analysis of 342 geographic distribution of 472 ndhF analysis of 242, 248–249, 342, 344 glume length of 474–475, 480 ndhH analysis of 342 height of 474–475 New World, classification and biogeography of 304– leaf anatomy of 473–480 305, 311 morphological characters of 473–474, 482–484 phylogeny of 303 relationship with Anthoxanthum alpinum 472–484 in Poaceae phylogeny 238–243, 248–255, 260, 303– spikelets of 474–477, 480 304, 341–342, 344 Apluda rbcL analysis of 342 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 534, 538–540 Anthaenantia inflorescence of 530 biogeography of 509, 521 ITS analysis of 534, 538 New World 505, 508–509, 521 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 521 New World 504–505 photosynthetic pathway of 521 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 Anthaenantiopsis trnL–F analysis of 534, 539 biogeography of 509, 511, 521–522 Apoclada New World 505, 508–509, 511, 521–522 biogeography of 309 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 521–522 in Guaduinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny 309 photosynthetic pathway of 521–522 Araeococcus relationship with Paspalum and Thrasya 547–548, 550– in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 36 551, 553 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Aratitiyopea Anthephora geographic distribution of 227 New World 505, 507 inflorescence of 227–233 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503, 505, 507 in Xyridaceae phylogeny 227, 232 in Poaceae phylogeny 254 Aratitiyopea lopezii Anthephoreae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 androecium of 230 Anthephorinae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 calyx of 228–230 Anthistiriinae corolla of 228 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 532, 538–542 gynoecium of 230–232 biogeography of 515 inclusion in Navia 227 ITS analysis of 538 inflorescence architecture and floral morphology of ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 227–233 New World 504–506 perianth of 228–230 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 515 in Xyridaceae phylogeny 227 photosynthetic pathways in 515 Archambault, Annie 420–434 trnL–F analysis of 539 Arctagrostis Anthochloa in Poeae phylogeny 421 in Poa phylogeny 421, 429–431 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 relationship with Poa 421, 424, 427, 431, 433 Anthoxanthum tribal/subtribal placement of 423 geographic distribution of 472 Arctophila Hierochloe¨ inclusion in 472 relationship with Poa 421, 427, 431 morphological/anatomical analysis of species 472–484 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 as outgroup in Poa study 422 Arctopoa in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 in Poa phylogeny 421, 429, 431 Anthoxanthum alpinum tribal/subtribal placement of 423 geographic distribution of 472 glume length of 474–475, 480 Chloridoideae in 583, 585–588 height of 474–475 Panicoideae of 510–511 leaf anatomy of 473–480 Aristida morphological characters of 473–474, 482–484 ITS analysis of 567, 571 relationship with Anthoxanthum odoratum 472–484 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 spikelets of 474–477, 480 morphological analysis of 493–494 622 Index ALISO

ndhF analysis of 493–496 leaf blade of 308 as outgroup in Chloridoideae study 567 morphological analysis of 323, 326, 329 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 ndhF analysis of 308, 329 rpl16 analysis of 493–494, 496 phylogeny of 308 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 relationship with Chusqueinae 316 , in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 relationship with Guaduinae 308–309 Aristidoideae rhizomes of 308 leaf anatomy of 261 rpl16 analysis of 308, 327, 329 matK analysis of 342 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 morphological analysis of 494, 497 spikelets of 308 ndhF analysis of 342, 490, 494–497 synflorescence of 308 ndhH analysis of 342 Arthrostylidium in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 242–243, 250–254, 260– in Andes 311 261, 335, 341–342 in Arthrostylidiinae phylogeny 308–309 rbcL analysis of 342 in Bambuseae phylogeny 308–309, 317, 326–328 rpl16 analysis of 490, 494, 496–497 biogeography of 308–309, 311 synapomorphy of 261 branching of 308 Arriaga, Mirta 349–361 buds of 308 Arthraxon internode lengths of 308 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 534, 538–542 morphological analysis of 324, 326 ITS analysis of 534, 538 rpl16 analysis of 327 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 morphological analysis of 541 Arthrostylis New World 504–505 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 81, 149 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 geographic distribution of 149 relationship with Arundinella 541 ITS analysis of 156 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 Arthraxoninae, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262 rbcL analysis of 79 Arthropogon trnL–F analysis of 81, 157–158 biogeography of 509, 511, 517 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 159 New World 505, 507, 509, 511, 517 Arundinaria in Panicoideae phylogeny 503, 505, 507, 517 in Arundinariinae phylogeny 307 photosynthetic pathway of 517 in Bambuseae phylogeny 307, 326–328 Arthropogoninae biogeography of 307 biogeography of 510–511, 516–517 morphological analysis of 324, 326, 494 New World 504–507, 510–511, 516–517 ndhF analysis of 494–496 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 507, 516–517 in Poaceae phylogeny 237–239, 242–246 photosynthetic pathway of 507, 516–517 rpl16 analysis of 322, 327, 494, 496 spikelets of 507 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 Arthrostylideae Arundinariinae buds of 308 in Bambuseae phylogeny 306–307, 315–317, 326–328 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 81, 149 biogeography of 307 ITS analysis of 156 morphological analysis of 326 photosynthetic pathway of 161 phylogeny of 307 relationship with Abildgaardieae 81, 149–162 rhizomes of 307 relationship with Schoeneae 160 rpl16 analysis of 327 Arthrostylidiinae rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 in Andes 311 in Bambuseae phylogeny 308–309, 315–316, 323–330 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 biogeography of 308–309, 311 Thysanolaena placement in 509 branching of 308 Arundinella culms of 308–309 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 487, in eastern 311 494–497 fruit of 308 ITS analysis of 534, 538, 541 in Guayana Highlands, 311 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540–541 internode lengths of 308 morphological analysis of 494 VOLUME 23 Index 623

ndhF analysis of 494–496 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508–509, 529 New World 504–505 photosynthetic pathway of 529 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496, 498 relationship with Andropogoneae 262, 531, 533–534, Ascolepis 538–540, 542 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 spikelets of 262 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539, 541 rbcL analysis of 80 Arundinelleae Asterochaete, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 biogeography of 516 Athroostachys in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 487, 491– branching of 308 500 buds of 308 geographic distribution of 504 Atlantic Province, Panicoideae of 511 ndhF analysis of 490–500 atpB New World 504–506, 516 in Bromeliaceae analysis 19 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–506, 516 in Poaceae analysis 248 photosynthetic pathway of 504, 516 in Rhodocoma analysis 213–214, 217–218 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–254 Atractantha relationship with Andropogoneae 537–541 in Arthrostylidiinae phylogeny 308 rpl16 analysis of 490–500 in Bambuseae phylogeny 308, 326–328 Thysanolaena placement in 509 biogeography of 308 branching of 308 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 499 buds of 308 Eriachneae placement in 503 florets of 308 matK analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 324, 326 morphological analysis of 494, 497 rpl16 analysis of 327 ndhF analysis of 342, 490, 497 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 ndhH analysis of 342, 494–496 spikelets of 308 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504 Aulonemia in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 241–243, 248, 250–254, in Andes 311 260, 335, 342 in Arthrostylidiinae phylogeny 308–309 rbcL analysis of 342 in Bambuseae phylogeny 308–309, 326–328 relationship with Centothecoideae 488 biogeography of 308–309, 311 rpl16 analysis of 490, 494, 496–497 branching of 308 Steyermarkochloeae placement in 503, 508 buds of 308 Arundo internode lengths of 308 culms of 325 morphological analysis of 324, 326 ITS analysis of 567, 571 rpl16 analysis of 322, 327 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 matK analysis of 342 Austral blackbird pollination, of Puya 13 morphological analysis of 494 , Chloridoideae in 585 ndhF analysis of 342, 494–496 ‘‘Australopoa’’ group, of Poa 421, 430, 432 ndhH analysis of 342 Australopyrum as outgroup in Chloridoideae study 567 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 DMC1 analysis of 366–367, 370 rbcL analysis of 342 EF-G analysis of 366–367, 370 relationship with Steyermarkochloa 508 mitochondrial genome of 366 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 morphological analysis of 365 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 Arundoclaytonia in Triticeae phylogeny 362, 365–370 biogeography of 509–510, 529 W genome transfer to Elymus 372 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 494–498, Austrochloa, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 572 500 Austrodanthonia, in phylogeny 261 morphological analysis of 494 Austrofestuca ndhF analysis of 493–498, 508 ITS analysis of 414–415 New World 505, 508–510, 529 in Poa phylogeny 421, 429–431 624 Index ALISO

relationship with 407–408 ndhF analysis of 342 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 ndhH analysis of 342 Austrostipa Old World taxa, in New World 309 geographic distribution of 355 in Poaceae phylogeny 238–239, 242–245, 341–342 ITS analysis of 351, 354–359 rbcL analysis of 342 relationship with Anemanthele 355, 358 rpl16 analysis of 322, 327 relationship with Hesperostipa 358 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 in Stipeae phylogeny 350–351, 354–360 Bambuseae subgeneric classification of 359 Arundinariinae ϩ Shibataeinae clade of 306–307 Austrostipa subgen. Arbuscula 352, 359 in Bambusoideae phylogeny 303, 306–307, 315 Austrostipa subgen. Aulax 352 branch patterns of 315, 320 Austrostipa subgen. Austrostipa 352, 359 branching of 321–322, 325 Austrostipa subgen. Bambusina 352, 359 buds of 320–322, 325 Austrostipa subgen. Ceres 352 culms of 306, 315, 320, 325 Austrostipa subgen. Eremophilae 352 Euchusquea clade of 329 Austrostipa subgen. Falcateae 353, 359 flowers of 306, 315, 321, 325 Austrostipa subgen. Lancea 353 foliage leaves of 315, 320, 325 Austrostipa subgen. Lanterna 353 foliar anatomy of 321 Austrostipa subgen. Lobatae 353, 359 foliar micromorphology of 321 Austrostipa subgen. Longiaristatae 353, 359 fruit of 321 Austrostipa subgen. Petaurista 353 GBSSI analysis of 330 Austrostipa subgen. Tuberculateae 353, 359 geographic distribution of 315 Avena glumes of 320 ndhF analysis of 341 Guaduinae ϩ Arthrostylidiinae clade of 308–309, 311, in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 341 315–316, 323–325, 329–330 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 in Guayana Highlands, Venezuela 311 Aveneae Laurasian distribution of 307 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382 lemmas of 320 in Poaceae phylogeny 251–253, 255–256, 421 life cycle of 320 in Pooideae phylogeny 335, 345–347, 380–381 monophyly of 306, 315, 323–325 Avenella, in Pooideae phylogeny 343 morphological analysis of 317, 320–326 Aveninae morphology of 306 as outgroup in Poa study 422 ndhF analysis of 315–316, 323–325, 329–330 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 Neotropical clade of 307, 315, 323 Avenula, in Pooideae phylogeny 347 New World, classification and biogeography of 306– Axonopus 310 biogeography of 509–511 north temperate clade of 306–307, 309, 315–317, 323, New World 504–506, 508–511 329–330 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 508 Old World 306 photosynthetic pathway of 511 Old World taxa, in New World 309–310 Ayensua one-flowered, determinate genera of 315–332 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 14–16, 28, 34, origins of 307 39 Paleotropical clade of 307, 315, 323, 329–330 in Bromelioideae phylogeny 34 phylogeny of 306–310, 315–332 geographic origin and distribution of 9–10 plastid genome analysis of 316 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14 in Poaceae phylogeny 245–246, 251–254 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 14–16 rbcL analysis of 330 pollination of 13 rhizomes of 306, 315, 320 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 rpl16 analysis of 315–316, 319–330 trnL analysis of 28 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) 64, 68 spikelets of 306, 320–321, 325 Bagnall, Neil 349–361 synflorescences of 320 Bambusa trnL–F analysis of 329–330 in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–329 Bambusinae matK analysis of 342 in Bambuseae phylogeny 316, 323, 326–328, 330 morphological analysis of 324, 326 morphological analysis of 326 VOLUME 23 Index 625

Old World taxa, in New World 309 Beckmannia relationship with Hickelinae 316 in Poeae phylogeny 421 rpl16 analysis of 327, 330 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 relationship with Poa 421, 427, 433 Bambusoideae tribal/subtribal placement of 423 in Amazonia 311 Becquerelia in Andes 311 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 arm cells of 306, 315 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 Bambuseae one-flowered, determinate genera 315–332 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 Centotheceae placement in 503 rbcL analysis of 78 core 303 Bee pollination, of Bromeliaceae 13 in eastern Brazil 311 Bell, Hester L. 565–579 foliage leaves of 306 Bellardiochloa fusoid cells of 303, 306 in Poeae phylogeny 380, 421 in Guayana Highlands, Venezuela 311 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 leaf blades of 303 relationship with Poa 421, 424, 427, 431, 433 matK analysis of 342 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 in Mesoamerican mountains 311 BEP clade, of Poaceae 237, 239, 241, 246, 248, 255, 260, monophyly of 315 263–264, 303–304, 335, 341–342, 345, 487 morphology of 303, 306 Berry, Paul E. 3–26, 193–203 ndhF analysis of 242, 248–249, 342, 490 Billbergia ndhH analysis of 342 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 34, 36 New World, classification and biogeography of 306– trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 311 Bird pollination, of Bromeliaceae 5, 11–13, 21–22 papillae of 306 Bisboeckelera, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 phylogeny of 303, 306–311, 323 Bisboeckelereae in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 239, 242–243, 245, 248– in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 77–78 253, 255, 260, 303–304, 315, 335, 342, 345 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 pseudospikelets of 303 monophyly of 73 rbcL analysis of 342 rbcL analysis of 73, 77–78 relationship with Ehrhartoideae 305, 307 relationship with Sclerieae 77 relationship with Steyermarkochloeae 508 Blackbird pollination, of Puya 13 rpl16 analysis of 490 ‘‘Bladder sedges’’ 179–180, 186–187 synflorescences of 303 Blepharidachne BAPO clade, of Poa 421, 427–429, 432 biogeography of 593 Barbacenia in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 581 as outgroup in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) study 33 ITS analysis of 566, 571 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Barbed goatgrass. See Aegilops triuncialis New World 581, 593 Barkworth, Mary 349–361 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Bat pollination, of Bromeliaceae 13 Blepharoneuron Baumea biogeography of 593 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–575, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 581, 584 rbcL analysis of 78 ITS analysis of 566, 571 Bayer, Randall 349–361 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Bealia morphological analysis of 575, 584–585 biogeography of 593 New World 581, 584, 593 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–575, trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 581, 584 Bluegrass. See Poa ITS analysis of 566, 571 Blysmus ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79 morphological analysis of 575, 584–585 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 111 New World 581, 584, 593 rbcL analysis of 79 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Boivinella, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 626 Index ALISO

Boivinelleae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 rbcL analysis of 342 Boivinellinae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 relationship with Stipeae 350–351, 355–356 Bolboschoenus Brachypodieae in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 81 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 92, 94, 96 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 ITS analysis of 156 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 112 molecular analysis of 390–392, 414–415 rbcL analysis of 79, 81 morphological analysis of 387, 394 trnL–F analysis of 157–158 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 159 ndhF analysis of 341, 343–344 Bothriochloa as outgroup in Festuca study 407, 414–415 amphitropical disjuncts in 511 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382, 387, 390–392, 394, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 532, 534, 537–542 397 biogeography of 515 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 341 ITS analysis of 534, 538, 541 in Pooideae phylogeny 343 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 Bract(s). See also specific taxa morphological analysis of 541 of Juncaceae 55, 60 ndhF analysis of 541 Brazil New World 504–505, 515 Chloridoideae in 583, 585–588 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 515 Panicoideae in 509–511 photosynthetic pathways in 515 Brazilian Region, Panicoideae of 511 PHYB analysis of 541 Brazilian Shield, Bromeliaceae origin and distribution in 5, tb1 analysis of 541 7, 10–12 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539, 541 Breeding systems Bouchenak-Khelladi, Yanis 248–258 in 605–614 Bouteloua evolution of dioecy 605–614 biogeography of 585, 587–589, 593 phylogenetic study of 606 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 568, 570–571, 573, Brewcaria 575, 577–578, 580–581, 583–584 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 4, 7–9, 14–18, 28 dicliny (breeding systems) in 605–614 CAM photosynthesis by 11 inflorescence of 606 epiphytism of 12 ITS analysis of 566, 568, 571, 577, 606 geographic origin and distribution of 10–11 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 morphological analysis of 575, 584 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 New World 581, 583–585, 587–589, 593 ndhF analysis of 4, 7–9, 14–18 spikelets of 606–613 pollination of 13 trnL analysis of 606 , in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570, 577, 606 Brizinae, in Poeae (Pooideae) phylogeny 380 Boutelouinae . See also Sequencia biogeography of 587, 590, 593 adaptive radiation of 7 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 575, 578, 581–584 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 14–16, 21, 28, morphological analysis of 584 34, 39 New World 581–584, 587, 590, 593 CAM photosynthesis by 11 Brachiaria epiphytism of 12, 19 New World 507 geographic origin and distribution of 9–10, 18–19 in Panicoideae phylogeny 507 growth form of 15, 22 Brachyelytreae leaf and trichome anatomy of 14, 20 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 in Pooideae phylogeny 345 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 14–16, 21 Brachyelytrum nutrient capture in 22 ITS analysis of 351, 355–356 pollination of 13 matK analysis of 342 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 ndhF analysis of 342 trnL analysis of 28 ndhH analysis of 342 Brocchinia serrata. See Sequencia serrata in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 Brocchinia uaipanensis 15 in Pooideae phylogeny 341 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 15 VOLUME 23 Index 627

growth form of 15 ndhF analysis of 3–26, 28 morphology of 15 nomenclature/nomenclature changes for 15–18, 26 ndhF analysis of 15 phylogeny of 3–9, 14–18, 27–43 Brocchinioideae 15 in phylogeny 4, 19, 27–28 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 9, 15–16 pollination of 5, 11–13, 21–22 CAM photosynthesis by 11 rbcL analysis of 19, 28 epiphytism of 12 rps16 analysis of 4 geographic origin and distribution of 10 seeds of, winged versus plumose 3, 8, 21 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 subfamilies of 3, 15–18 morphology of 15 tank habits among 20–21 ndhF analysis of 9, 15–16 trichome anatomy of 5, 13–14, 19–22, 27, 44–52 pollination of 13, 21 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Bromeae trnL analysis of 16, 28, 33–35 Bromus position in 450 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 33–36 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 trnL–F analysis of 29, 33–35 in Pooideae phylogeny 345 trnT–L analysis of 29, 33–35 relationship with Triticeae 450 type I–IV 20–21, 39 Bromelia undifferentiated chlorenchyma among 13–14 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 8–9, 36 xeromorphic genera of 7–8 CAM photosynthesis by 11 ‘‘Bromeliad revolution’’ 20 epiphytism of 12 Bromelioideae geographic origin and distribution of 10, 12 AFLP analyses of 29–33, 35–39, 41 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 ancestral stock of 41 ndhF analysis of 8–9 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 15, 28–29, 34, pollination of 13 35, 40–41 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 CAM photosynthesis by 11–12, 19 Bromeliaceae core group of 29, 35, 41 adaptive radiation of 5, 12–14, 19–22 epiphytism of 12, 19–21 AFLP analyses of 29–33, 35–39, 41 evolution of 28–29 atmospheric 20–21, 44 fleshy fruit of 3, 8, 12 atpB analysis of 19 geographic origin and distribution of 9–10, 12, 18–19, CAM photosynthesis by 4–5, 11–12, 16, 19–20, 28, 41 28–29, 41 carnivory among 21 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14, 19–21, 33, 39– cladogenetic events within 4–5, 9 41 concerted convergence in 14, 16, 22 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 15 dispersion and range size of 21 phylogeny of 27–43 18S rDNA analysis of 19 pitcairnioid ancestor of 18–19 drought adaptations among 5, 12, 19–21 pollination of 12–13 ecological types of 20–21, 39 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 epiphytism among 4–5, 12, 19–21, 28 trnL analysis of 28–29, 33–35 fossil record of 5 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 33–36 fruit of 3, 8, 12, 21 trnL–F analysis of 29, 33–35 generic delimitation in 27 trnT–L analysis of 29, 33–35 growth forms of 22 Bromuniola historical biogeography of 5, 9–12, 18–19 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, hypodermal sclerenchyma among 13–14 494–498, 500 internal water-storage tissue among 13–14, 19–21, geographic distribution of 489 39–40 morphological analysis of 494, 498 ladderlike organization of clades in 7–8 ndhF analysis of 494–496 leaf traits of 5, 12–14, 19–22, 33, 39–41 rpl16 analysis of 493–494, 496 matK analysis of 3–4, 15, 28 spikelets of 489 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 Bromus molecular analysis of 3, 27–28 allopolyploids of 468–471 molecular clock analysis of 5, 9–12 in Bromeae phylogeny 450 morphological analysis of 3 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 450–467 multigene analysis of, need for 17, 20 clades of 452 628 Index ALISO

DMC1 analysis of 363, 367, 369–370 geographic distribution of 149 EF-G analysis of 365, 367, 369–370 ITS analysis of 155–156, 158–162 future directions in study of 463 morphology of 150 hybridization of 450 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 112 incongruity among data partitions 458–460 rbcL analysis of 79, 81, 151 mitochondrial genome of 366 relationship with Abildgaardia 150, 161 morphological analysis of 365, 450–451 relationship with Crosslandia 161 ndhF analysis of 450–467 relationship with Fimbristylis 150, 161 as outgroup in Elymus study 374 trnL–F analysis of 81, 156–158, 161–162 as outgroup in Triticeae study 363, 365–370 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 159–162 phylogeny of 450–467 C3 photosynthesis in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 450 in Abildgaardieae 161 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 345, 450 in Arthrostylideae 161 and classification of 450–452 in Chloridoideae 565 total evidence (combined) analysis of 368–369 in Cyperaceae 99–148 trnL analysis of 450–467 in Paniceae 262 Bromus sect. Boissiera 452–453, 463 in Panicoideae 504, 511–512, 514–529 Bromus sect. Bromopsis 451–454, 456–459, 461–463 C4 photosynthesis Bromus sect. Bromus in Abildgaardieae 161 in Bromus phylogeny 451–453, 455–461, 463 in Chloridoideae 565, 580 relationship with Bromus sect. Genea 468–471 in Cyperaceae 99–148 Bromus sect. Ceratochloa 451–453, 455–459, 462–463 in Paniceae 262 Bromus sect. Genea in Panicoideae 504, 511–512, 514–529 in Bromus phylogeny 451–453, 455–461, 463 in Paspalum 545 isozyme analysis of 468–471 Calamagrostis, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 morphological analysis of 468 Calamovilfa Bromus sect. Neobromus 452–453, 455–459, 462–463 biogeography of 589, 594 Bromus sect. Nevskiella 452–453, 463 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–576, Bromus sect. Pnigma 462 581, 583–584 Bromus sect. Triniusia 452–453, 455–461, 463 ITS analysis of 566, 571, 576 Bruhl, Jeremy J. 72–83, 149–164 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Bruhl, Jeremy J. and Karen L. Wilson—Towards a compre- morphological analysis of 575–576, 583–584 hensive survey of C and C photosynthetic 3 4 New World 581, 583–584, 589, 594 pathways in Cyperaceae 99–148 relationship with Eragrostis 600 Bruneau, Anne 84–98 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Bud(s), of Arthrostylideae 308 Calderonella Buergersiochloa biogeography of 509–510, 516 in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–328 in Centothecoideae Panicoideae phylogeny 489, in Bambusoideae phylogeny 303 ϩ biogeography of 310–311 494–500 fimbriae of 311 geographic distribution of 489 lemma of 311 morphological analysis of 494, 498–499 morphological analysis of 317, 324, 326 ndhF analysis of 494–496 in Olyreae phylogeny 303, 310–311 New World 505–506, 509–510, 516 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–245 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505–506, 516 relationship with Ekmanochloa 310 photosynthetic pathways in 516 rpl16 analysis of 327 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 spikelets of 489, 498–499 stamen number of 317 , Aegilops triuncialis invasion in 295–300 unisexuality 311 Calotheca Buergersiochloinae 311 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 Bulbostylis tribal/subtribal placement of 423 in Abildgaardieae phylogeny 149–164 Calyptrocarya, photosynthetic pathway in 102 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 81 CAM photosynthesis, among Bromeliaceae 4–5, 11–12, 16, 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 19–20, 28, 41 embryo type of 150 Campbell, Lisa M. and Dennis Wm. Stevenson—Inflores- VOLUME 23 Index 629

cence architecture and floral morphology of geographic distribution of 165 Aratitiyopea lopezii (Xyridaceae) 227–233 global versus regional treatment of 165 Canada, Panicoideae in 509–510 habitats of 165 Canastra holocentric chromosomes of 63–64, 193 biogeography of 509, 511, 522 ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL–F analysis of, combined 165– New World 505, 508–509, 511, 522 192 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 522 in New Zealand 418 photosynthetic pathway of 522 photosynthesis in 147 Canistropsis, in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 29 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 105, 113–114 Canistrum polyploidy in 193–194 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 8–9, 29, 34 primitive species of 166 CAM photosynthesis by 11 rbcL analysis of 79 epiphytism of 12 relationship with other genera of Cariceae 166 geographic origin and distribution of 10 rps16 analysis of 57–58 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 speciation in 193–194 ndhF analysis of 8–9 trnL–F analysis of 57–58, 180 pollination of 13 vegetative anatomy of 99 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Carex bicknellii group 199–202 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Carex brevior group 199–202 Cape Floristic Region Carex lupulina, BAC library of 68 ecological parameters in 215–216 Carex subgen. Carex Rhodocoma from, phylogeny and historical ecology of in Cariceae phylogeny 176–179, 183–189 213–226 ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL–F analysis of, combined 166, Capeobolus 174–179 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72 primitive wetland versus advanced dry land 188 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 112 relationship with Carex subgen. Vignea 188 Capillipedium relationship with Carex subgen. Vigneastra 181 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 534, 537–542 relationships among sects. Ceratocystis, Spirostachyae, ITS analysis of 534, 538, 541 Rhynchocystis, and Rostrales 187 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 relationships among sects. Clandestinae, Acrocystis, morphological analysis of 541 Pictae, and Lamprochlaenae 188 ndhF analysis of 541 relationships among sects. Laxiflorae, Paniceae, Gri- PHYB analysis of 541 seae, and Careyanae 187–188 tb1 analysis of 541 relationships among sects. Racemosae, Scitae, Limosae, trnL–F analysis of 534, 539, 541 and Phacocystis 188 Capitularina variability between species 174–175 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Abditispicae 177, 179 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 112 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Acrocystis 166, 177, 188

Carbon dioxide (CO2) compensation point, in Cyperaceae Carex subgen. Carex sect. Anomalae 177 99–100 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Aulocystis 177, 179, 182 Carbon isotope ratio (␦13C value), in Cyperaceae Carex subgen. Carex sect. Carex 177, 179, 186–187 99–100 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Careyanae 177, 179, 182, 187– Carex 188 agmatoploidy of 63–64, 193 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Ceratocystis 177, 179, 182, 187 BAC studies of 68 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Clandestinae 177, 179, 188 in Cariceae phylogeny 165–192 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Collinsiae 177, 179, 182, 186– chromosome distribution patterns in 65 187 chromosome evolution in 63–68, 193–203 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Depauperatae 177, 179 chromosome numbers of 63, 65–68 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Gracillimae 185 chromosome races in, C-value measurement of 63 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Griseae 177, 179, 182, 187–188 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 58, 72, 79, 84 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Hallerianae 177, 179, 185–186 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Hirtae 186 5.8S rDNA insertion in 85, 87, 92, 94 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Hirtifoliae 177, 179, 185–186 economic uses of 84 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Hymenochlaenae 166, 177, 179, ETS-1f analysis of 179–180 182, 185–186 genome size of 66–68 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Lamprochlaenae 177, 179, 188 630 Index ALISO

Carex subgen. Carex sect. Laxiflorae 177, 179, 182, 187– Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Dispermae 177 188 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Divisae 184 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Limosae 177, 179, 188 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Foetidae 181 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Longicaules 177, 179, 185–186 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Glareosae 176–177, 180, 184 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Longirostres 185 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Heleoglochin 180, 184 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Lupulinae 68, 177, 179, 186–187 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Macrocephalae 184 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Paludosae 177, 179, 186–187 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Multiflorae 180, 184 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Paniceae 177, 179, 182, 187–188 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Ovales Carex subgen. Carex sect. Phacocystis 177, 179, 182, 187– AFLP analysis of 193–203 188 bicknellii group of 199–202 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Phyllostachyae 168 brevior group of 199–202 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Physocarpae 186 in Cariceae phylogeny 176–177, 180, 184 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Pictae 188 chromosome evolution in 193–203 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Porocystis 177, 179, 185–186 chromosome patterns in 199–200, 202 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Pseudocypereae 186 eastern North American clades of 194, 199–202 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Racemosae 177, 179, 187–188 ETS analysis of 194 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Rhynchocystis 177, 179, 186–187 geographic distribution of 194 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Rostrales 177, 179, 182, 186–187 ITS analysis of 194 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Scirpinae 177 tenera group of 199–201 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Scitae 188 tribuloides group of 199–201 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Shortianae 177, 179 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Phaestoglochin 176–177, 180– Carex subgen. Carex sect. Spirostachyae 177, 179, 187 181, 184 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Squarrosae 177, 179, 186–187 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Physoglochin 176–177, 180, 183 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Sylvatica 185 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Stellulatae 176–177, 180, 184, Carex subgen. Carex sect. Triquetra 185 194 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Tumidae 186 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Vulpinae 177, 180, 184 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Vesicariae 177, 179, 186–187 Carex subgen. Vigneastra Carex subgen. Carex sect. Virescentes 185–186 in Cariceae phylogeny 176–179, 183–185, 188–189 Carex subgen. Carex sect. Viridiflorae 185 ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL–F analysis of, combined 166– Carex subgen. Kreczetoviczia 188 173, 176–179 Carex subgen. Kuekenthalia 186–187 as possible progenitor 185 Carex subgen. Primocarex 166 relationship with Carex subgen. Carex 181 in Cariceae phylogeny 184, 186 Carex subgen. Vigneastra sect. Baccantes 177, 179 ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL–F analysis of, combined 166 Carex subgen. Vigneastra sect. Indicae 177, 179, 187 Carex subgen. Psyllophora 166 Carex subgen. Vigneastra sect. Polystachyae 177, 179 in Cariceae phylogeny 183 Carex tenera group 199–201 Carex subgen. Psyllophora sect. Aciculares 169 Carex tribuloides group 199–201 Carex subgen. Psyllophora sect. Dornera 169 Caribbean Carex subgen. Psyllophora sect. Leptocephalae 170 Bromeliaceae in 5, 7, 10–12 Carex subgen. Psyllophora sect. Leucoglochin 187 Chloridoideae in 585–588 Carex subgen. Psyllophora sect. Obtusatae 170 Panicoideae in 509–511 Carex subgen. Psyllophora sect. Psyllophora 170 Cariceae Carex subgen. Psyllophora sect. Rupestres 170 androgynous versus gynecandrous 176, 184, 188–189 Carex subgen. Vignea ‘‘backbone’’ tree of 189 androgynous versus gynecandrous 176, 184 ‘‘bladder sedges’’ 179–180, 186–187 in Cariceae phylogeny 176, 180–181, 183–184, 188– clade A (Core Unspicate Clade) of 175, 178, 183, 188 189 clade B (Schoenoxiphium Clade) of 175–176, 178, 183, compound inflorescences in 184 188 ITS, ETS-1f, trnL–F, and trnE–D analysis of, combined clade C (Vignea Clade) of 176, 178, 183–184, 188 166–174, 176, 180–181, 189 clade D (Core Carex Clade) of 176–179, 184–189 as possible progenitor 188 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 77, 82, 84 relationship with Carex subgen. Carex 188 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 variability between species 174 5.8S rDNA insertion in 85, 87, 94, 96 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Chordorrhizae 181, 184 ETS-1f analysis of 166, 179–180 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Curvulae 170 flowers of 81 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Deweyanae 177, 180, 184 geographic patterns in 165, 189 VOLUME 23 Index 631

ITS analysis of 166, 179 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 as model system 189 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 114 monophyly of 73 rbcL analysis of 78 nested ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL analysis of 165–192 Cayouette, Jacques 450–467 phylogeny of 165–192 Celtica, in Stipeae phylogeny 349 rbcL analysis of 73, 77 Cenchrinae relationship with Dulichieae 78–81 biogeography of 517 relationship with Scirpeae 77–81 morphological analysis of 507 relationships among major clades in 175–176 ndhF analysis of 507 trnT–L analysis of 166, 180 New World 504–507, 517 utricle of 81 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 507, 517 Caricoideae photosynthetic pathway of 517 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72–73, 79, 82 Cenchrus 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87 biogeography of 510, 517 monophyly of 73 New World 505, 507, 510, 517 rbcL analysis of 72–73, 79 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507, 517 Caris, Pieter 204–209 photosynthetic pathway of 517 Carnivory, among Bromeliaceae 21 Centotheca Carpha in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, 493– in Cyperaceae phylogeny 77–78 500 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 geographic distribution of 489 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 114 morphological analysis of 494 rbcL analysis of 77–78 ndhF analysis of 494–496, 498 Castellia in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 rpl16 analysis of 493–494, 496 molecular analysis of 389–392 spikelets of 489 morphological analysis of 387, 394–395, 399 Centotheceae morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 in Bambusoideae phylogeny 503 Catabrosa biogeography of 510, 516 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 488, 491– relationship with Poa 421–422, 427 500 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 ndhF analysis of 490–500 Catabrosella, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 New World 504–506, 510, 516 Catala´n, Pilar et al.—A systematic approach to subtribe Lo- in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–506, 516 liinae (Poaceae: Pooideae) based on phyloge- photosynthetic pathways in 516 netic evidence 380–405 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 rpl16 analysis of 490–500 morphological analysis of 387, 394 spikelets of 506 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 Centothecoideae in Poeae phylogeny 381, 403 geographic distribution of 488–489 relationship with Loliinae 382, 387, 394, 397 leaf anatomy of 488 Cathariostachys morphological analysis of 488, 491–492, 494 in Bambuseae phylogeny 323, 326–328, 330 ndhF analysis of 344, 487–502 morphological analysis of 324, 326, 330 phylogeny of 487–491, 499 rpl16 analysis of 327 in Poaceae phylogeny 241, 248, 250–254, 260, 335, rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 341, 344, 487 Catopsis relationship with Arundinoideae 488 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 7–9, 21, 34, 35 relationship with Panicoideae 487–504 CAM photosynthesis by 11 rpl16 analysis of 487–502 geographic origin and distribution of 10–11 spikelets of 488–489, 491–492 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade 487–502 ndhF analysis of 7–9, 21 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Bromeliaceae origin and distribution in 5, 7, 10–12, 18– trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 19 Caustis Chloridoideae in 585–588 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 Panicoideae of 510–511 632 Index ALISO

Centrochloa spikelets of 489 biogeography of 509, 511, 522 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 New World 505, 508–509, 511, 522 Chasmanthium clade 497–498 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 522 Chasmogamy photosynthetic pathway of 522 versus cleistogamy 287 Centromere(s) cleistogamy ratio to 287–293 characterization of 64 cost-benefit analysis of 287 of Cyperales 62–64 density and 288 diffuse, in agmatoploidy 63–64 in grasses (Poaceae) 286–294 Centropodia, in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 light and 289–290 Cephalocarpus, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 114 phenology of 290–291 Cephalostachyum soil fertility and 288–289 in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–328 soil moisture and 289–290 morphological analysis of 324, 326 Cheplick, Gregory P.—Plasticity of chasmogamous and rpl16 analysis of 327 cleistogamous reproductive allocation in rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 grasses 286–294 Cephalostemon 6 Chevaliera Ceratophyllum, as outgroup in Bromeliaceae study 4 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 34, 36, 41 Cerros-Tlatilpa, Rosa 530–544, 565–579 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Chaboissaea trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 biogeography of 587, 593 Chevalierella in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 575, in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 497 577, 581, 584 geographic distribution of 489 ITS analysis of 566, 571 spikelets of 489 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 , Panicoideae of 510 morphological analysis of 575, 584–585 Chionachne New World 581, 584, 587, 593 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 533–534, 538, 543 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 ITS analysis of 534, 538, 543 Chacoan Province, Panicoideae of 511–512 ndhF analysis of 543 Chaetium Chionachninae biogeography of 509, 518 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 533, 538–540, 543 New World 505, 507, 509, 518 ITS analysis of 538 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507, 518 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 photosynthetic pathway of 518 morphological analysis of 543 Chascolytrum trnL–F analysis of 539 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 Chionochloa, relationship with Festuca 416 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Chionographis, holocentric chromosomes in 63 Chase, Mark W. 55–61, 72–83, 248–258 Chlorideae, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565, 581 Chasmanthium Chloridinae biogeography of 509, 516 biogeography of 586–587, 593 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576, 581–584 494–500 morphological analysis of 584 geographic distribution of 489 New World 581–584, 586–587, 593 ITS analysis of 567, 571 Chloridoideae ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 amphitropical disjuncts in 586–588 matK analysis of 342 base chromosome number of 580 morphological analysis of 494, 498 biogeography of 565, 580–594 ndhF analysis of 342, 344, 494–498 Bouteloua dicliny 605–614 ndhH analysis of 342 Caribbean species of 588 New World 505–506, 509, 516 chloroplast DNA analysis of 565–579 as outgroup in Chloridoideae study 567 clade A of 575–576 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505–506, 516 clade B of 576 photosynthetic pathway of 516 clade C of 576–578 in Poaceae phylogeny 241–244, 342, 344 Eragrostis monophyly and infrageneric classification rbcL analysis of 342 595–604 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496, 498 evolutionary history of 582, 589–590 VOLUME 23 Index 633

fossil record of 589–590 Chorizandra fruits of 580–581 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 GBSSI analysis of 572–574, 576 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88 habitat preferences of 580 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 114 inflorescence of 565, 581 rbcL analysis of 78 ITS analysis of 565–579, 582 rps16 analysis of 57–58 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 572–573, 582 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 lodicules of 580–581 Chromosome evolution matK analysis of 342, 565, 572–577, 582 in Cyperales 62–71 morphological analysis of 494, 497, 575, 580–581, and diversification 62 583–585 Heilborn’s hypothesis on 194, 198, 202 ndhF analysis of 342, 490, 494–497, 574 and reproductive isolation 62 ndhF and rbcL analysis of, combined 574 in Rhynchospora 193 ndhH analysis of 342 and speciation 62 New World 565–567, 580–594 Chromosome fission/fusion 62–63 North American center of 586–588 in Carex 193 northwestern South American center of 586–588 in Cyperales 66–67 photosynthetic pathways in 565, 580 Chromosome number phylogeny of 565–594 of Carex sect. Ovales 193–203 in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 242–243, 248, 250–254, of Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade 491–492 260, 335, 342, 565 of Chloridoideae 580 rbcL analysis of 342, 574 of Cyperales 63, 65–68 rpl16 analysis of 490, 494, 496–497, 572–574 in Heilborn’s hypothesis 194 rpoC2 analysis of 574 of 506 rps16 analysis of 572–574, 576 of Paniceae 262, 507 southern South American center of 586–588 of Panicoideae 503–504 spikelets of 565, 581, 583–585 of Thysanolaeneae 509 synapomorphies of 580 Chrysitricheae trnL analysis of 565–579 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73–78, 80 trnL–F analysis of 565–579, 582 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 88, 94, 96 unplaced species of 588 rbcL analysis of 73–78, 80 world centers of 585 Chrysitrix in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 biogeography of 585, 587–588, 593 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 breeding system of 608–610 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 114 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–573, 575, 577, rbcL analysis of 78 580–581, 583–584 Chrysopogon ITS analysis of 566, 571–572, 575, 577 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 534, 537–542 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 572–573, 577 biogeography of 515 morphological analysis of 575, 577, 584 ITS analysis of 534, 538, 541–542 New World 581, 583–585, 587–588, 593 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 as outgroup in Triodieae study 263 morphological analysis of 542 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570, 572, 577 ndhF analysis of 542 Chlorocharis, photosynthetic pathway of 104–105 New World 504–505, 515 ‘‘Chlorocyperaceen’’ 104 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 515 Chlorophyll fluorescence, of Tillandsioideae 45 photosynthetic pathway of 515 Chloroplast DNA analysis. See also specific genes and taxa PHYB analysis of 542 of Abildgaardieae 151–162 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539, 541–542 of Andropogoneae 530–544 Chusquea of Bromeliaceae 3–4 altitudinal range of 307 of Bromus 450–467 in Andes 311 of Cariceae 165–192 in Bambuseae phylogeny 307–308, 316–317, 319–323, of Chloridoideae 565–579 326–329 of Elymus 373–377 base chromosome number of 307, 329 of Poa 420–433 biogeography of 307, 311 of Triticeae 363, 365–367 buds/branching of 317, 325, 329 634 Index ALISO

culms of 307, 316, 329 morphological analysis of 583 in eastern Brazil 311 New World 581, 583 latitudinal range of 307 relationship with Eragrostis 595–597, 599–600, 602 lemma of 329 Clark, Lynn G. 237–247, 303–314, 487–502 matK analysis of 342 Clark, Lynn G. et al.—Phylogenetic relationships among the monophyly of 329 one-flowered, determinate genera of Bambu- morphological analysis of 317, 324–326, 329, 493–494 seae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) 315–332 morphology of 316 Clayton, Derek 267–270 ndhF analysis of 342, 493–496 Cleistachne, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 542 ndhH analysis of 342 Cleistogamy papillae of 307 bet-hedging strategy in 287 in Poaceae phylogeny 239, 242–245, 342 versus chasmogamy 287 rbcL analysis of 342 chasmogamy ratio to 287–293 relationship with Neurolepis 307–308 cost-benefit analysis of 287 rpl16 analysis of 319–322, 327, 493–494, 496 definition of 286 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 density and 288 spikelets of 307, 316 environmental factors in 287 Chusquea subgen. Chusquea 307–308, 329 in 310 morphology of 316 in grasses (Poaceae) 286–294 Chusquea subgen. Rettbergia 307–308, 323, 325, 329 light and 289–290 morphology of 316 multiple strategies in 286 Chusquea subgen. Swallenochloa 307–308, 329 phenology of 290–291 Chusqueinae reproductive assurance in 287 in Andes 311 reproductive dimorphism in 286 in Bambuseae phylogeny 306–308, 315–316, 323, 326– soil fertility and 288–289 330 soil moisture and 289–290 biogeography of 307–308, 311 theoretical considerations in 287 buds/branching of 316 Coatinga Province, Panicoideae of 511 in eastern Brazil 311 Coelachne, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 glumes of 316 Coelachyrum, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 572–574 lemmas of 316 Coelorachis morphological analysis of 323, 326, 329 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 534, 538–540, 542 morphology of 316 ITS analysis of 534, 538, 542 ndhF analysis of 316 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 papillae of 307 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539 phylogeny of 307–308 Coicinae plastid genome analysis of 316 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 533, 538–540, 543 relationship with Arthrostylidiinae 316 ITS analysis of 538 relationship with Guaduinae 316 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 rpl16 analysis of 316, 327, 329 morphological analysis of 543 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328– New World 504–506 329 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 spikelets of 307, 316 trnL–F analysis of 539 synflorescences of 316 Coix trnL–F analysis of 316 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 533–534, 538–540, Cinninae, in Poeae (Pooideae) phylogeny 380 542–543 Cladium ITS analysis of 534, 538 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 77–78 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 New World 504–505 genome size of 66 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 114 spikelets of 530 rbcL analysis of 77–78 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539 rps16 analysis of 57 Colanthelia trnL–F analysis of 57 branching of 308 Cladoraphis buds of 308 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581, 583 in Poaceae phylogeny 251 VOLUME 23 Index 635

Coleanthinae, in Poeae (Pooideae) phylogeny 380 Crithopsis Coleanthus, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366 Coleochloa DMC1 analysis of 367 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 EF-G analysis of 367 5.8S rDNA insertion in 94 mitochondrial genome of 366 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 114 morphological analysis of 365–366 rbcL analysis of 78 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 Colpodium, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 in Triticeae phylogeny 365–369 Columbus, J. Travis 530–544, 580–594, 605–614 Crosslandia Columbus, J. Travis et al.—Phylogenetics of Chloridoideae in Abildgaardieae phylogeny 149–164 (Gramineae): A preliminary study based on embryo type of 150 nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer geographic distribution of 149 and chloroplast trnL–F sequences 565–579 ITS analysis of 155–156, 158–160 Concerted convergence morphology of 150 in Bromeliaceae 14, 16, 22 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 115 in Liliales 22 relationship with Abildgaardia 161 Connellia relationship with Bulbostylis 161 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 4, 16, 39–40 relationship with Fimbristylis 161–162 ndhF analysis of 4, 16 trnL–F analysis of 155–158 Cope, Tom 267–270 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 159–162 Cornucopia, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Costularia, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 115 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 575– Cottea 576, 581, 584 ITS analysis of 566, 571, 576 amphitropical disjunct in 583 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 biogeography of 588, 594 morphological analysis of 575–576, 584 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–575, New World 581, 584 581, 583 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 ITS analysis of 566, 571 Cryptangieae ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 77 morphological analysis of 583 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88 New World 581, 583, 588, 594 monophyly of 73 in Poaceae phylogeny 251 rbcL analysis of 73, 77–78 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Cryptanthus Cotteinae in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 4, 29, 36 biogeography of 588, 594 ndhF analysis of 4 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 575–576, 581–583 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 geographic origin of 583 Cryptochloa morphological analysis of 583 florets of 311 New World 581–583, 588, 594 in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 311 Cottendorfia synflorescence of 310 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 4, 7–9, 14–18, 28, 39–40 Ctenium CAM photosynthesis by 11 biogeography of 587, 593 epiphytism of 12 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 580– geographic origin and distribution of 10–11, 18 581 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 ITS analysis of 566, 571 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 ndhF analysis of 4, 7–9, 14–18 New World 581, 587, 593 pollination of 13 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Courtoisina Ctenopsis in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 115 molecular analysis of 386, 390–392, 414–415 rbcL analysis of 80 morphological analysis of 389, 394–395 coxII, in Triticeae analysis 363–366, 369 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 Craspedorhachis, in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 relationship with Festuca 406–407 Critesion, in Triticeae phylogeny 369–370 Cuba, Panicoideae in 509–510 636 Index ALISO

Culm(s) in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 of Arthrostylidiinae 308–309 relationship with Loliinae 382, 387, 389–394, 397, 401 of Bambuseae 306, 315, 320, 325 Cyperaceae of Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade 491–492 carbon isotope ratio (␦13C value) in 99–100 of Diandrolyra 311 chromosome evolution in Carex sect. Ovales 193–203

of Olyreae 310, 315 CO2 compensation point in 99–100

of Poaceae 261, 286 CO2-use efficiency in 105 Cutandia in Cyperales phylogeny 55 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346, 380–381 ecological importance of 84 relationship with Elymus 377 economic importance of 72, 84 relationship with Festuca 406–407 ethnobotanical importance of 72 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 5.8S rDNA insertion in 84–98 Cyathochaeta, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 115 flowers of 56 Cyathocoma, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 115 genomic resources in 65 Cymbopogon geographic distribution of 84 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 534, 537–540, helophytic habit in 105 542 holocentric chromosomes in 63 ITS analysis of 534, 538 ITS analysis of 81 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540, 542 Kranz anatomy of 99 morphological analysis of 542 maximum cells distant count in 99–104 New World 504–505 NADP-ME versus NAD-ME type 103 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 nuclear ribosomal DNA analysis of 81, 84–98 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539 one cell distant criterion in 100–105 Cymophyllus Oxychloe placement in 56 in Cariceae phylogeny 175, 177–179, 183 photosynthesis in 104, 147–148 ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL–F analysis of, combined 166, photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cells in 100

175, 177–178 photosynthetic pathways (C3 and C4) in 99–148 ITS analysis of 179 phylogeny of 55–61, 72–83 Cynodon phylogeny of Abildgaardieae 149–164 biogeography of 587, 589, 593 phylogeny of Cariceae 165–192 breeding system of 608–610 plastid genome analysis of 55–61, 72–83 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 568, 570–573, 577, in Poales phylogeny 55 580–581, 584 pollination of 77 ITS analysis of 566, 568, 571–572 primary carbon assimilation (PCA) cells in 100–103 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 pseudomonads of 56, 77 morphological analysis of 584 radiate versus non-radiate chlorenchyma in 99, 101 New World 581, 584, 587, 589, 593 rbcL analysis of 72–85 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570, 572 rbcL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 81 relationship with Bromeliaceae 27–28 biogeography of 590, 593 relationship with Juncaceae 55–61, 72, 85 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565, 575–578, 581–585 relationship with Thurniaceae 56 morphological analysis of 584–585 rps16 analysis of 56–60, 81 New World 581–585, 590, 593 Schoenus inflorescence unit (spikelet) 204–209 in Poaceae phylogeny 250, 252–255 silica bodies of 56 Cynosureae 401 subfamily delimitation in 82 Cynosurinae trnL–F analysis of 56–60, 81 molecular analysis of 389–392 26S rRNA analysis of 93 morphological analysis of 387 vegetative anatomy of 99, 104 in Poeae phylogeny 381, 403, 421 water-use efficiency in 105 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 Cyperales relationship with Loliinae 381–382, 387, 389–392, 401 agmatoploidy of 63–64, 66–67 BAC libraries in 64, 68 molecular analysis of 390–392 centromeres and telomeres of 62–64 morphological analysis of 387, 393–394 chromosome evolution in 62–71 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 chromosome fission/fusion in 66–67 in Poeae phylogeny 380, 403 chromosome numbers of 63, 65–68 VOLUME 23 Index 637

genome size of 65–68 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508 genomic resources on 64, 68 Dactylidinae graphical mapping of genome size versus chromosome molecular analysis of 389–392 number among 66–67 morphological analysis of 387 holocentric chromosomes of 63–64 in Poeae phylogeny 380, 403, 421 Juncaceae placement in 55 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 pairwise comparisons of chromosome number/genome relationship with Loliinae 380, 382, 387, 401 size among 66–68 relationship with Poa 421–422 phylogeny of 68 Dactylis polyploidy in 67 molecular analysis of 390–392, 414–415 relationship with Poales 64 morphological analysis of 387, 393–394 rps16 analysis of 56–60 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 trnL–F analysis of 56–60 in Poeae phylogeny 403 Cypereae in Pooideae phylogeny 343 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94, 96 relationship with Festuca 406–408

C4 photosynthesis in 99 relationship with Loliinae 382, 387, 390–394, 397, 401 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 80 relationship with Poa 421–422, 424, 427 rbcL analysis of 73, 80 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Cyperochloa in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 580– 494–500 581 morphological analysis of 494 ITS analysis of 566, 571 ndhF analysis of 494–496, 498 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Poaceae phylogeny 254 New World 581 rpl16 analysis of 493–494, 496 relationship with Eragrostis 600 Cyperoideae trnL–F analysis of 566, 570

C4 photosynthesis in 99 Danthonia in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72–73, 78–80, 82 cleistogamy in 286–287 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87 matK analysis of 342 inflorescence unit of 204, 208 morphological analysis of 494 rbcL analysis of 72–73, 78–80 ndhF analysis of 342, 494–496 Cyperus ndhH analysis of 342 BAC studies of 68 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 58, 73, 80–81, 84 rbcL analysis of 342 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 rpl16 analysis of 493–494, 496 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 86, 92, 94 Danthonidium, in Poaceae phylogeny 251 economic uses of 84 Danthonieae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 genome size of 66 Danthonioideae 261–262 kinetochore binding sites of 63 African species of 261 photosynthesis in 147–148 Australasian species of 259, 261

photosynthetic pathways in (C3 and C4) 101–102, 115– haustorial synergids of 261 125 matK analysis of 342 rbcL analysis of 73, 80–81 morphological analysis of 494, 497 rps16 analysis of 58 ndhF analysis of 342, 490, 494–497 trnL–F analysis of 58 ndhH analysis of 342 vegetative anatomy of 99 phylogeny of 259, 261–262 Cyperus rotundus in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 242–243, 250–254, 260– genomic resources in 64–65 262, 335, 342 as starch/food source 64–65 rbcL analysis of 342 Cyphochlaena, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 rpl16 analysis of 490, 494, 496–497 Cypringlea synapomorphy of 261 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72, 81 Danthoniopsis photosynthetic pathway in 102, 125 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 487, 489, rbcL analysis of 81 494–500 Cyrtococcum morphological analysis of 494 New World 505, 508 ndhF analysis of 494–498 638 Index ALISO

in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 241–244 rbcL analysis of 80 rbcL analysis of 240, 242, 245 Deuterocohnia relationship with Andropogoneae 537–541 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 4, 7–9, 14–17, 28, 34–36 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496–498 CAM photosynthesis by 11 Danthoniopsis clade 497–499 epiphytism of 12 Dasyochloa geographic origin and distribution of 11–12 biogeography of 593 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–574, matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 577, 581, 585 narrow endemism in 21 ITS analysis of 566, 571 ndhF analysis of 4, 7–9, 14–17 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 pollination of 13, 21 morphological analysis of 585 species diversity of 21 New World 581, 585, 593 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Dasypoa, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Dhooge, Sandra 72–83 Dasypyrum Diandrochloa chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576 DMC1 analysis of 367, 370 relationship with Eragrostis 595–596, 599, 602 EF-G analysis of 367, 370 Diandrolyra genome transfer to Elymus 374–378 biogeography of 310 mitochondrial genome of 366 culm of 311 morphological analysis of 365 in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 311 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 stamen number of 311 in Triticeae phylogeny 365–370 synflorescence of 311 Davidse, Gerrit 503–529 Diarrhena Davis, Jerrold I 237–247 ITS analysis of 351–356 Davis, Jerrold I and Robert J. Soreng—A preliminary phy- matK analysis of 342 logenetic analysis of the grass subfamily Pooi- ndhF analysis of 342 deae (Poaceae), with attention to structural ndhH analysis of 342 features in the plastid and nuclear genomes, in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 including an intron loss in GBSSI 335–348 rbcL analysis of 342 Decaryochloa in Stipeae phylogeny 350–356 in Bambuseae phylogeny 323, 326–328, 330 Diarrheneae morphological analysis of 324, 326, 330 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 rpl16 analysis of 327 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 Dichanthelium Decumbentes group, of Paspalum 545–562 biogeography of 511, 519 Deinacanthon cleistogamy and chasmogamy in 287–293 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 34–36 New World 505, 508, 511, 519 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 519 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 35–36 photosynthetic pathway of 511, 519 DELTA system, of grasses (Poaceae) 267–268 Dichanthium Dendrocalamus, in Bambuseae phylogeny 329 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 534, 537–542 Denham, Silvia S. and Fernando O. Zuloaga—Phylogenetic ITS analysis of 534, 538, 541 relationships of the Decumbentes group of ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 Paspalum, Thrasya, and Thrasyopsis (Po- morphological analysis of 541 aceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) 545–562 ndhF analysis of 541 Deschampsia New World 504–505 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346–347 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 relationship with Poa 421–422, 424, 427 PHYB analysis of 541 trnL–F analysis of 534, 539, 541 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346, 381 Dicliny tribal/subtribal placement of 423 in Bouteloua 605–614 Desmoschoenus definition of 605 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 80–82 partial 605 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 125 Didymiandrum, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 125 VOLUME 23 Index 639

Didymogonyx, internode lengths of 308 relationship with Oxychloe 90 Diectomis rps16 analysis of 57, 59 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 535, 537–541 trnL–F analysis of 57, 59 ITS analysis of 535, 538, 541 Distichlis ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 biogeography of 589, 593 morphological analysis of 541 breeding system of 608 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539, 541 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–574, Dielsiochloa, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 577, 581, 584 Digitaria ITS analysis of 566, 571, 577 amphitropical disjuncts in 511 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 biogeography of 511, 517–518 morphological analysis of 584 ITS analysis of 536, 538 ndhF and rbcL analysis of, combined 574 New World 504–507, 511, 517–518 New World 581, 584, 589, 593 as outgroup in Andropogoneae study 533, 536 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 507, 517–518 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570, 577 photosynthetic pathway of 517–518 Diversification. See also specific taxa in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 256 chromosome evolution and 62 relationship with Andropogoneae 538–540 DMC1, in Triticeae analysis 363, 365–367, 369–370 trnL–F analysis of 536 5.8S rDNA insertion, in Cyperaceae 84–98 Digitariinae 18S rDNA biogeography of 517–518 in Bromeliaceae analysis 19 New World 504–507, 517–518 in Poaceae analysis 252 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 507, 517–518 26S rDNA photosynthetic pathway of 517–518 in Cyperaceae analysis 93 Dimeria in Oryza analysis 93 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530 Dormancy, seed spikelets of 530 in Aegilops triuncialis 296–298 Dimerieae, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532 296 Dimeriinae Doyle, Jeff J. 595–604 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 532 Draffin, Suzanne J. 406–419 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 Dransfield, Soejatmi 315–332 Dimorphostachys, relationship with Paspalum 546 Drought tolerance, among Bromeliaceae 5 Drymochloa, in Loliinae phylogeny 381, 400 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 577, Dulichieae 581 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 82 ITS analysis of 566, 571 monophyly of 73 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 rbcL analysis of 73 New World 581 relationship with Cariceae 78–81 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Dioecy, evolution of 605–614 Dulichium Diplacrum in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 genome size of 66 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 88, 94 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 125 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 125 rbcL analysis of 79 rbcL analysis of 78 Dupontia Diplasia, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 125 in Poeae phylogeny 421 Dissanthelium in Pooideae phylogeny 343 in Poa phylogeny 421, 429–432 relationship with Poa 421, 427, 431, 433 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Distichia Duthiea 5.8S rDNA insertion in 89 matK analysis of 342 flower of 55, 60 ndhF analysis of 342 geographic distribution of 55 ndhH analysis of 342 growth form of 55 in Poaceae phylogeny 342 inflorescence of 55 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 in Juncaceae phylogeny 55, 58–60 rbcL analysis of 342 640 Index ALISO

Duvall, Melvin R. et al.—Phylogeny of the grasses (Po- Ehrharteae aceae) revisited 237–247 biogeography of 306 Dyckia in Ehrhartoideae phylogeny 303, 306 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 14–17, 35–36 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 CAM photosynthesis by 11 relationship with Oryzeae 306 epiphytism of 12 Ehrhartoideae geographic origin and distribution of 10–12, 18–19 matK analysis of 342 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14 ndhF analysis of 242, 248–249, 342, 490 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 ndhH analysis of 342 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 14–17 New World, classification and biogeography of 305– pollination of 13 306, 311 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 phylogeny of 303, 305–306 Dyckieae 16, 35 in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 242–243, 245, 250–253, Dyer, Andrew R.—Phenotypic plasticity may facilitate in- 255, 260, 303–305, 335, 342, 345 vasion by Aegilops triuncialis 295–300 rbcL analysis of 342 Ecdeiocolea relationship with Bambusoideae 305, 307 matK analysis of 342 relationship with Pooideae 305 ndhF analysis of 341–342 rpl16 analysis of 490 ndhH analysis of 341–342 Ekmanochloa as outgroup in Poaceae study 238–246 biogeography of 310 rbcL analysis of 342 leaf blades of 310 relationship with Poaceae 238 lemmas of 310 Ecdeiocoleaceae in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 310 ndhH analysis of 341–344 relationship with Buergersiochloa 310 plastid genome analysis of 336–337 Eleocharideae relationship with Joinvilleaceae 237–238 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 81 relationship with Poaceae 237–238 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 88, 94 Echinochloa ITS analysis of 81, 156 biogeography of 519–520 monophyly of 73 New World 505, 507, 519–520 as outgroup in Abildgaardieae study 151 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507, 519–520 rbcL analysis of 73, 81 photosynthetic pathway of 519–520 rbcL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 81 Echinolaena Eleocharis biogeography of 509, 522 BAC studies of 68 New World 505, 508–509, 522 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 81, 84 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 522 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 photosynthetic pathway of 522 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 86, 88–90, Echinopogon, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 92, 94–96 Ectrosia in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 576 economic uses of 64–65, 84 ITS analysis of 566, 571 genome size of 66 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 ITS analysis of 95, 156 relationship with Eragrostis 600–601 in New Zealand 418 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 nuclear ribosomal DNA analysis of 95 , Chloridoideae in 586–587 one cell distant criterion in 101–105 Edmundoa photosynthesis in, conflicting data on 148 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 29, 36 photosynthetic pathways in (C3 and C4) 101–102, 104– trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 105, 125–128, 161 EF-G, in Triticeae analysis 363–365, 369–370 photosynthetic pathways in (NAD-ME) 103, 105 Egleria, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 125 phylogeny of 95 Ehrharta rbcL analysis of 79 matK analysis of 342 rbcL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 81 ndhF analysis of 342, 344 trnL–F analysis of 157–158 ndhH analysis of 342 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 159 in Poaceae phylogeny 241–244, 342, 344 rbcL analysis of 342 biogeography of 588, 593 VOLUME 23 Index 641

in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 575, Encholirium 577, 580–581, 584 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 14–17, 28, 35 ITS analysis of 566, 571 CAM photosynthesis by 11 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 epiphytism of 12 morphological analysis of 575, 584 geographic origin and distribution of 10–12, 18–19 New World 581, 584, 588, 593 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14 relationship with Eragrostis 600 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 14–17 Eleusininae pollination of 13 biogeography of 588, 593 Enneapogon in Chloridoideae phylogeny 575, 581–582, 584 amphitropical disjunct in 583 morphological analysis of 584 biogeography of 588, 594 New World 581–582, 584, 588, 593 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–575, Elionurus 581, 583 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 532, 535, 538–540, ITS analysis of 566, 571 542–543 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 ITS analysis of 535, 538 morphological analysis of 583 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540, 542 New World 581, 583, 588, 594 ndhF analysis of 542 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 New World 505 Enteropogon in Panicoideae phylogeny 505 biogeography of 587, 593 PHYB analysis of 542 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 577, tb1 analysis of 542 581, 584 ITS analysis of 566, 571 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539, 542 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Elymandra morphological analysis of 584 biogeography of 515 New World 581, 584, 587, 593 New World 505, 515 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 Entoplocamia, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576 photosynthetic pathway of 515 Epidryos, habitat of 20 Elymus Epiphytism allopolyploids of 372–379 of Bromeliaceae 4–5, 12, 19–21, 28 chloroplast DNA analysis of 368, 373–377 effect on dispersion and range size 21 GBSSI analysis of 374, 376–378 evolution of, relationship with carnivory 21 H genome of 372–378 of Tillandsioideae 14, 19–21, 50 hexaploidy in 372–373, 375–376, 378 Epischoenus, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 128 meiotic behavior of 374 Eragrostideae octoploidy of 372, 378 biogeography of 590, 594 P genome of 372 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565, 574–577, 581–583 phylogeny of 372–379 morphological analysis of 583 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 377–378 New World 581–583, 590, 594 relationship with Lolium 380 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–255 St genome of 372–378 Eragrostidinae tetraploidy of 372–378 biogeography of 586, 594 in Triticeae phylogeny 372–378 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576, 581–583 W genome of 372 morphological analysis of 583 Y genome of 372, 374, 376–377 New World 581–583, 586, 594 Elytrostachys Eragrostiella in Arthrostylidiinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny 308 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576 branching of 308 relationship with Eragrostis 595–597 buds of 308 Eragrostis spikelets of 308 allopolyploidy in 596, 602 Embryo(s) biogeography of 585, 587–588, 594–595 of Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade 491–492 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–576, 581, 583, of Panicoideae 503 595 of Poaceae 261 economic importance of 595 642 Index ALISO

GBSSI analysis of 572–574, 597–602 ITS analysis of 566, 571 geographic distribution of 497 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Poaceae phylogeny 237–238, 241–245, 260–261, matK analysis of 596–597, 600 497, 500, 504 monophyly and infrageneric classification of 595–604 rbcL analysis of 497 morphological analysis of 494, 575–576, 583, 595–596 rpl16 analysis of 493 ndhF analysis of 494–496, 574 Eriachneae ndhF and rbcL analysis of, combined 574 in Arundinoideae phylogeny 503 New World 581, 583, 585, 587–588, 594 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 499 as outgroup in Triodieae study 263 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 photosynthetic pathway of 565, 595 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–255 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 256, 595 Erianthus relationship with Pappophorum 572 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 535, 538–540 relationship with Poa 420 ITS analysis of 535, 538 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496, 572–574 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 rps16 analysis of 597–602 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 spikelets of 595–596 Eriocaulaceae, relationship with Xyridaceae 227 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Eriochloa Eragrostis sect. Eragrostis 601–602 biogeography of 518 Eragrostis sect. Lappula 601–602 New World 505, 507, 518 Eragrostis sect. Platystachya 601–602 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507, 518 Eragrostis sect. Psilantha 601–602 photosynthetic pathway of 511, 518 Eragrostis subgen. Caesiae 602 Eriochrysis Eragrostis subgen. Eragrostis 602 New World 505 Eragrostoideae 580 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505 Eremitis Erioneuron in Bambusoideae phylogeny 303 biogeography of 588, 593 biogeography of 310 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–574, cleistogamy in 310 577, 581, 585 matK analysis of 342 ITS analysis of 566, 571 ndhF analysis of 342 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 ndhH analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 585 in Olyreae phylogeny 303, 310 New World 581, 585, 588, 593 in Parianinae phylogeny 310 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–245, 342 Eriophorum pollination of 310 BAC studies of 68 rbcL analysis of 342 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 58, 79 synflorescence of 310 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94, 96 Eremocaulon genome size of 66 biogeography of 309 as outgroup in Cariceae study 172–173 in Guaduinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny 309 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 128–129 Eremochloa rbcL analysis of 79 New World 504–505 rps16 analysis of 57–58 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 Eremopoa Euandropogoneae, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532 in Poa phylogeny 420–422, 424, 427, 429 Euchlaena, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 533 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Euclasta in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 535, 538–541 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 ITS analysis of 535, 538, 541 DMC1 analysis of 366–367, 369–370 morphological analysis of 541 EF-G analysis of 366–367, 369–370 New World 504–505 mitochondrial genome of 366 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 morphological analysis of 365 spikelets of 530 relationship with Elymus 374, 377 Eulalia total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 535, 538–540 in Triticeae phylogeny 362, 365–370 ITS analysis of 535, 538 VOLUME 23 Index 643

ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 lemma of 380–381 spikelets of 530 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 molecular analysis of 386, 389–392, 406–419 Eustachys morphological analysis of 382–385, 387–399 biogeography of 587–589, 593 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397– in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–574, 577, 580– 398 581, 584 morphology of 380–381, 406 ITS analysis of 566, 571–572 New Zealand, phylogeny and biogeography of 406–419 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Northern Hemisphere taxa of 406 morphological analysis of 584 phylogeny of 380–382, 400–403, 406–419 ndhF analysis of 574 ploidy levels in 413, 418 New World 581, 584, 587–589, 593 in Poaceae phylogeny 256 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570, 572 in Poeae phylogeny 380, 424 Evandra in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346, 380 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 relationship with Austrofestuca 407 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 129 relationship with Dactylis 406–407 rbcL analysis of 78 relationship with Leucopoa 381 Everardia, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 129 relationship with Lolium 380–381, 406–413 Everett, Joy 349–361 relationship with Poa 407–408, 421–422 Exocarya relationship with Schedonorus 381, 406–413 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 58 relationship with 381, 406–407, 413 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 129 southern endemic clade of 414–416, 418 rps16 analysis of 58 spikelets of 380–381 trnL–F analysis of 58 subgeneric classifications of 381 Exochogyne, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 129 trnL–F analysis of 381, 386, 389, 391, 397–398, 406– External transcribed spacer (ETS) 419 in Carex sect. Ovales analysis 194 Festuca subgen. Drymanthele 382–383, 389–393, 401–402, in Cariceae analysis 165–192 410 Farrago, in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 Festuca subgen. Drymanthele sect. Phaeochloa 402 Fascicularia Festuca subgen. Drymanthele sect. Pseudoscariosa 402 AFLP analysis of 36–37 Festuca subgen. Drymanthele sect. Scariosa 402 in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) phylogeny 29, 34–37, Festuca subgen. Festuca 382–383, 400–403, 409 41 Festuca subgen. Festuca sect. Amphigenes 383, 389–393, geographic origin and distribution of 41 400–403, 410 leaf blade anatomy of 41 Festuca subgen. Festuca sect. Aulaxyper 381, 383, 386, morphology of 41 389–393, 399–402, 406, 409, 413–416 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Festuca subgen. Festuca sect. Eskia 383, 390–393, 401– trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 35–36 402, 406, 410 Fernseea Festuca subgen. Festuca sect. Festuca 383, 390–393, 400– in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) phylogeny 29, 35–36 402, 406, 408–409, 413 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 35–36 Festuca subgen. Festuca sect. Pseudatropis 383, 410 Festuca Festuca subgen. Festuca sect. Pseudoscariosae 383, 389– base chromosome number of 413 392 broad- versus fine-leaved 389–393, 396–401, 406 Festuca subgen. Festuca sect. Scariosae 383, 389–392, 410 chloroplast DNA analysis of 381 Festuca subgen. Festuca sect. Subbulbosae 383, 389–393, dispersal of 418 400–401, 410 DNA content of 413, 416 Festuca subgen. Helleria 410 ecology of 416–418 Festuca subgen. Leucopoa 382–384, 389–393, 400, 402, FEVRE lineages of 389–392, 396–399, 408, 413–415 410–412 genome size of 413, 416 Festuca subgen. Leucopoa sect. Breviaristatae 383, 403, 411 geographic distribution of 380 Festuca subgen. Leucopoa sect. Leucopoa 383, 410–411 geographic origins of 406–407, 418 Festuca subgen. Schedonorus 380, 382, 384, 389–393, 399, habitat range of 406 401–402, 411 hilum of 380–381 Festuca subgen. Schedonorus sect. Plantynia 384, 402 ITS analysis of 381, 386, 389–390, 392, 397–398, 406– Festuca subgen. Schedonorus sect. Schedonorus 384, 402 419 Festuca subgen. Schedonorus sect. Subulatae 384 644 Index ALISO

Festuca subgen. Subbulbosae 402 Fimbristylis sect. Neodichelostylis 161 Festuca subgen. Subulatae 382, 389, 393, 401–402, 411 Fimbristylis sect. Nutantes 161–162 Festucaceae 194 Fimbristylis sect. Pogonostylis 161 Festuceae 401 Fimbristylis sect. Signatae 161 relationship with Centothecoideae 488 Fimbristylis sect. Tenerae 161–162 Festucella, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Fimbristylis sect. Trichelostylis 161 Festucinae, in Poeae (Pooideae) phylogeny 380 Fingerhuthia in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–574, chloroplast DNA analysis of 366 576, 581, 583 DMC1 analysis of 366–367 ITS analysis of 566, 571 EF-G analysis of 363, 366–367 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 mitochondrial genome of 366 morphological analysis of 583 morphological analysis of 363, 365 New World 581, 583 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 in Triticeae phylogeny 362–363, 365–369 Fission/fusion of chromosomes 62–63 Ficinia in Carex 193 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 in Cyperales 66–67 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 58, 73, 80–82 Flagellaria, as outgroup in Bromeliaceae study 4 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 129 Flagellariaceae rbcL analysis of 73, 80–82 relationship with Bromeliaceae 4, 8, 27–28 rps16 analysis of 58 relationship with Poaceae 255 trnL–F analysis of 58 Fleshy fruits Filgueirasia of Alvimia 308 in Arthrostylidiinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny 308 of Bromelioideae 3, 8, 12, 21 biogeography of 308 Flower(s). See also specific taxa Fimbristylideae 149 of Aegilops triuncialis 296

C4 photosynthesis in 99 of Andropogoneae 530 Fimbristylis of Bambuseae 315 in Abildgaardieae phylogeny 149–164 of Bouteloua 606 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 81 of Carex 184–186 5.8S rDNA insertion in 86–87, 92, 94, 96 of Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade 491–492 embryo type of 150 of Chloridoideae 565 geographic distribution of 149 of Cyperaceae 56 ITS analysis of 151, 155–156, 158–160 of Isachneae 506 monophyly and subgroups of 151 of Juncaceae 55 morphology of 150 of Paniceae 508 one cell distant criterion in 103 of Panicoideae 503

photosynthetic pathways in (C3 and C4) 101–102, 129– of Parianinae 310 131, 161 of Paspalum 545–546, 552, 555–556 relationship with Abildgaardia 104, 150, 161–162 of Poaceae 259 relationship with Bulbostylis 150, 161 of Poaceae, chasmogamous and cleistogamous 286–294 relationship with Crosslandia 161–162 of Prionaceae 55–56 sections of, assignment of species to 161–162 of Schoenus 204–209 trnL–F analysis of 81, 154–158 of Thrasya 546, 552, 555–556 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 159–162 of Thrasyopsis 546, 552, 556 Tylocarya inclusion in 150 of Thurniaceae 55–56 Fimbristylis sect. Abildgaardia 161 unisexual, evolution of 605–614 Fimbristylis sect. Actinoschoenus 161 Fossil record, of Bromeliaceae 5 Fimbristylis sect. Cymosae 161 Fosterella Fimbristylis sect. Dichelostylis 161 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 14–17, 28, 34– Fimbristylis sect. Fimbristylis 161 36, 40–41 Fimbristylis sect. Fuscae 161 CAM photosynthesis by 11, 41 Fimbristylis sect. Helocharoides 161 epiphytism of 12 Fimbristylis sect. Leptocladae 161 geographic origin and distribution of 10–11, 18, 35 Fimbristylis sect. Miliaceae 161 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14, 39–40 Fimbristylis sect. Mischospora 161 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 VOLUME 23 Index 645

morphology of 41 New World 504–506, 515 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 14–17 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 515 pollination of 13 photosynthetic pathways in 515 relationship with Bromelioideae 35, 40–41 trnL–F analysis of 539 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Germination speed, and invasion 295–296 trnL analysis of 28 Gerritea trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 biogeography of 509–510, 522 Friar, Elizabeth A. 605–614 New World 505, 508–510, 522 Froesiochloa, biogeography of 310 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 522 Fruit(s) photosynthetic pathway of 522 of Arthrostylidiinae 308 Ghamkhar, Kioumars 72–83 of Bromeliaceae 3, 8, 12 Ghamkhar, Kioumars et al.—Phylogeny of Abildgaardieae of Chloridoideae 580–581 (Cyperaceae) inferred from ITS and trnL–F of Poaceae 261 data 149–164 Fruits, fleshy Gillespie, Lynn J. et al.—Phylogeny of Poa (Poaceae) based of Alvimia 308 on trnT–trnF sequence data: major clades and of Bromelioideae 3, 8, 12 basal relationships 420–434 Fuirena Givnish, Thomas J. et al.—Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 81 and historical biogeography of Bromeliaceae 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 inferred from ndhF sequence data 3–26 genome size of 66 Glaziophyton photosynthetic pathway in 102, 131 in Arthrostylidiinae phylogeny 308 rbcL analysis of 79, 81 in Bambuseae phylogeny 308, 326–328 Fuireneae biogeography of 308 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79 culms of 309 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 88, 94 internode lengths of 308 ITS analysis of 156 morphological analysis of 324–326 as outgroup in Abildgaardieae study 151 rpl16 analysis of 322, 327 rbcL analysis of 79 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 Furness, Carol A. 72–83 spikelets of 308 Gahnia Glomeropitcairnia in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 7–9, 16, 21, 34–36 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 131 CAM photosynthesis by 11 rbcL analysis of 78 epiphytism of 12 Galapageian Province, Panicoideae of 510–511 geographic origin and distribution of 10–11 Gastridium, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 Gaudinia ndhF analysis of 7–9, 16, 21 ndhF analysis of 341 pollination of 13 in Poaceae phylogeny 341 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 GBSSI Glyceria in Bambuseae analysis 330 matK analysis of 342 in Chloridoideae analysis 572–574, 576 morphological analysis of 494 in Elymus analysis 374, 376–378 ndhF analysis of 342, 494–496 in Eragrostis analysis 572–574, 597–602 ndhH analysis of 342 in Poaceae analysis 248–249, 252, 260, 337, 343–344 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 in Pooideae analysis 343 rbcL analysis of 342 in Triticeae analysis 369 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 Genome size Goetghebeur, Paul 72–83, 204–209 of Cyperales 65–68 Goldman, Douglas H. 237–247 of Festuca 413, 416 Gouinia Germainiinae biogeography of 587–588, 593 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 532, 538–540 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 577, biogeography of 515 581, 584 ITS analysis of 538 ITS analysis of 566, 571 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 646 Index ALISO

morphological analysis of 584 ndhH analysis of 342 New World 581, 584, 587–588, 593 in Poaceae phylogeny 341–342 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 rbcL analysis of 342 Gouiniinae 592 rpl16 analysis of 327 biogeography of 593 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581–582, 584 Guaduella morphological analysis of 584, 592 matK analysis of 342 New World 581–582, 584, 593 ndhF analysis of 342 Gouldochloa ndhH analysis of 342 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, 493– in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 498, 500 in phylogeny 303 geographic distribution of 489 rbcL analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 494, 498 Guaduelleae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 ndhF analysis of 494–496 Guaduinae rpl16 analysis of 493–494, 496 in Bambuseae phylogeny 306, 309, 315–316, 323–330 spikelets of 489 biogeography of 309, 311 Graham, Sean W. 450–467 in eastern Brazil 311 Gramineae. See also Poaceae elevation range of 309 Chloridoideae phylogeny 565–579 in Guayana Highlands, Venezuela 311 Stipeae molecular analysis 349–361 morphological analysis of 326, 329 Grass(es). See also Poaceae ndhF analysis of 329 diversification of 248–258 papillae of 309 electronic world database of 267–270 phylogeny of 309 morphological versus molecular classification of 259– relationship with Arthrostylidiinae 308–309 266 relationship with Chusqueinae 316 phylogeny of 237–266 rpl16 analysis of 327, 329 socioeconomic and ecological importance of 248 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 , Mediterranean climate, invasion in 295–296 stomata of 309 Gravel, Genevie`ve 84–98 Guayana Highlands, Venezuela, Bambusoideae in 311 Greigia Guayana Shield AFLP analysis of 37 Bromeliaceae origin and distribution in 4–5, 7, 9–12, in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) phylogeny 29, 34, 35, 18–19 36–37, 41 Bromelioideae origin and distribution in 29 CAM photosynthesis by 41 Guiana Highlands Region, Panicoideae of 510 geographic origin and distribution of 35, 41 Guzmania trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 7–9, 28, 34–36 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 35–36 CAM photosynthesis by 11 Greslania epiphytism of 12 in Bambuseae phylogeny 315, 323, 326–328, 330 geographic origin and distribution of 10–11, 18 culms of 316 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 glumes of 316 ndhF analysis of 7–9 morphological analysis of 324, 326 pollination of 13, 22 morphology of 316 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 in Poaceae phylogeny 251 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 rpl16 analysis of 327 Gymnachne, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 Gymnopogon Griffith, M. Patrick 565–579 biogeography of 587–588, 593 Guacamaya 7 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 580– Guadua 581 in Amazonia 311 ITS analysis of 566, 571 in Bambuseae phylogeny 309, 317, 326–328 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 biogeography of 309, 311 New World 581, 587–588, 593 in Guaduinae phylogeny 309 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 matK analysis of 342 Gymnoschoenus morphological analysis of 324, 326 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 ndhF analysis of 342 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 131 VOLUME 23 Index 647

rbcL analysis of 78 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 Gynerieae morphology of 35 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 499 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 14–16 morphological analysis of 506 pollination of 13 ndhF analysis of 344 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 New World 504–506 trnL analysis of 28 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–506 Hechtioideae 16 in Poaceae phylogeny 245, 344 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 9, 16 Gynerium CAM photosynthesis by 11 biogeography of 509 epiphytism of 12 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, geographic origin and distribution of 10 494–497, 499 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 culms of 325 morphology of 16 matK analysis of 342 ndhF analysis of 9, 16 morphological analysis of 494 pollination of 13 ndhF analysis of 342, 344, 494–496 Heilborn’s hypothesis on chromosome evolution 194, 198, ndhH analysis of 341–342 202 New World 505–506, 509 Helictotrichon in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–506 ndhF analysis of 341 in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 241–245, 254, 260, 341– as outgroup in Poa study 422 342, 344 in Poaceae phylogeny 341 rbcL analysis of 342 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 relationship with Steyermarkochloa 508 Hellerochloa rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 in Loliinae phylogeny 381–382, 387, 390–393, 397– Gynodioecy 605–614 398 Hackelochloa molecular analysis of 390–392, 414–415 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 535, 538–540 morphological analysis of 387, 393 ITS analysis of 535, 538, 567, 571 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397– ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540, 573 398 as outgroup in Chloridoideae study 567 relationship with Festuca 406–407, 413 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539, 567, 570 Hellmuthia Hainardia absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 92, 94, 96 molecular analysis of 390–392 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 80–81 morphological analysis of 387, 394, 396–399 geographic distribution of 73 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 131 in Poeae phylogeny 403 rbcL analysis of 73, 80–81 relationship with Loliinae 382, 387, 390–394, 396–399, Hemarthria 401 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 535, 538–540 Hainardieae 402 ITS analysis of 535, 538 morphology of 380 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253, 255–256 New World 505 in Pooideae phylogeny 335, 345–346, 380 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505 Hakonechloa, in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 HAMBADD clade, of Poa 421, 429–430, 432 Henrardia Hardy, Christopher R. and H. Peter Linder—Phylogeny and chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 historical ecology of Rhodocoma (Restiona- DMC1 analysis of 366–367, 370 ceae) from the Cape Floristic Region 213–226 EF-G analysis of 366–367, 370 Harpochloa, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 580 mitochondrial genome of 366 Hechtia morphological analysis of 365–366 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 14–16, 28, 34– in Poaceae phylogeny 251 35, 40 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 CAM photosynthesis by 11–12 in Triticeae phylogeny 365–370 concerted convergence in 14, 16, 22 Herbaceous . See Olyreae epiphytism of 12 Hesperostipa geographic origin and distribution of 10, 18–19 ITS analysis of 356–357, 359 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14, 16, 20, 22 matK analysis of 342 648 Index ALISO

ndhF analysis of 342 Hilariinae 592 ndhH analysis of 342 biogeography of 587, 589–590, 593 in Poaceae phylogeny 342 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581–582, 584 rbcL analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 584, 592 relationship with Austrostipa 358 New World 581–582, 584, 587, 589–590, 593 in Stipeae phylogeny 350–351, 356–357, 359–360 Hipp, Andrew L. et al.—Chromosome number changes as- Heterachne, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576 sociated with speciation in sedges: a phylo- Heteranthelium genetic study in Carex section Ovales (Cyper- chloroplast DNA analysis of 366 aceae) using AFLP data 193–203 DMC1 analysis of 367, 370 Hodkinson, Trevor R. 55–61, 72–83 EF-G analysis of 367, 370 Hodkinson, Trevor R. et al.—Large trees, supertrees, and mitochondrial genome of 366 diversification of the grass family 248–258 morphological analysis of 365 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 34 in Triticeae phylogeny 365–370 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Heteranthoecia, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Heteropogon Hohenbergiopsis in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 535, 537–540, in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 36 542 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 ITS analysis of 535, 538 Holcinae, in Pooideae phylogeny 346–347 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540, 542 Holcus, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346–347 New World 505 Holocentric chromosomes in Panicoideae phylogeny 505 of Carex 193 of Cyperales 63–64 spikelets of 530 Homolepis trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 biogeography of 509, 522 Hickelia New World 505, 508–509, 522 in Bambuseae phylogeny 315, 326–328 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 522 morphological analysis of 324, 326 photosynthetic pathway of 522 rpl16 analysis of 327 Homologous series in variation, law of 261 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 Homoplasy, in Poaceae 260–261 Hickelinae Hookerochloa, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 in Bambuseae phylogeny 315–316, 323, 326–328, 330 buds/branching of 316 BAC studies of 68 glumes of 316 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 morphological analysis of 326, 330 DMC1 analysis of 363, 366–367, 369–370 morphology of 316 EF-G analysis of 363, 366–367, 369–370 ndhF analysis of 316 genome transfer to Elymus 372–378 plastid genome analysis of 316 mitochondrial genome of 366 relationship with Bambusinae 316 morphological analysis of 363, 365–366 relationship with Melocanninae 316 ndhF analysis of 341 rhizomes of 330 in Poaceae phylogeny 341 rpl16 analysis of 316, 327 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 345 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 relationship with Critesion 369–370 spikelets of 316 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 synflorescences of 316 in Triticeae phylogeny 362–363, 365–370 Hierochloe¨. See Anthoxanthum Horres, Ralf et al.—Systematics of Bromelioideae (Brome- Hilaria liaceae)—evidence from molecular and ana- biogeography of 593 tomical studies 27–43 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 581, Hubbardia, in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 584 497 ITS analysis of 566, 571 Hubbardieae ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 488, 499 morphological analysis of 584 in Isachneae phylogeny 503 New World 581, 584, 593 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Hummingbird pollination, of Bromeliaceae 11–13, 21–22 VOLUME 23 Index 649

Hunter, Angela M. 406–419 of Bouteloua 606 Hyalopoa, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 of Carex 184–186 Hymenachne of Chloridoideae 565 biogeography of 522 of Juncaceae 55 New World 505, 508, 522 of Paniceae 508 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 522 of Parianinae 310 photosynthetic pathway of 522 of Paspalum 545–546, 552, 555–556 Hyparrhenia of Poaceae 259 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 535, 537–542 of Schoenus 204–209 biogeography of 541 of Thrasya 546, 552, 555–556 ITS analysis of 535, 538, 541 of Thrasyopsis 546, 552, 556 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 Ingram, Amanda L. and Jeff J. Doyle—Eragrostis (Po- morphological analysis of 541 aceae): monophyly and infrageneric classifi- New World 505 cation 595–604 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505 Insect pollination PHYB analysis of 541 of Bromeliaceae 12–13 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539, 541 of Pariana 310 Hyperthelia Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 535, 537–541 in Abildgaardieae analysis 151–156, 158–162 ITS analysis of 535, 538, 541 in Andropogoneae analysis 262, 530–544 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–541 in Bromus analysis 450–467 morphological analysis of 541 in Carex sect. Ovales analysis 194 New World 504–505 in Cariceae analysis 165–192 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 in Chloridoideae analysis 565–579, 582 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539, 541 in Cyperaceae analysis 81, 84–98 Hypolytreae in Eleocharis analysis 95 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73–78 in Festuca analysis 381, 386, 389–390, 392, 397–398, 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94, 96 406–419 pollen of 77 in Loliinae analysis 382, 385–399 rbcL analysis of 73–78 in Poaceae analysis 248–249, 251–254, 259–260 Hypolytrum in Stipeae analysis 349–360 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72–73, 78 in Triodieae analysis 263 5.8S rDNA insertion in 86, 88 Invasion in Juncaceae phylogeny 58 of Aegilops triuncialis 295–300 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 131–132 bet-hedging strategy in 296, 298 rbcL analysis of 73, 78 germination speed and 295–296 rps16 analysis of 57–58 lag phase of 295 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 phenotypic plasticity and 295–300 Ichnanthus seed dormancy in 296 biogeography of 511, 522–523 New World 505, 508, 511, 522–523 biogeography of 497, 510–511, 516 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 522–523 ndhF analysis of 241–242, 261 photosynthetic pathway of 522–523 New World 505–506, 510–511, 516 Imperata in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–506, 516 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 530, 532, 535, 538– photosynthetic pathway of 516 540 in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 241–244, 261, 497, 500 biogeography of 515 synapomorphy of 261 ITS analysis of 535, 538 Isachneae ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 base chromosome number of 506 New World 505, 515 biogeography of 516 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 488, 491– photosynthetic pathway of 515 500 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 Hubbardieae placement in 503 Inflorescence. See also specific taxa ndhF analysis of 490–500 of Aegilops triuncialis 296 New World 504–506, 516 of Andropogoneae 530 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–506, 516 650 Index ALISO

photosynthetic pathways in 516 Joinvilleaceae in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 ndhH analysis of 341–344 rpl16 analysis of 490–500 plastid genome analysis of 336–337 spikelets of 506 relationship with Bromeliaceae 4, 8 Ischaemeae, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532 relationship with Poaceae 237–238, 255, 260 Ischaeminae Jones, Eleanor et al.—The Juncaceae–Cyperaceae interface: in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 532, 538–540 a combined plastid sequence analysis 55–61 biogeography of 515 Jouvea ITS analysis of 538 biogeography of 587, 593 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 581 New World 504–506, 515 ITS analysis of 566, 571 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–505, 515 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 photosynthetic pathways in 515 New World 581, 587, 593 trnL–F analysis of 539 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Ischaemum Joycea, in Danthonioideae phylogeny 261 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530 Judziewicz, Emmet J. and Lynn G. Clark—Classification biogeography of 515 and biogeography of New World grasses: An- New World 505, 515 omochlooideae, , Ehrhartoideae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 and Bambusoideae 303–314 photosynthetic pathways in 515 Juncaceae Iseilema bracts of 55, 60 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 535, 537–540 in Cyperales phylogeny 55, 68 ITS analysis of 535, 538 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 86, 89, ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540, 542 93–95 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 flowers of 55–56, 60 Isolepis genomic resources in 64–65 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 92, 94, 96 geographic distribution of 55 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72–73, 79–82, 84 growth form of 55 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 holocentric chromosomes in 63 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 132 inflorescences of 55 rbcL analysis of 73, 79–82 leaf variation among 55, 60 Isolepis humillima phylogeny of 55–61 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 81 plastid genome analysis of 55–61 relationship with Schoenoplectus 81 in Poales phylogeny 55 Ixophorus relationship with Bromeliaceae 27–28 biogeography of 509–510 relationship with Cyperaceae 55–61, 72, 85 New World 505, 508–510 relationship with Prioniaceae 55–56 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508 relationship with Thurniaceae 55–56 Jacobs, Surrey et al.—Systematics of the tribe Stipeae (Gra- rhizomes of 55 mineae) using molecular data 349–361 rps16 analysis of 55–61 Jarava trnL analysis of 55–61 geographic distribution of 350 trnL–F analysis of 55–61 ITS analysis of 356–357, 359 Juncus morphology of 350 BAC studies of 68 relationship with Achnatherum 349–350, 355, 359 bracts of 55, 60 in Stipeae phylogeny 349–350, 356–357, 359 clades of 60 wind dispersal of 350 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 Joinvillea 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 86, 89, 94 matK analysis of 342 flowers of 55, 60 ndhF analysis of 341–342 genome size of 66 ndhH analysis of 341–342 inflorescence of 55 as outgroup in Bromeliaceae study 4 in Juncaceae phylogeny 55–56, 58–60 as outgroup in Poaceae study 238–246 leaf variation in 55, 60 plastid genome analysis of 340–342 in New Zealand 418 rbcL analysis of 342 of 60 relationship with Poaceae 238 rps16 analysis of 57, 59 VOLUME 23 Index 651

trnL–F analysis of 57, 59 Lagenocarpus Juncus subgen. Agathyron 60 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 77–78 Juncus subgen. Juncus 60 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88 Juncus subgen. Septati 60 photosynthetic pathway in 101, 103, 134 Kaokochloa, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 583 rbcL analysis of 77–78 Karatophyllum, fossil record of 5 Karinia, photosynthetic pathway in 102, 132 molecular analysis of 390–392 Karroochloa morphological analysis of 387, 393–394 morphological analysis of 494 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 ndhF analysis of 494–496 in Poeae phylogeny 380, 403 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 relationship with Loliinae 382, 387, 390–394, 397, 401 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 Lasiacis Keane, Ryan M. 450–467 biogeography of 509, 520 Kengia, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 572 New World 505, 508–509, 520 Khaosokia in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 520 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72–73, 79, 81 photosynthetic pathway of 520 photosynthetic pathway in 102, 132 in Poaceae phylogeny 254 rbcL analysis of 73, 79, 81 Leaf anatomy Kinney, Michael S. 565–579 of Anthoxanthum odoratum versus A. alpinum 473–480 Kinney, Michael S. et al.—Dicliny in Bouteloua (Poaceae: of Bambusoideae 303 Chloridoideae): implications for the evolution of Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade 488, 491–492 of dioecy 605–614 of Chloridoideae 580 Kobresia of Paspalum 545, 552, 555 of Poaceae 259, 261 in Cariceae phylogeny 175, 177–179, 183, 188–189 of Thrasya 546, 552, 555 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79 of Triodieae 263 5.8S rDNA insertion in 85 Lecomtella, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL–F analysis of, combined 166, Lecomtelleae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 175, 177–178 Lecomtellinae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 ITS analysis of 179 Lee, William G. 406–419 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 132 Leersia rbcL analysis of 79 biogeography of 306 Kobresia subgen. Compositae 171 in Oryzeae (Ehrhartoideae) phylogeny 306 Kobresia subgen. Kobresia 172 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 Kobresia subgen. Kobresia sect. Hemicarex 172 Lepidosperma Kobresia subgen. Kobresia sect. Kobresia 172 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 Koyamaea, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 132 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 134–135 Kranz syndrome rbcL analysis of 78 in Arthropogoninae 507 Lepironia in Chloridoideae 580 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 in Melinidinae 507 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 in Paniceae 508 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 135 in Panicoideae 504, 511–512, 514–529 rbcL analysis of 78 in Paspalinae 508 in Setariinae 508 biogeography of 587–588, 593 Kunhardtia 7 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–573, 575, 577, Kyllinga 580–581 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 in Danthonioideae phylogeny 259 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 ITS analysis of 566, 571–572, 575 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 132–133 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 572–573 rbcL analysis of 80 morphological analysis of 575, 577 Kyllingiella New World 581, 587–588, 593 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 92, 94 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80–81 Leptothrium photosynthetic pathway in 103, 133–134 biogeography of 588, 593 rbcL analysis of 80 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 581 652 Index ALISO

ITS analysis of 566, 571 Little bluestem. See Schizachyrium scoparium ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Littledalea New World 581, 588, 593 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 345 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 relationship with Bromus 450, 463 Leptureae Lloyd, Kelvin M. et al.—Phylogeny and biogeography of in Chloridoideae phylogeny 574–575 endemic Festuca (Poaceae) from New Zealand in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253, 255 based on nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast (trnL– Lepturidium trnF) nucleotide sequences 406–419 biogeography of 589, 593 Lolieae 402 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565–567, 570–571, 573 Loliinae New World 565–567, 589, 593 broad-leaved group of 389–393, 396–401 Leucopoa cladistic analysis of 385, 399 in Loliinae phylogeny 381, 400 evolutionary rate in 381 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 fine-leaved group of 389–393, 396–401 Libyella, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 ITS analysis of 382, 385–399 Liliales, concerted convergence in 22 molecular analysis of 382, 385–399 Limnas, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 morphological analysis of 381–393 Limnopoa, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 382, Lindbergella, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 393–399 Linder, H. Peter 213–226 phylogeny of 380–405 Lindmania in Poeae phylogeny 402–403, 421 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 4, 7–9, 14–16, 28 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 CAM photosynthesis by 11 relationship with Poa 421–422 epiphytism of 12 reticulate history of 399–400 geographic origin and distribution of 9–10 trnL–F analysis of 382, 385–399 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 Lolium matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 inflorescence traits of 380 ndhF analysis of 4, 7–9, 14–16 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 pollination of 13 molecular analysis of 389–392, 414–415 Lindmanioideae 15–16 morphological analysis of 382–385, 387, 393–399 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 9, 15–16 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397– CAM photosynthesis by 11 398 epiphytism of 12 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346, 380 geographic origin and distribution of 10 relationship with Elymus 380 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 relationship with Festuca 380–381, 406–413 morphology of 15–16 Lo´pez-Rodrı´guez, Jose´ A. 380–405 ndhF analysis of 9, 15–16 Lophatherum pollination of 13, 21 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 494–498 Lipocarpha geographic distribution of 489 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 morphological analysis of 494 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 ndhF analysis of 494–496 photosynthesis in, conflicting data on 104, 148 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 photosynthetic pathway in 103–104, 135 spikelets of 489 rbcL analysis of 80 Lopholepis, in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 Lithachne Lophopyrum florets of 311 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 ITS analysis of 351, 355–356 DMC1 analysis of 367 leaf blades of 311 EF-G analysis of 367 matK analysis of 342 mitochondrial genome of 366 ndhF analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 365 ndhH analysis of 342 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 311 in Triticeae phylogeny 362, 365–369 in Poaceae phylogeny 241–245, 342 Loudetia rbcL analysis of 342 biogeography of 516 relationship with Stipeae 350–351, 355–356 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 494–498 sleep movements of 311 morphological analysis of 494 VOLUME 23 Index 653

ndhF analysis of 494–498 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 New World 504–505, 516 in Juncaceae phylogeny 58 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 516 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 135–136 photosynthetic pathway of 516 pollen of 77 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496–498 pseudomonads of 56, 77 Loudetiopsis rbcL analysis of 73, 78 New World 504–505 rps16 analysis of 57–58 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 Luziola Mapanioideae biogeography of 306 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72–78, 82 in Luziolinae (Oryzeae) phylogeny 306 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 88 in Poaceae phylogeny 251 morphology of 82 Luziolinae one- or two-tribe composition of 73–77 biogeography of 306 rbcL analysis of 72–78 in Oryzeae (Ehrhartoideae) phylogeny 306 Marchant, Adam D. 72–83, 149–164 Luzula Marsippospermum base chromosome number of 66–67 5.8S rDNA insertion in 89 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 89, 92, 94 flower of 55, 60 genome size of 66–67 inflorescence of 55 inflorescence of 55 in Juncaceae phylogeny 55, 58–60 in Juncaceae phylogeny 55–56, 58 relationship with Oxychloe 90 kinetochore binding sites of 63 rps16 analysis of 57, 59 rps16 analysis of 57, 59 trnL–F analysis of 57, 59 trnL–F analysis of 57, 59 Maschalocephalus, geographic origin and distribution of 19 Lycurus Mason-Gamer, Roberta J.—Allopolyploids of the Ely- amphitropical disjunct in 584 mus (Triticeae, Poaceae): a phylogenetic per- biogeography of 588, 593 spective 372–379 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 577, matK 581, 584 in Bromeliaceae analysis 3–4, 15, 28 ITS analysis of 566, 571 in Chloridoideae analysis 342, 565, 572–577, 582 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Eragrostis analysis 596–597, 600 morphological analysis of 584–585 in Poaceae analysis 241, 248, 252, 254, 259–260, 337– New World 581, 584, 588, 593 343 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 in Rhodocoma analysis 213–214, 218 Lygeeae Mayaca 6 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 Mayacaceae, relationship with Bromeliaceae 4, 8, 27–28 in Pooideae phylogeny 345 Maydeae Lygeum in Andropogoneae phylogeny 531–533, 543 matK analysis of 342 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 ndhF analysis of 342 spikelets of 543 ndhH analysis of 342 McCubbin, Andrew G. 62–71 as outgroup in Stipeae study 351 Mediterranean climate grasslands, invasion in 295–296 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 Megalachne, relationship with Bromus 450, 463 rbcL analysis of 342 Megastachya Lymania in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 36 494–498 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 geographic distribution of 489 Machaerina, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 135 morphological analysis of 494 Maclurolyra ndhF analysis of 494–496 biogeography of 310 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 310–311 spikelets of 489 synflorescence of 311 Megathyrsus Macrochloa, in Stipeae phylogeny 349 New World 505, 507 Madrean Region, Panicoideae of 510 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507 Mapania Melanacra clade in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 78 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 7 654 Index ALISO

ndhF analysis of 7 rbcL analysis of 78 Mesosetum in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573 biogeography of 509, 523 ITS analysis of 566, 571 New World 505, 508–509, 523 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 523 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 photosynthetic pathway of 511, 523 Melica Metcalfia matK analysis of 342 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 morphological analysis of 494 relationship with Bromus 450, 463 ndhF analysis of 342, 494–496 ndhH analysis of 342 Chloridoideae in 583, 585–588 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 Panicoideae in 509–510, 512 rbcL analysis of 342 Mezobromelia rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 4 Meliceae ndhF analysis of 4 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 Mibora, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 Miborinae, in Pooideae phylogeny 346 Melinideae Micraira in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 geographic distribution of 497 photosynthetic pathway of 507 ndhF analysis of 241–242, 261, 497 Melinidinae in Poaceae phylogeny 237–238, 241–244, 260–261, biogeography of 510, 518–519 497, 500, 504, 506 New World 504–507, 510, 518–519 rpl16 analysis of 493 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–505, 507, 518–519 synapomorphy of 261 photosynthetic pathway of 518–519 Micraira clade 497 Melinis Micraireae New World 505, 507 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 499 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503, 505, 507 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 Melocalamus, in Poaceae phylogeny 251 , in Poaceae phylogeny 241–245 Melocanninae Microbriza, tribal/subtribal placement of 423 in Bambuseae phylogeny 306, 316, 323, 326–330 morphological analysis of 323, 326, 330 biogeography of 593 relationship with Hickelinae 316 breeding system of 608–610 rpl16 analysis of 327 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–573, 577, 580– rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 581, 584 Merostachys ITS analysis of 566, 571–572 in Arthrostylidiinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny 308–309 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 biogeography of 308–309 morphological analysis of 584 branching of 308 New World 581, 584, 593 buds of 308 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 in Poaceae phylogeny 251 Microdracoides Merxmuellera in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 in Danthonioideae phylogeny 261 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 matK analysis of 342 rbcL analysis of 78 morphological analysis of 494 Microlaena, in Poaceae phylogeny 251 ndhF analysis of 342, 494–496 Micropyropsis ndhH analysis of 342 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 molecular analysis of 389–392 rbcL analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 387, 393–399 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496, 498 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397– Mesoamerica 398 Bambusoideae in mountains of 311 Micropyrum Panicoideae in 509–510 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 Mesomelaena molecular analysis of 386, 414–415 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 morphological analysis of 389, 394–395 photosynthetic pathway in 103 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 VOLUME 23 Index 655

relationship with Festuca 406–407 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 Microstegium Monanthochloinae in Andropogoneae phylogeny 542 biogeography of 590, 593 cleistogamy and chasmogamy in 287–293 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 575, 578, 581–582, 584 invasion of eastern U. S. by 288 morphological analysis of 584 New World 504–505 New World 581–582, 584, 590, 593 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 Monermeae, in Pooideae phylogeny 380, 401 spikelets of 288 Monocliny 605–614 Miliinae Monodia placement of genera in 423–424 ‘‘soft’’ anatomy of 263 in Poeae phylogeny 421 spikelets of 263 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 in Triodieae phylogeny 262–263 relationship with Poa 421–427, 431–433 Monoecy 605–614 Milium Monotrema 7 in Poeae phylogeny 421 Moorochloa in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 345–346 New World 505, 507 relationship with Poa 421, 427, 433 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507 tribal/subtribal placement of 423 Morelotia, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 Millam, Kendra C. 3–26 Morrone, Osvaldo 503–529 Miscanthus Moth pollination, of Bromeliaceae 13 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 535, 538–540, Muasya, A. Muthama 72–83, 84–98 542–543 ITS analysis of 535, 538 amphitropical disjuncts in 584 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540, 542–543 biogeography of 585, 587–588, 590, 593 ndhF analysis of 542 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–575, 577, 581, New World 504–505 583–584 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 ITS analysis of 566, 571–572, 577 in Poaceae phylogeny 238 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 572–573, 577 spikelets of 530 morphological analysis of 575, 577, 584–585 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 New World 581, 583–585, 587–588, 590, 593 Mitochondrial genome as outgroup in Triodieae study 263 of Poaceae 248 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570, 577 of Triticeae 363, 365, 369 Muhlenbergiinae Mnesithea biogeography of 587–590, 593 biogeography of 515 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581–585 New World 505, 515 morphological analysis of 584–585 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 New World 581–585, 587–590, 593 photosynthetic pathways in 515 Mu¨ller, Jochen 380–405 Mniochloa, biogeography of 310 Mnium, 5.8S rDNA insertion in 86 Molecular clock analysis, of Bromeliaceae 5, 9–12 biogeography of 587, 589, 593 Molineriella, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346–347 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573–574, Molinia 577, 581 matK analysis of 342 ITS analysis of 566, 571 ndhF analysis of 342 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 ndhH analysis of 341–342, 344 New World 581, 587, 589, 593 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 341–342 trnL–F analysis of 566, 570 rbcL analysis of 342 Munroinae Monanthochloe¨ biogeography of 590, 593 biogeography of 593 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581–582, 585 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 566, 570–571, 573, 575, morphological analysis of 585 577, 581, 584 New World 581–582, 585, 590, 593 ITS analysis of 566, 571 Myriocladus ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Arthrostylidiinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny 308–309 morphological analysis of 575, 584 biogeography of 308–309 New World 581, 584, 593 internode lengths of 308 656 Index ALISO

NAD-ME photosynthesis Navia in Chloridoideae 565, 580 Aratitiyopea lopezii inclusion in 227 in Eragrostis 595 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 14–18, 28 in Paniceae 262, 508 CAM photosynthesis by 11 in Panicoideae 504 epiphytism of 12 in Panicum 507 geographic origin and distribution of 10–11, 18 NADP-ME photosynthesis leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 in Andropogoneae 262 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 in Arthropogoninae 507 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 14–18 in Paniceae 262, 508 pollination of 13 in Panicoideae 504 Navioideae 16 in Paspalinae 508 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 9, 16–18 in Paspalum 545 CAM photosynthesis by 11 in Poaceae 261 epiphytism of 12 in Setariinae 508 geographic origin and distribution of 10 Nardeae leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 morphology of 16 in Pooideae phylogeny 345 ndhF analysis of 9, 16–18 Narduroides pollination of 13 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 ndhF molecular analysis of 390–392, 414–415 in Andropogoneae analysis 262, 530–544 morphological analysis of 389, 394–395 in Arthrostylidiinae analysis 308, 329 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 in Arundoclaytonia analysis 493–498, 508 relationship with Festuca 406–407 in Bambuseae analysis 315–316, 323–325, 329–330 Nardurus, in Pooideae phylogeny 380 in Bromeliaceae analysis 3–26, 28 Nardus in Bromus analysis 450–467 ITS analysis of 351, 355–357 in Cenchrinae analysis 507 matK analysis of 342 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade analysis 487– ndhF analysis of 341–342, 344 502 ndhH analysis of 342 in Chloridoideae analysis 342, 490, 494–497, 574 as outgroup in Stipeae study 350–351, 355–357 in Guaduinae analysis 329 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 341–342, 344 in Micraira analysis 497 rbcL analysis of 342 in Paspalum-Thrasya analysis 546–547 Narenga in Poaceae analysis 238, 240, 242, 248–249, 251–252, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532, 535, 538–540 254–255, 259–260, 335–348 ITS analysis of 535, 538 versus rbcL4 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 ndhH trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 in Ecdeiocoleaceae analysis 341–344 Nassella ITS analysis of 351, 356–357, 359 in Joinvilleaceae analysis 341–344 matK analysis of 342 in Poaceae analysis 336–343 ndhF analysis of 342 Neeragrostis ndhH analysis of 342 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573–574, in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 576 rbcL analysis of 342 ITS analysis of 567, 571 in Stipeae phylogeny 350–351, 356–357, 359 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Nastinae. See Hickelinae relationship with Eragrostis 595–597, 599–600, 602 Nastus trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 in Bambuseae phylogeny 323, 326–328, 330 Neesenbeckia glumes of 330 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 hooded ovary of 330 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 morphological analysis of 324, 326, 330 rbcL analysis of 78 morphology of 316 Neesiochloa rachilla extension of 330 biogeography of 587, 593 rpl16 analysis of 322, 327 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 New World 581, 587, 593 VOLUME 23 Index 657

Nelmesia rpl16 analysis of 319, 322, 327 in Abildgaardieae phylogeny 149–150, 160–161 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 embryo type of 150 spikelets of 307 geographic distribution of 149 Neuropoa, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 morphology of 150 New Zealand, Festuca of 406–419 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 Neyraudia Nemum in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581 in Abildgaardieae phylogeny 149–151, 160–161 New World 581 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 81 Niche conservatism 224 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 Nicoraella. See Anatherostipa embryo type of 150 Nidularium geographic distribution of 149 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 8–9, 29, 36 morphology of 150 CAM photosynthesis by 11 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 epiphytism of 12 rbcL analysis of 79, 81, 151 geographic origin and distribution of 10 Neobouteloua leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 biogeography of 587, 593 ndhF analysis of 8–9 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 581 pollination of 13 ITS analysis of 567, 571 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Nidularoid clade 29 New World 581, 587, 593 Nieuwborg, Roland 72–83 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 Noll, Jeffrey D. 237–247 Neoglaziovia in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 36 Carex subgen. Vignea sect. Ovales in 194, 199–202 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Chloridoideae in 585–590 Neoregelia Panicoideae in 509–511 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 8–9, 29, 34–36 Poa in 420 CAM photosynthesis by 11 Notodanthonia, in Danthonioideae phylogeny 261 epiphytism of 12 Nuclear ribosomal genes. See also specific genes and taxa geographic origin and distribution of 10 in Abildgaardieae analysis 151–156, 158–162 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 in Andropogoneae analysis 262, 530–544 ndhF analysis of 8–9 in Bromus analysis 450–467 pollination of 13 in Carex sect. Ovales analysis 194 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 in Cariceae analysis 165–192 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 in Chloridoideae analysis 565–579, 582 Neostapfia in Cyperaceae analysis 81, 84–98 biogeography of 593 in Eleocharis analysis 95 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 577, in Poaceae analysis 248–249, 259–260 581, 585 in Triodieae analysis 263 ITS analysis of 567, 571 Obee, Elizabeth M. and James A. Quinn—Phenotypic plas- ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 ticity of reproduction in Schizachyrium sco- morphological analysis of 585 parium (Poaceae) populations in relation to New World 581, 585, 593 ecological history 273–285 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 Ochagavia Nephelochloa, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 AFLP analysis of 36–37 Neurachneae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) phylogeny 29, 34–37, Neurolepis 41 in Bambuseae phylogeny 307–308, 319, 323, 326–329 geographic origin and distribution of 41 biogeography of 307–308 morphology of 41 elevational range of 307 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 leaf sizes of 307–308 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 35–36 morphological analysis of 324, 326 Oja, Tatjana—Preliminary isozyme evidence on the hybrid morphology of 307–308, 316 origin and diploid progenitors of Bromus pec- papillae of 307 tinatus (Poaceae) 468–471 in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 Olmeca relationship with Chusquea 307–308 biogeography of 309 658 Index ALISO

in Guaduinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny 309 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 577, Olonova, Marina V.—Variability of bluegrass (Poa) in Si- 581, 585 beria 435–449 ITS analysis of 567, 571 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 biogeography of 310–311 morphological analysis of 585 chromosome numbers of 311 New World 581, 585, 593 dispersal mode of 310 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 matK analysis of 342 Orcuttieae ndhF analysis of 342 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565, 574–575, 577 ndhH analysis of 342 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 310–311 Orcuttiinae 592 phylogeny of 310–311 biogeography of 587, 589–590, 593 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–245, 342 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 577, 581–582, 585 rbcL analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 585, 592 synflorescences of 311 New World 581–582, 585, 587, 589–590, 593 Olyreae Orectanthe in Bambusoideae phylogeny 303, 306, 310–311, 315 androecium of 230 biogeography of 311, 315 gynoecium of 231 branch patterns of 310, 315 inflorescence of 228–233 culms of 310, 315 perianth of 228–230 dispersal modes of 310 Oreobambos, in Poaceae phylogeny 251 in eastern Brazil 311 Oreobolopsis flowers of 315 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72, 79 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 glumes of 310 rbcL analysis of 79 height of 310 Oreobolus latitudinal range of 310 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 monophyly of 306, 315 5.8S rDNA insertion in 86, 88, 94 New World, classification and biogeography of 310– photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 311 rbcL analysis of 78 phylogeny of 310–311, 323 relationship with Oxychloe 85 in Poaceae phylogeny 245, 252–253 Orlovich, David A. 406–419 rpl16 analysis of 322 Ornithophily. See Bird pollination spikelets of 310, 315 Orthoclada synflorescences of 310 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, Olyrinae 494–498 biogeography of 310–311 geographic distribution of 489 in Olyreae phylogeny 310–311 morphological analysis of 494, 498 phylogeny of 310–311 ndhF analysis of 494–496 relationship with Buergersiochloa 311 New World 505–506 Ophiochloa in Panicoideae phylogeny 505–506 biogeography of 509, 511, 523 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 New World 505, 508–509, 511, 523 spikelets of 489 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 523 Orthophytum photosynthetic pathway of 523 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 36 Oplismenopsis trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 biogeography of 509, 511, 523 Oryza New World 505, 508–509, 511, 523 BAC studies of 68 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 523 biogeography of 306 photosynthetic pathway of 523 5.8S rDNA insertion in 86, 93 Oplismenus in Ehrhartoideae phylogeny 306, 344–345 New World 505, 508 ITS analysis of 351, 355–356 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508 matK analysis of 342 in Poaceae phylogeny 251 morphological analysis of 324, 494 Orcuttia ndhF analysis of 341–342, 344–345, 494–496 biogeography of 593 ndhH analysis of 342, 344–345 VOLUME 23 Index 659

in Oryzeae phylogeny 306 rbcL analysis of 85, 89–92 as outgroup in Bambuseae study 319, 322–323, 326– rbcL chimera in 89–92 328 rbcL contaminant in 89–92 as outgroup in Stipeae study 350–351, 355–356 rps16 analysis of 59 plastid genome analysis of 336–337 rps16 and trnL–F analysis of, combined 90 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 341–342, 344–345 trnL–F analysis of 57, 59 polyploidy in 372 Oxytenanthera rbcL analysis of 342 in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–328 rpl16 analysis of 322, 494, 496 morphological analysis of 324, 326 26S rRNA analysis of 93 rpl16 analysis of 322, 327 Oryzeae rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 biogeography of 306 PACC clade, of Poaceae 248, 335 in Ehrhartoideae phylogeny 303, 306 PACCAD clade, of Poaceae 237, 239, 241, 251, 254–255, phylogeny of 306 260–261, 263–264, 303–304, 335, 341–342, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–254 344–345, 487, 495, 565 relationship with Ehrharteae 306 PACMAD clade, of Poaceae 241–245 Oryzinae PAM clade, of Poeae 424–427 biogeography of 306 Panama, Panicoideae in 509–510 in Oryzeae (Ehrhartoideae) phylogeny 306 Paniceae . See Ehrhartoideae base chromosome number of 262, 507 Oryzopsis biogeography of 509, 511, 516–529 ITS analysis of 350–351, 355–356, 359–360 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 487–488, matK analysis of 342 491–500 morphology of 350 inflorescences of 508 ndhF analysis of 342 ndhF analysis of 490–500 ndhH analysis of 342 New World 504–507, 509, 511, 516–529 in Poaceae phylogeny 342 in Panicoideae phylogeny 262, 503–505, 507, 516–529 rbcL analysis of 342 Paspalum-Thrasya-Thrasyopsis relationship 545–562 relationship with Achnatherum 350 photosynthetic pathways in 262, 504, 516–529 relationship with Piptatherum 350, 359–360 in Poaceae phylogeny 245, 250, 252–254 in Stipeae phylogeny 350–351, 355–356, 359–360 relationship with Andropogoneae 262 Otachyrium rpl16 analysis of 490–500 biogeography of 509, 511, 523 spikelets of 262, 507–508 New World 505, 508–509, 511, 523 Thysanolaena placement in 509 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 523 Panicinae photosynthetic pathway of 523 biogeography of 510, 519–521 Otatea New World 504–508, 519–521 in Bambuseae phylogeny 309, 319, 322, 326–328 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–505, 507–508, 519–521 biogeography of 309 photosynthetic pathways in 508, 519–521 in Guaduinae phylogeny 309 Panicoideae morphological analysis of 324, 326 Amazonian Region 510–511 rpl16 analysis of 319, 322, 327 amphitropical disjuncts in 511 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 Andean Region 510–512 Oxycaryum Andropogoneae phylogeny 530–544 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94, 96 Atlantic Province 511 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 base chromosome number of 503–504 photosynthetic pathway in 103 Brazilian Region 511 rbcL analysis of 80 Caribbean Region 510–511 Oxychloe Central American Province 510–511 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 85, 89–92 Chacoan Province 511–512 5.8S rDNA insertion in 89 Coatinga Province 511 flower of 55, 60 distribution in relation to biogeographical areas 509– geographic distribution of 55 511 growth form of 55 distribution in relation to continents and political units inflorescence of 55 509 in Juncaceae phylogeny 55–56, 58–60, 84, 90–92 economic and ecological importance of 545 660 Index ALISO

embryos of 503 Panicum sect. Obtusa 508 Galapageian Province 510–511 Panicum sect. Parvifolia 508 geographic distribution of 503 Panicum sect. Parviglumia 508 Guiana Highlands Region 510 Panicum sect. Prionitia 508 Holarctic Kingdom 510 Panicum sect. Stolonifera 508 Kranz syndrome 504, 511–512, 514–529 Panicum sect. Tenera 508 Madrean Region 510 Panicum sect. Tuerckheimiana 508 matK analysis of 342 Panicum sect. Valida 508 Mesoamerican 509–510 Panicum sect. Verrucosa 508 morphological analysis of 491–492, 494, 503 Pappophoreae NADP-ME anatomy of 261 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565, 575, 583 ndhF analysis of 342, 344, 487–502 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 ndhH analysis of 342 Pappophorum Neotropical Kingdom 510–511 biogeography of 587–588, 593 New World, classification and biogeography of 503– in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–577, 581 529 ITS analysis of 567, 571–572 North American 509–510 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573, 575–576 North American Atlantic Region 510–511 matK analysis of 572, 574 Parana´ Province 511–512 morphological analysis of 576 Paspalum-Thrasya-Thrasyopsis relationship 545–562 New World 581, 587–588, 593 photosynthetic pathways in 504, 511–512, 514–529 rbcL analysis of 574 phylogeny of 262, 487–491, 499, 503–504 relationship with Eragrostis 596–597 in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 241–243, 248, 250–254, rpoC2 analysis of 574 260–261, 335, 341–342, 344, 487, 503 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570, 572 rbcL analysis of 342 ‘‘Pappostipa’’, in Stipeae phylogeny 350, 360 relationship with Centothecoideae 487–504 Pappophoroideae 580 rpl16 analysis of 487–502 Paracolpodium, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 South American 509–511 Parafestuca synapomorphy of 261, 503 molecular analysis of 389–392 Uplands of Central Brazil Province 511–512 morphological analysis of 387, 394 West Indian Province 510–511 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 Panicum as outgroup in Loliinae study 382, 387, 389–392, 394, amphitropical disjuncts in 511 397 biogeography of 510–511, 520–521, 523–528 tribal/subtribal placement of 424 economic and ecological importance of 545 Paramapania, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 ITS analysis of 536, 538, 567, 571 Parana´ Province, Panicoideae of 511–512 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540, 573 Parapholiinae New World 504–508, 510–511, 520–521, 523–528 molecular analysis of 389–392 as outgroup in Andropogoneae study 533, 536 morphological analysis of 387, 396–399 as outgroup in Chloridoideae study 567 in Poeae phylogeny 381, 403, 421 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 507–508, 520–521, in Pooideae phylogeny 346 523–528 relationship with Loliinae 380, 382, 387, 389–393, photosynthetic pathway of 507, 511–512, 520–521, 396–399, 401 523–528 Parapholis in Poaceae phylogeny 242–245, 256 morphological analysis of 387, 394 relationship with Andropogoneae 538–540 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 relationship with Paspalum, Thrasya, and Thrasyopsis in Poeae phylogeny 403 545–548, 550–551 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 reproductive plasticity of 282–284 relationship with Loliinae 382, 387, 394, 397, 401 trnL–F analysis of 536, 539, 567, 570 Paratheria Panicum sect. Agrostoidea 508 New World 505, 507 Panicum sect. Cordovensia 508 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507 Panicum sect. Laxa 508 Pariana Panicum sect. Lorea 508 in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–328 Panicum sect. Megista 508 in Bambusoideae phylogeny 303 Panicum sect. Monticolae 508 biogeography of 310 VOLUME 23 Index 661

matK analysis of 342 New World 504–506, 508–511 morphological analysis of 324, 326, 494 Notata group of 550–552 ndhF analysis of 342, 494–496 in Paniceae phylogeny 545 ndhH analysis of 342 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 508 in Olyreae phylogeny 303, 310 papillae of 553, 555 in Parianinae phylogeny 310 pedicels of 555 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–245, 342 photosynthetic pathway of 511, 545 pollination of 310 in Poaceae phylogeny 256 rbcL analysis of 342 racemes of 545–546, 552–553, 556 rpl16 analysis of 327, 494, 496 Racemosa group of 550–552, 556 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 rachis of 546, 555–556 Parianeae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253, 310 relationship with Panicum 545–546 Parianinae relationship with Thrasya 545–556 biogeography of 310 relationship with Thrasyopsis 545–547, 549–556 inflorescence of 310 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 in Olyreae phylogeny 310 rpoC2 analysis of 547 relationship with Buergersiochloa 311 spikelets of 545–546, 552–555 spikelets of 310 upper anthecium of 545, 555 stamen number of 310 upper glumes of 546, 553–554 taxonomic problems in 310 Paspalum subgen. Ceresia 546, 550–552, 556 Parnell, John A. N. 55–61 Paspalum subgen. Harpostachys 550–556 Parodilyra Patosia biogeography of 311 geographic distribution of 55 in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 310–311 growth form of 55 spikelets of 311 inflorescence of 55 Parodiochloa, in Poa phylogeny 421, 429, 431 in Juncaceae phylogeny 55 Partial dicliny 605 PCK photosynthesis Pascopyrum, St genome of 372 in Chloridoideae 565, 580 Paspalidium in Eragrostis 595 New World 505, 507–508 in Paniceae 262 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507–508 in Panicoideae 504 photosynthetic pathway of 528 Pennington, Susan J. 503–529, 580–594 Paspalinae Pennisetum biogeography of 510, 521–528 biogeography of 510, 517 New World 504–508, 510, 521–528 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 494–496 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 507–508, 521–528 economic and ecological importance of 545 photosynthetic pathways in 508, 521–528 morphological analysis of 494 spikelets of 508 ndhF analysis of 494–496, 507 Paspalum New World 505, 507, 510, 517 Alma group of 550–552 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507, 517 amphitropical disjuncts in 511 photosynthetic pathway of 517 axillary penduncles of 553 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–245 biogeography of 509–511, 545 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 Bonplandiana group of 556 Pentarrhaphis, breeding system of 612 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 494–496 Pentaschistis, in Danthonioideae phylogeny 261 cladistic analysis of 547–552 Pereilema Decumbentes group of 545–562 biogeography of 593 Dissecta group of 550–552, 556 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 581, Disticha group of 550–552, 556 584–585 inflorescence of 545–546, 552, 555–556 ITS analysis of 567, 571 leaf anatomy of 545, 552, 555 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 lemmas of 545–546, 553–554 morphological analysis of 584–585 lower glumes of 545–546, 552–554 New World 581, 584–585, 593 lower palea of 545–546, 553 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 morphological analysis of 494, 545–562 Perianth. See also specific taxa ndhF analysis of 494–496, 546–547 of Aratitiyopea lopezii 228–230 662 Index ALISO

Peridictyon Pheidochloa, in Poaceae phylogeny 241–245, 251 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 Phenotypic plasticity DMC1 analysis of 366–367 definition of 273 EF-G analysis of 366–367 in Schizachyrium scoparium 273–285 mitochondrial genome of 366 Philydrum, as outgroup in Cyperaceae study 73, 78 morphological analysis of 365 Phippsia total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 relationship with Poa 421–422, 427 in Triticeae phylogeny 362, 365–369 tribal/subtribal placement of 424 Perrierbambus in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–328 in Poeae phylogeny 421 morphological analysis of 324, 326 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 rpl16 analysis of 327 relationship with Poa 421, 427, 433 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 tribal/subtribal placement of 424 , Chloridoideae in 586–587 Photosynthesis Perulifera, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade 491–492 Petersen, Gitte 362–371 in Panicoideae 504, 511–512, 514–529 Peterson, Paul M. 450–467 in Poaceae 259, 261

Peterson, Paul M. et al.—Classification and biogeography of Photosynthesis, C3 and C4 New World grasses: Chloridoideae 580–594 in Abildgaardieae 161 Phaenosperma in Arthrostylideae 161 matK analysis of 342 in Chloridoideae 565, 580 ndhF analysis of 342 in Cyperaceae 99–148, 161 ndhH analysis of 342 in Paniceae 262 in Poaceae phylogeny 239, 242–244, 342 in Panicoideae 504, 511–512, 514–529 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 in Paspalum 545 rbcL analysis of 342 Photosynthesis, CAM, in Bromeliaceae 4–5, 11–12, 16, 19– Phaenospermateae, in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 20, 28, 41 Phaenospermatideae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 Photosynthesis, NAD-ME Phalaridinae in Chloridoideae 565, 580 as outgroup in Poa study 422 in Eragrostis 595 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 in Paniceae 262, 508 Phanopyrum in Panicoideae 504 biogeography of 509–510, 528 in Panicum 507 New World 505, 508–510, 528 Photosynthesis, NADP-ME in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 in Andropogoneae 262 photosynthetic pathway of 528 in Arthropogoninae 507 Phareae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 in Paniceae 262, 508 Pharoideae in Panicoideae 504 matK analysis of 342 in Paspalinae 508 ndhF analysis of 342, 344 in Paspalum 545 ndhH analysis of 342 in Poaceae 261 New World, classification and biogeography of 304– in Setariinae 508 305, 311 Photosynthesis, PCK in Poaceae phylogeny 238–239, 250–255, 260, 303– in Chloridoideae 565, 580 304, 341–342, 344 in Eragrostis 595 rbcL analysis of 342 in Paniceae 262 spikelets of 261 in Panicoideae 504 Pharus Phragmites biogeography of 305 culms of 325 matK analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 494 morphology of 305 ndhF analysis of 494–496 ndhF analysis of 241–242, 248–249, 341–342 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 ndhH analysis of 341–342 relationship with Steyermarkochloa 508 in Pharoideae phylogeny 304–305 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 248–249, 341–342 PHYB rbcL analysis of 342 in Andropogoneae analysis 531, 537–543 VOLUME 23 Index 663

in Poaceae analysis 248–249, 252, 255, 487 morphology of 16 Phyllorachideae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 15–17 Phylloscirpus paraphyly of 8, 15, 39 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79 pollination of 12–13, 22 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 recircumscription of 15, 17 rbcL analysis of 79 trnL analysis of 28 Phyllostachys winged seeds of 3 in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–328 Plagiantha hooded ovary of 330 biogeography of 509, 511, 528 morphological analysis of 324, 326 New World 505, 508–509, 511, 528 rpl16 analysis of 322, 327 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 photosynthetic pathway of 528 Pierce, Simon—The jeweled armor of Tillandsia—multifac- Plasticity, phenotypic 273 eted or elongated trichomes provide photopro- Plasticity, reproductive tection 44–52 in Aegilops triuncialis invasion 295–300 Pimentel, Manuel and Elvira Sahuquillo—Relationships chasmogamous and cleistogamous 286–294 among some populations of Anthoxanthum al- of Panicum 282–284 pinum and A. odoratum (Poaceae, Pooideae): of Schizachyrium scoparium 273–285 a morphological/anatomical approach 472– of 282–284 484 Plastid genome analysis. See also specific genes and taxa Piptatherum of Andropogoneae 262 ITS analysis of 351, 355–356, 359–360 of Bambuseae 316 matK analysis of 342 of Bromus 450–467 ndhF analysis of 342 of Cyperaceae 55–61, 72–83 ndhH analysis of 342 of Ecdeiocoleaceae 336–337 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 of Joinvilleaceae 336–337 rbcL analysis of 342 of Juncaceae 55–61 relationship with Oryzopsis 350, 359–360 of Poaceae 237–238, 240, 242, 245, 248–249, 254–255, in Stipeae phylogeny 350–351, 355–356, 359–360 259–260, 335–348 Piptochaetium of Poales 336 ITS analysis of 351, 356, 360 of Pooideae 335–348 in Stipeae phylogeny 350–351, 356, 360 Plectrachne Piresiella, biogeography of 310 spikelets of 262 in Triodieae phylogeny 262–263 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 14–17, 28, 34– Pleuraphis 36, 41 biogeography of 593 CAM photosynthesis by 11–12 breeding system of 608–610 epiphytism of 12 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 580– geographic origin and distribution of 10–11, 18–19, 35 growth form of 22 581, 584 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14 ITS analysis of 567, 571 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 14–17 morphological analysis of 584 pollination of 13, 22 New World 581, 584, 593 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Pleuropogon Pitcairnia subgen. Pepinia 15 matK analysis of 342 Pitcairnia subgen. Pitcairnia 15 ndhF analysis of 342 16 ndhH analysis of 341–342, 344 as ancestral Bromeliaceae 18–19 in Poaceae phylogeny 341–342 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 15–17, 28, 34– rbcL analysis of 342 35, 39–40 Pleurostachys CAM photosynthesis by 11–12 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 77–78 epiphytism of 12 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 geographic origin and distribution of 10–12, 18–19 photosynthetic pathway in 101, 103, 136 leaf and trichome anatomy of 5, 13–14 rbcL analysis of 77–78 664 Index ALISO

Poa Poa subgen. Arctopoa sect. Sylvestres 432 Anthochloa inclusion in 421, 429–431 Poa subgen. Dioicopoa 420 ArcSyl clade of 421, 428–429 Poa subgen. Ochlopoa 432 ‘‘Australopoa’’ group of 421, 430, 432 Poa subgen. Ochlopoa sect. Alpinae 432 BAPO clade of 421, 427–429, 432 Poa subgen. Ochlopoa sect. Arenariae 432 chloroplast DNA analysis of 420–433 Poa subgen. Ochlopoa sect. Micrantherae 432 cladistic analysis of 421, 424–431 Poa subgen. Ochlopoa sect. Parodiochloa 432 Dissanthelium inclusion in 421, 429–432 Poa subgen. Poa 420–421, 425–426, 432, 435 Edmond classification of 420 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Abbreviatae 421, 428, 435 Eremopoa inclusion in 420–422, 424, 427, 429 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Acutifoliae 421, 430, 432 genera allied with 421–424, 426–427, 431–432 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Alpinae 421, 428, 435 generic relationships and affinities of 432–433 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Anthochloa 431–432 HAMBADD clade of 421, 429–430, 432 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Austrofestuca 421, 430, 432 height of 437, 443 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Bolbophorum 421, 428 hybridization of 420–421 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Brizoides 421, 430, 432 infrageneric classifications of 432 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Dasypoa 421, 430, 432 leaf sheaths of 438–439 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Dioicopoa 420–421, 430, 432 lemmas of 437–438, 442–447 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Homalopoa 421, 430, 432, 435 ligules of 437–438, 442–447 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Leptophyllae 430, 432 molecular analysis of 390–392, 414–415 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Macropoa 421, 430, 432, 435–437 morphological analysis of 387, 394, 421, 435–449 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Madropoa 421, 430, 432 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397, Poa subgen. Poa sect. Nivicolae 430, 432, 435 421 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Ochlopoa 420–421, 428, 435 New World 420 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Oreinos 421, 428–430, 435 in New Zealand 418 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Pandemos 421 North American 420 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Parodiochloa 421, 428 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382, 387, 390–394, 397 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Poa 421, 430, 432, 438–440 panicles of 437–439 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Secundae 421, 428–430 phylogeny of 420–434 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Stenopoa 421, 428–430, 435, 440– Poa (main) clade of 424 448 in Poaceae phylogeny 256 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Sylvestres 421, 428 in Poeae phylogeny 380 Poa subgen. Poa sect. Tichopoa 421, 428 polyploidy in 420 Poa subgen. Poa supersect. Homalopoa 432 PoM clade of 421, 429–430, 432 Poa subgen. Poa supersect. Poa 432 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 380 Poa subgen. Pseudopoa 420, 432 POSTA clade of 428 Poa subgen. Pseudopoa sect. Pseudopoa 432 ‘‘Punapoa’’ group of 421, 430, 432 Poa subgen. Psilantha 420 rachillas of 438, 442–447 Poa subgen. Stenopoa 432 relationship with Alopecurinae 421–427, 431–433 Poa subgen. Stenopoa sect. Abbreviatae 432 relationship with Festuca 407–408, 421–422 Poa subgen. Stenopoa sect. Oreinos 432 relationship with Miliinae 421–427, 431–433 Poa subgen. Stenopoa sect. Pandemos 432 in , variability of 435–449 Poa subgen. Stenopoa sect. Secundae 432 Soreng classification of 420 Poa subgen. Stenopoa sect. Stenopoa 432 spikelets of 438–440 Poa subgen. Stenopoa sect. Tichopoa 432 SPOSTA clade of 421, 428–430, 432 Poaceae tribal/subtribal placement of 424 adh1 analysis of 252 trnT–F analysis of 420–434 Andropogoneae phylogeny 530–544 Tzvelev classification of 420 Anisopogon/Phaenosperma clade of 239 Poa lepidula 431 Anthoxanthum alpinum and A. odoratum relationships Poa sect. Bulbosae 435 472–484 Poa sect. Coenopoa 435 atpB analysis of 248 Poa sect. Malacanthae 435, 437 Bambusa/Chusquea clade of 239 Poa subgen. Andinae 420–421, 424–425, 427, 431, 433 Bambuseae one-flowered, determinate genera phyloge- Poa subgen. Arctopoa 420–421, 425, 428, 432, 435 ny 315–332 Poa subgen. Arctopoa sect. Aphydris 432 BEP clade of 237, 239, 241, 246, 248, 255, 260, 263– Poa subgen. Arctopoa sect. Arctopoa 432, 435 264, 303–304, 335, 341–342, 345, 487 VOLUME 23 Index 665

Bouteloua dicliny 605–614 nomenclature change in, conservatism in 264 Bromus pectinatus origin and progenitors 468–471 nuclear ribosomal analysis of 248–249, 252–254, 259– Bromus phylogeny 450–467 260 Bromus position in 242–244, 450 outgroup effects on 239, 245–246 Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade of 487–502 PACC clade of 248, 335 chasmogamy/cleistogamy in 286–294 PACCAD, B-E, P clade of 255 Chloridoideae phylogeny 565–579 PACCAD clade of 237, 239, 241, 251, 254–255, 260– chloroplast DNA analysis of 248 261, 263–264, 303–304, 335, 341–342, 344– cladistic analyses of 237, 239, 241–246, 248, 251, 254– 345, 487, 565 255, 259–261, 263–264, 303–304, 335, 487– PACCAD-P, B-E group of 251, 255 502 PACCAD-P group of 251, 254 conglomerate taxa of 238, 337 PACMAD clade of 241–245 culm of 261, 286 paradigm shift on 259 DELTA system of 267–268 Paspalum-Thrasya-Thrasyopsis relationship 545–562 descriptive database of 267–269 phenetic classification of 259, 263 diversification of 248–258 photosynthetic pathways in 259, 261 ‘‘divide and conquer’’ strategy for 249, 254 PHYB analysis of 248–249, 252, 255, 487 18S rDNA analysis of 252 phylogeny of 237–266, 303–304, 315, 335–348 early diverging (basal) 238–239, 252–253, 255, 260, phylogeny of, versus classification 263, 381 303, 344 plastid genome analysis of 237–238, 240–242, 245, economic and ecological importance of 545 248–249, 254–255, 259–260, 335–348 electronic world database of 267–270 Poa phylogeny 420–434 embryo of 261 Poa variability in Siberia 435–449 Eragrostis monophyly and infrageneric classification Pooideae phylogeny 335–348 595–604 rbcL analysis of 238, 240–242, 245, 248–249, 252, European Molecular Biology Laboratory data on 249 255, 259–260, 337–343 evolutionary history of 263, 589–590 relationship with Bromeliaceae 4, 8, 27–28 evolutionary success of 255 relationship with Ecdeiocoleaceae 237–238 fruit of 261 relationship with Joinvilleaceae 237–238, 260 future study directions for 256 reproductive plasticity in Aegilops triuncialis invasion GBSSI analysis of 248–249, 252, 260, 337, 343–344 295–300 GPWG classification of 237, 246, 260–261 reproductive plasticity of Schizachyrium scoparium homoplasy in 260–261 273–285 inflorescence of 259, 261 ribosomal RNA analysis of 259 ITS analysis of 248–249, 251–254, 259–260 rpl16 analysis of 248, 259–260 large trees of 248–258 rpoC2 analysis of 241–245, 248–249, 252, 254, 259– leaf anatomy of 259, 261 260 Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 rps4 analysis of 248, 259–260 matK analysis of 241, 248, 252, 254, 259–260, 337– rps15 analysis of 336 343 sample size of 263–264 mitochondrial genome of 248 seedlings of 261 morphological versus molecular classification of 259– self-fertilization in 286 266 sheath fertilization in 286 multigene analysis of 249 socioeconomic and ecological importance of 248 ndhF analysis of 238, 240–242, 248–249, 251–252, species richness of 256 254–255, 259–260, 336–347 spikelet clade of 252, 255 ndhH analysis of 336–343 spikelets of 259, 261, 286 New Systematics on 259 Stipeae molecular analysis 349–361 New World grasses, classification and biogeography of subfamilies of 237, 250–253, 259–260, 263 303–314 supertrees of 248–258 New World Chloridoideae, classification and biogeog- synapomorphies of 260–261 raphy of 580–594 synonym database of 267–269 New World Panicoideae, classification and biogeogra- tribes of 252–253 phy of 503–529 Triticeae phylogeny 362–371 New Zealand Festuca, phylogeny and biogeography of trnL analysis of 248, 252, 254 406–419 trnL–F analysis of 254 666 Index ALISO

trnT inversion in 237–238 PoM clade, of Poa 421, 429–430, 432 Poales Pommereullinae, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 574–575 Bromeliaceae placement in 4, 19, 27–28 Pooideae Juncaceae placement in 55 Anthoxanthum alpinum and A. odoratum relationships phylogeny of 227 472–484 plastid genome analysis of 336 Bromus pectinatus origin and progenitors 468–471 relationship with Cyperales 64 Bromus phylogeny 450–467 Poeae Bromus position in 343, 345, 450 morphology of 380 BT/P clade of 345–346 PAM clade of 424–427 Elymus allopolyploids 372–379 phylogeny of 380, 401–403, 421 florets of 380 in Poaceae phylogeny 251–253, 255–256 GBSSI analysis of 343 in Pooideae phylogeny 335, 345–347, 380–381 glumes of 380 Poeae s.l. 335, 343, 346–347 lemmas of 380 Pogonarthria Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573–574, matK analysis of 342 576, 581, 583 monophyly of 335 ITS analysis of 567, 571 morphology of 380 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 ndhF analysis of 242, 248–249, 341–344, 346, 490 morphological analysis of 583 ndhH analysis of 342 New World 581, 583 New Zealand Festuca, phylogeny and biogeography of relationship with Eragrostis 595, 599–600, 602 406–419 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 phylogeny of 335–348, 380 Pogonatherum plastid genome analysis of 335–348 New World 504–505 Poa phylogeny 420–434 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 Poa variability in Siberia 435–449 in Poaceae phylogeny 251 in Poaceae phylogeny 237, 242–243, 248–253, 255, Pohlidium 260, 335, 342, 345 biogeography of 509–510, 516 rbcL analysis of 342 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, relationship with Ehrhartoideae 305 494–498 rpl16 analysis of 490 geographic distribution of 489 spikelets of 380 morphological analysis of 494, 498–499 Stipeae molecular analysis 349–361 ndhF analysis of 494–496 Portea New World 505–506, 509–510, 516 in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) phylogeny 36, 41 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505–506, 516 leaf blade anatomy of 39 photosynthetic pathway of 516 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 POSTA clade, of Poa 428 spikelets of 489, 498–499 Potarophytum 7 Poidium, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 Principina, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 Poinae Prioniaceae placement of genera in 423–424 in Cyperales phylogeny 55 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382 flowers of 55–56 in Poeae (Pooideae) phylogeny 380, 421 phylogeny of 55 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 in Poales phylogeny 55 relationship with Alopecurinae and Miliinae 421–427, relationship with Juncaceae 55–56 431–433 Prionium Pollination absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 93–95 of Bromeliaceae 5, 11–13, 21–22 geographic distribution of 55 of Cyperaceae 77 habitat of 55 Pollinia, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532 as outgroup in Cyperaceae study 73, 78, 85 Polyploidy, in Elymus 372–379 in Prioniaceae phylogeny 55–56 Polypogon, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 relationship with Cyperaceae 56, 58, 60 Polytrias relationship with Juncaceae 55–56, 58, 60 New World 504–505 rps16 analysis of 58 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 in Thurniaceae phylogeny 55–56, 58, 60 VOLUME 23 Index 667

trnL–F analysis of 58 Puccinelliinae Psathyrostachys placement of genera in 423–424 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 in Poeae phylogeny 421 DMC1 analysis of 366–367, 370 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 EF-G analysis of 366–367, 370 relationship with Poa 421–422, 427 mitochondrial genome of 366 Puelia morphological analysis of 363, 365–366 matK analysis of 342 Ns genome of 372 ndhF analysis of 342 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 ndhH analysis of 342 in Triticeae phylogeny 362–363, 365–370, 374 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 251, 342 Pseudechinolaena in Puelioideae phylogeny 303 New World 505, 508 rbcL analysis of 342 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508 Puelieae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 Pseudochaetochloa, in Poaceae phylogeny 254 Puelioideae Pseudodanthonia, relationship with Bromus 450, 463 matK analysis of 342 Pseudoroegneria ndhF analysis of 342, 344 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368–369 ndhH analysis of 342 DMC1 analysis of 366–367, 370 phylogeny of 303 EF-G analysis of 366–367, 370 in Poaceae phylogeny 238–239, 242–243, 250–251, genome transfer to Elymus 372, 374–378 254–255, 260, 303, 341–342, 344 mitochondrial genome of 366 rbcL analysis of 342 morphological analysis of 365 ‘‘Punapoa’’ group, of Poa 421, 430, 432 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 Puya in Triticeae phylogeny 365–370 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3, 7–9, 16, 28, 34–36, 40– Pseudosasa 41 matK analysis of 342 CAM photosynthesis by 11, 19, 41 ndhF analysis of 342 concerted convergence in 22 ndhH analysis of 342 epiphytism of 12 Old World taxa, in New World 309 flowers of 13 in Poaceae phylogeny 238, 342 geographic origin and distribution of 10, 12, 18–19 rbcL analysis of 342 growth form of 22 Pseudoschoenus, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 leaf and trichome anatomy of 13–14, 20, 22 Pseudosorghum, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 541 morphology of 41 Pseudozoysia, in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 narrow endemism in 21 Psilureae 402 ndhF analysis of 3, 7–9, 16 Psilurinae, in Poeae (Pooideae) phylogeny 380 pollination of 13, 22 Psilurus relationship with Bromelioideae 40–41 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 species diversity of 21 molecular analysis of 386, 389–392, 414–415 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 morphological analysis of 389, 394–399 trnL analysis of 28 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397– trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 398 as ur-bromeliad 19 relationship with Festuca 406–407, 413 Puya subgen. Puya 12 Ptilostipa, in Stipeae phylogeny 350 Puya subgen. Puyopsis 12 Ptilothrix, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136 Puyeae, in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 35 Puccinellia Puyoideae 16 molecular analysis of 390–392 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 9, 16–17 morphological analysis of 387, 394 CAM photosynthesis by 11 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 epiphytism of 12 in New Zealand 418 geographic origin and distribution of 10 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382, 387, 390–392, 394, leaf and trichome anatomy of 14 397 morphology of 16 in Poeae phylogeny 381, 421 ndhF analysis of 9, 16–17 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 pollination of 12–13 relationship with Poa 421–422, 433 Pycreus tribal/subtribal placement of 424 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 668 Index ALISO

in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 575, photosynthesis in, conflicting data on 148 577, 581, 584 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 136–138 ITS analysis of 567, 571 rbcL analysis of 80 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Queenslandiella morphological analysis of 584 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 New World 581, 584, 593 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 138 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 rbcL analysis of 80 Reedia, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 138 Quesnelia Refulio-Rodriguez, Nancy F. 565–579 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 36 Rehia, biogeography of 310 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Reimarochloa Quinn, James A. 273–285 biogeography of 509, 528 Racemobambos, in Bambuseae phylogeny 329 New World 505, 508–509, 528 Racinaea, in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 28 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 photosynthetic pathway of 528 biogeography of 311 Renvoize, Stephen A. 248–258 glumes of 311 Renvoize, Steve et al.—An electronic world grass flora 267– in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 311 270 Raddiella, biogeography of 310 Reproductive isolation, chromosome evolution and 62 Rames, of Andropogoneae 262 Reproductive plasticity Ramirea in Aegilops triuncialis invasion 295–300 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 chasmogamous and cleistogamous 286–294 rbcL analysis of 80 of Panicum 282–284 of Schizachyrium scoparium 273–285 Rapatea of Sporobolus 282–284 as outgroup in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) study 33 Reproductive systems trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 in Bouteloua 605–614 Rapateaceae evolution of dioecy 605–614 historical biogeography of 19–20 phylogenetic study of 606 relationship with Bromeliaceae 4, 8, 19, 27 Restio, as outgroup in Poaceae study 241 rbcL Restionaceae in Abildgaardieae analysis 73, 79, 81, 149–151 phylogeny and historical evolution of Rhodocoma 213– in Andropogoneae analysis 533 226 in Bambuseae analysis 330 plastid genome analysis of 336 in Bromeliaceae analysis 19, 28 relationship with Bromeliaceae 27–28 in Chloridoideae analysis 342, 574 relationship with Poaceae 255 in Cyperaceae analysis 72–85 Reynaudia in Eriachne analysis 497 biogeography of 509–510, 517 versus ndhF4 New World 505, 507, 509–510, 517 in Oxychloe analysis 85, 89–92 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503, 505, 507, 517 in Poaceae analysis 240, 242, 245, 248–249, 252, 255, photosynthetic pathway of 517 259–260, 337–343 Reznicek, Anton A. 72–83, 193–203 in Rhodocoma analysis 213–214, 217–218 Rheochloa in Tristachya analysis 497, 505, 533, 541 biogeography of 587, 593 in Triticeae analysis 363–366 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565–567, 570–571, 573, Redfieldia 581 biogeography of 593 New World 565–567, 581, 587, 593 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 577, Rhipidium, possible presence in Schoenus 204–209 581, 584–585 Rhipidocladum ITS analysis of 567, 571 in Andes 311 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Arthrostylidiinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny 308–309 morphological analysis of 577, 584–585 biogeography of 308–309, 311 New World 581, 584–585, 593 branching of 308 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 buds of 308 Reederochloa internode lengths of 308 biogeography of 593 in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 VOLUME 23 Index 669

Rhizocephalus, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 Roalson, Eric H. et al.—Chromosome evolution in Cypera- Rhizomes les 62–71 of Arthrostylidiinae 308 Ronnbergia of Bambuseae 306, 315, 320 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 36 of Hickelinae 330 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 of Juncaceae 55 Rostkovia Rhodocoma 5.8S rDNA insertion in 89 altitudinal variation among 215–216 flower of 55, 60 ancestral ecology reconstructions in 217, 220–221 genome size of 66 atpB analysis of 213–214, 217–218 inflorescence of 55 bedrock-derived soils for 215–216 in Juncaceae phylogeny 55, 58–60 ecological, genetic, and phylogenetic distances among relationship with Oxychloe 90 species of 217 rps16 analysis of 57, 59 ecological parameters in study of 215–216 trnL–F analysis of 57, 59 ecological similarity among species of 216–217 Rostraria fire survival mode of 215–216 ndhF analysis of 341 flowering times of 223–224 in Poaceae phylogeny 341 groundwater availability for 215–216 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 macroecology of 215–216, 218–220 Rothrock, Paul E. 193–203 matK analysis of 213–214, 218 phylogeny and historical evolution of 213–226 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 535, 538–540, rainfall patterns for 215–216 542 rbcL analysis of 213–214, 217–218 ITS analysis of 535, 538, 542 relationship with Thamnochortus 213, 218, 222 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 soil rockiness for 215–216 New World 504–505 sympatric versus parapatric speciation in 213, 223–224 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 trnK analysis of 213–214 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 trnL analysis of 213–214 Rottboellieae, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532 trnL–F analysis of 213–214, 217 Rottboelliinae Rhombolytrum, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 531–532, 538–540, Rhynchelytrum, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 542 Rhynchocladium, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 138 biogeography of 515 Rhynchoryza, in Oryzinae (Oryzeae) phylogeny 306 ITS analysis of 538 Rhynchospora ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 agmatoploidy in 193 New World 504–506, 515 BAC studies of 68 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–505, 515 chromosome evolution in 193 photosynthetic pathways in 515 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 58, 77–78 trnL–F analysis of 539 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 92, 94 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, electronic world grass data- genome size of 66 base of 267–270 photosynthesis in, conflicting data on 148 rpl16

photosynthetic pathways in (C3 and C4) 101, 103–105, in Arthrostylidiinae analysis 308 139–142 in Bambuseae analysis 315–316, 319–330 polyploidy in 193 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade analysis 487– rbcL analysis of 77–78 502 rps16 analysis of 57–58 in Chusqueinae analysis 316 Syntrinema inclusion in 104 in Poaceae analysis 248, 259–260 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 rpoA Rhynchosporeae, inflorescence (spikelet) of 204 in Elymus analysis 373–375 Rhytachne in Triticeae analysis 363–366 biogeography of 515 rpoC2 New World 505, 515 in Chloridoideae analysis 574 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 in Paspalum-Thrasya analysis 547 photosynthetic pathway of 515 in Poaceae analysis 241–245, 248–249, 252, 254, 259– Ribosomal RNA, in Poaceae analysis 259 260 Roalson, Eric H. 72–83 rps4, in Poaceae analysis 248, 259–260 670 Index ALISO rps15, in Poaceae analysis 336 Sarga, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262 rps16 Saugetia in Bromeliaceae analysis 4, 28 biogeography of 589, 593 in Chloridoideae analysis 572–574, 576 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565–567, 570–571, 573, in Cyperaceae analysis 56–60, 81 581 in Eragrostis analysis 597–602 New World 565–567, 581, 589, 593 in Juncaceae analysis 55–61 Savolainen, Vincent 248–258 in Oxychloe analysis 59, 90 Saxofridericia 7 in Thurniaceae analysis 58 Schaffnerella Rytidosperma, in Danthonioideae phylogeny 261 biogeography of 593 Saarela, Jeffery M. et al.—Molecular phylogenetics of Bro- in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573–574, mus (Poaceae: Pooideae) based on chloroplast 577, 581, 584–585 and nuclear DNA sequence data 450–467 ITS analysis of 567, 571 Sabin-Badereau, Alexandru 349–361 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Sacchareae, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 532 morphological analysis of 584–585 Saccharinae New World 581, 584–585, 593 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 532, 538–540, 542– trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 543 Schedonnardus biogeography of 515 biogeography of 588, 593 ITS analysis of 538 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573–575, ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 577, 581, 584–585 New World 504–506, 515 ITS analysis of 567, 571 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–505, 515 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 photosynthetic pathways in 515 morphological analysis of 575, 584–585 trnL–F analysis of 539 New World 581, 584–585, 588, 593 Saccharum trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 535, 538–540, Schedonorus 542–543 in Loliinae phylogeny 381, 400 biogeography of 515 molecular analysis of 414–415 economic and ecological importance of 530, 545 relationship with Festuca 381, 406–413 hybridization of 543 Schenopus ITS analysis of 535, 538 morphological analysis of 387 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540, 542–543 relationship with Loliinae 382 matK analysis of 342 Schizachne ndhF analysis of 342 matK analysis of 342 ndhH analysis of 342 ndhF analysis of 342 New World 505, 515 ndhH analysis of 342 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 in Poaceae phylogeny 342 photosynthetic pathway of 515 rbcL analysis of 342 in Poaceae phylogeny 341–342 Schizachyrium rbcL analysis of 342 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 535–542 spikelets of 530 biogeography of 514–515 trnL–F analysis of 535, 539 ITS analysis of 535–536, 538, 541 Sacciolepis ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 biogeography of 521 morphological analysis of 541 New World 505, 508, 521 New World 504–505, 514–515 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 521 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 514–515 photosynthetic pathway of 521 photosynthetic pathways in 514–515 Sahuquillo, Elvira 472–484 PHYB analysis of 541 Salamin, Nicolas 248–258 trnL–F analysis of 535–536, 539, 541 Sa´nchez-Ken, J. Gabriel 237–247, 315–332 Schizachyrium scoparium Sa´nchez-Ken, J. Gabriel and Lynn G. Clark—Phylogenetic as climax species 273 relationships within the Centothecoideae ϩ ecological history of 281–284 Panicoideae clade (Poaceae) based on ndhF light experiment with 274–278 and rpl16 intron sequences and structural data light-nutrient experiment with 274–276, 279–283 487–502 New Jersey versus Oklahoma populations of 274–284 VOLUME 23 Index 671

nutrient experiment with 274–281 relationship with Abildgaardieae 150 reproductive plasticity of 273–285 relationship with Cariceae 77–81 restoration use of 273–274, 284 Scirpodendron as successional species 273 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 78 Schizostachyum 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 92, 94 in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–328 in Juncaceae phylogeny 58 morphological analysis of 324, 326 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 145 rpl16 analysis of 327 rbcL analysis of 73, 78 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 rps16 analysis of 57–58 Schmidtia, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 583 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 Schoeneae Scirpoides Arthrostylis placement in 81 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 87, 94 clades of 77 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 58, 73, 80–81 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 77–79, 204 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 145 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 rbcL analysis of 73, 80–81 geographic distribution of 77 rps16 analysis of 57–58 polytomy in 73 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 rbcL analysis of 73, 77–79 Scirpus relationship with Arthrostylideae 160 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 84 Schoenefeldia, in Chloridoideae phylogeny 580 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 Schoenocephalium 7 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94, 96 Schoenoplectiella 81 economic uses of 84 Schoenoplectus genome size of 66 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 92, 94, 96 as outgroup in Cariceae study 172–173, 177–178 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72, 79, 81 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 145–146 in Cyperales phylogeny 68 rbcL analysis of 79 genome size of 66 Scleria ITS analysis of 156 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 in New Zealand 418 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 photosynthesis in, conflicting data on 104, 148 genome size of 66 photosynthetic pathway in 103–104, 142–143 photosynthesis in, conflicting data on 148 rbcL analysis of 79, 81 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 105 rbcL and trnL analysis of, combined 81 rbcL analysis of 78 relationship with Actinoscirpus 81 Sclerieae relationship with Isolepis humillima 81 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 77–78 trnL–F analysis of 157–158 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 94 trnL–F and ITS analysis of, combined 159 monophyly of 73 Schoenoxiphium rbcL analysis of 73, 77–78 in Cariceae phylogeny 175–179, 183, 188–189 relationship with Bisboeckelereae 77 ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL–F analysis of, combined 166, Sclerioideae 175–178 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 77–78, 82 ITS analysis of 179 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88 photosynthetic pathway in 103 rbcL analysis of 73, 77–78 Schoenus relationship with Schoeneae 77 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78, 204 Sclerochloa 5.8S rDNA insertion in 88, 92, 94 morphological analysis of 387, 394 geographic distribution of 204 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 inflorescence unit of (spikelet) 204–209 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382, 387, 394, 397 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 143–145 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346, 381 rbcL analysis of 78 tribal/subtribal placement of 424 Schulte, Katharina 27–43 Scleropoa, in Pooideae phylogeny 380 Scirpeae Scleropogon in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 77–82 biogeography of 588, 593 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 88, 94, 96 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 581 polyphyly of 73, 78 ITS analysis of 567, 571 rbcL analysis of 73, 77–81 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 672 Index ALISO

New World 581, 588, 593 relationship with Poa 421–422 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 Setaria Scolochloinae, in Poeae phylogeny 421 biogeography of 509, 528–529 Scutachne economic and ecological importance of 545 biogeography of 509–510, 518 New World 504–509, 528–529 New World 505, 507, 509–510, 518 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 507–508, 528–529 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507, 518 photosynthetic pathway of 511, 528–529 photosynthetic pathway of 518 Setariinae Seberg, Ole and Gitte Petersen—Phylogeny of Triticeae (Po- biogeography of 510–511, 528–529 aceae) based on three organelle genes, two sin- New World 504–508, 510–511, 528–529 gle-copy nuclear genes, and morphology 362– in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 507–508, 528–529 371 photosynthetic pathway of 508, 528–529 Setariopsis chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 biogeography of 529 DMC1 analysis of 365, 367, 370 New World 505, 508, 529 EF-G analysis of 367, 370 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 529 mitochondrial genome of 366 photosynthetic pathway of 529 molecular analysis of 390–392 Sheath fertilization, in Poaceae 286 morphological analysis of 365, 387, 394 Shibataeinae morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 in Bambuseae phylogeny 306–307, 315–317, 326–328 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382, 387, 390–392, 394, morphological analysis of 326 397 rpl16 analysis of 327 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 in Triticeae phylogeny 362, 365–370 Siberia, Poa variability in 435–449 Sehima, in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 Simon, Bryan K.—Grass phylogeny and classification: con- Self-fertilization. See also Cleistogamy flict of morphology and molecules 259–266 in Poaceae 286 Simpson, David A. 55–61 Sequencia 18 Simpson, David A. et al.—Phylogeny of Cyperaceae based in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 8–9, 16, 18 on DNA sequence data—a new rbcL analysis CAM photosynthesis by 11 72–83 character states of 18 Sinochasea epiphytism of 12 matK analysis of 342 geographic origin and distribution of 10 ndhF analysis of 342 leaf and trichome anatomy of 14, 18 ndhH analysis of 342 morphology of 18 in Poaceae phylogeny 342 ndhF analysis of 8–9, 16, 18 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 pollination of 13 rbcL analysis of 342 Sequencia serrata 18 relationship with Bromus 450 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 7–9, 14–15, 17–18 Siqueiros-Delgado, Maria Elena 565–579 ndhF analysis of 7–9, 14–15, 17–18 Sirochloa Sesleria in Bambuseae phylogeny 315, 326–328, 330 geographic distribution of 380 morphological analysis of 324, 326, 330 molecular analysis of 390–392 rpl16 analysis of 327 morphological analysis of 387, 394 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 Skendzic, Elizabeth M. et al.—Phylogenetics of Andropo- as outgroup in Loliinae study 382, 387, 390–392, 394, goneae (Poaceae: Panicoideae) based on nu- 397 clear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and in Poeae phylogeny 380 chloroplast trnL–F sequences 530–544 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346, 380 Smets, Erik 72–83, 204–209 relationship with Poa 421–422, 424 Snowdenia, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 Seslerieae Sohnsia as outgroup in Loliinae study 382 biogeography of 587, 593 in Pooideae phylogeny 380 breeding system of 608 Sesleriinae in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 581 in Poeae phylogeny 421 ITS analysis of 567, 571 in Pooideae phylogeny 346 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 VOLUME 23 Index 673

New World 581, 587, 593 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 relationship with Eragrostis 600 Soreng, Robert J. 335–348, 420–434 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 Sorghastrum Spartochloa in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 536, 538–540, 542– in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, 543 494–496, 498–499 biogeography of 515 morphological analysis of 494 ITS analysis of 536, 538, 543 ndhF analysis of 494–496 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540, 543 in Poaceae phylogeny 254 New World 505, 515 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 Spathanthus 7 photosynthetic pathway of 515 Speciation. See also specific taxa trnL–F analysis of 536, 539, 543 chromosome evolution and 62 Sorghinae Sphaerocyperus in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 532, 538–540, 542 absence of 5.8 rDNA insertion in 87, 94 biogeography of 515 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 80 ITS analysis of 538 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 rbcL analysis of 80 New World 504–506, 515 Spheneria in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–505, 515 biogeography of 509–511, 528 photosynthetic pathways in 515 New World 505, 508–511, 528 trnL–F analysis of 539 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 Sorghum photosynthetic pathway of 528 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 530, 532, 536–540, Sphenopus 542 molecular analysis of 390–392 biogeography of 515 morphological analysis of 387, 394 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 494–496 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 economic and ecological importance of 530, 545 in Poeae phylogeny 380, 403 ITS analysis of 536, 538, 542 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540 relationship with Loliinae 380, 387, 394, 397, 401 morphological analysis of 494 tribal/subtribal placement of 424 ndhF analysis of 494–496, 542 Spikelet(s) New World 505, 515 of Aegilops triuncialis 296 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 of Andropogoneae 261–262, 504, 530–531, 543 photosynthetic pathway of 515 of Anthoxanthum odoratum versus A. alpinum 474–477 in Poaceae phylogeny 238, 242–245 of Arthropogoninae 507 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 of Arundinella 262 tb1 analysis of 542 of Arundinelleae 505 trnL–F analysis of 536, 539 of Bambuseae 320–321, 325 Sorghum subgen. Eu-Sorghum 542 of Bouteloua 606–613 of Bromus 451, 468 Bromeliaceae origin and distribution in 5, 7, 10–12, 18– of Centotheceae 506 19 of Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae clade 488–489, 491– Chloridoideae in 585–590 492 Panicoideae in 509–512 of Chloridoideae 565, 583–585 Sparganiaceae, relationship with Bromeliaceae 8 of Eragrostis 595–596 Sparganium, molecular clock analysis of 5 of Isachneae 506 Spartina of Microstegium 288 biogeography of 589, 594 of Olyreae 310, 315 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573–576, of Paniceae 507–508 580–581, 583–584 of Panicoideae 503 ITS analysis of 567, 571, 574, 576 of Parianinae 310 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 of Paspalinae 508 morphological analysis of 575, 583–584 of Paspalum 545, 552–555 ndhF and rbcL analysis of, combined 574 of Poa 438–440 New World 581, 583–584, 589, 594 of Poaceae 259, 261, 286 674 Index ALISO

of Pooideae 380 Steyerbromelia of Schoenus 204–209 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 4, 16–17, 39–40 of Steyermarkochloeae 509 ndhF analysis of 4, 16–17 of Thrasya 546, 552–555 Steyermarkochloa of Thrasyopsis 546, 552 biogeography of 509–510, 529 of Triodieae 262–263 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 497 of Zeugites clade 498–499 New World 505, 508–510, 529 Spikelet clade, of Poaceae 252, 255 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508–509, 529 Spinifex grasses 262–263. See also Triodieae photosynthetic pathway of 529 Sporobolinae Steyermarkochloeae biogeography of 586, 594 in Arundinoideae phylogeny 503, 508 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 575–576, 581–584 biogeography of 510, 529 morphological analysis of 583–584 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 488, 491– New World 581–584, 586, 594 500 Sporobolus ndhF analysis of 490–500 biogeography of 585, 587–588, 594 New World 504–506, 508–510, 529 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–576, 581, 583– in Panicoideae phylogeny 503–505, 508–509, 529 584 photosynthetic pathway of 529 ITS analysis of 567, 571, 574 rpl16 analysis of 490–500 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 spikelets of 509 matK analysis of 342 Stiburus morphological analysis of 494, 575–576, 583–584 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576 ndhF analysis of 342, 494–496, 574 relationship with Eragrostis 595–600, 602 ndhH analysis of 341–342 New World 581, 583–585, 587–588, 594 geographic distribution of 360 in Poaceae phylogeny 341–342 ITS analysis of 351, 355–357, 360 rbcL analysis of 342 matK analysis of 342 relationship with Thellungia 599–600 ndhF analysis of 342 reproductive plasticity in 282–284 ndhH analysis of 342 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496, 498 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 256, 342 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 rbcL analysis of 342 SPOSTA clade, of Poa 421, 428–430, 432 in Stipeae phylogeny 349–351, 355–357, 360 Stace, Clive A. 380–405 uncertain circumscription of 349 Starr, Julian R. 72–83, 165–192 Stipa s.s. 350, 360 Starr, Julian R. et al.—Phylogenetic implications of a unique Stipa sect. Lasiagrostis 350 5.8S rDNA insertion in Cyperaceae 84–98 Stipa subgen. Jarava 350 Stegolepis 7 Stipa subgen. Pappostipa 354, 360 Steinchisma Stipagrostis biogeography of 509, 528 matK analysis of 342 New World 505, 508–509, 528 morphological analysis of 494 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 ndhF analysis of 342, 494–496 photosynthetic pathways in 504, 528 ndhH analysis of 342 relationship with Paspalum and Thrasya 547, 549–551 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 Steirachne rbcL analysis of 342 biogeography of 587, 594 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 565–567, 570–571, 573, Stipeae 581, 583 core genera of 351 morphological analysis of 583 early diverging 360 New World 565–567, 581, 583, 587, 594 Eurasian origin of 360 Stenotaphrum fluid circumscription of 349 New World 505, 507–508 ITS analysis of 349–360 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507–508 morphological analysis of 349 Stephanachne, in Pooideae phylogeny 346 phylogeny of 349–361 Stevenson, Dennis Wm. 227–233 in Poaceae phylogeny 239, 252–253 Stewart, Alan V. 406–419 in Pooideae phylogeny 345–346 VOLUME 23 Index 675

Streptocalyx Sytsma, Kenneth J. 3–26 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 27 Taeniatherum trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 Streptochaeta DMC1 analysis of 367, 370 matK analysis of 342 EF-G analysis of 367, 370 ndhF analysis of 241–242, 248–249, 341–342, 344 mitochondrial genome of 366 ndhH analysis of 341–342 morphological analysis of 365–366 in Poaceae phylogeny 239–244, 248–249, 251, 254, relationship with Elymus 374, 377 337, 341–342, 344 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 rbcL analysis of 342 in Triticeae phylogeny 365–370 Streptochaeteae , Chloridoideae in 585 in Anomochlooideae phylogeny 303 Tatianyx in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 biogeography of 509, 511, 528 Streptogyna New World 505, 508–509, 511, 528 morphological analysis of 324, 494 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 ndhF analysis of 494–496 photosynthetic pathway of 528 as outgroup in Bambuseae study 319, 322, 326–328 Taxonomic Database Working Group (TDWG) 267 in Poaceae phylogeny 237–239, 242–246, 260 Taxonomy (grasses) rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 DELTA system for 267–268 Streptogynaeae, in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 electronic world database for 267–270 Streptogyneae future developments in 269 biogeography of 306 tb1, in Andropogoneae analysis 531, 541–543 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 499 Telomere(s), of Cyperales 62–64 in Ehrhartoideae phylogeny 303, 306 Temburongia morphology of 306 in Bambuseae phylogeny 323, 326–328 in Poaceae phylogeny 245 morphological analysis of 324, 326 Streptostachys rpl16 analysis of 327 biogeography of 509, 511, 528 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 New World 505, 508–509, 511, 528 Temochloa in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 in Bambuseae phylogeny 315, 317, 323, 326–329 photosynthetic pathway of 528 morphological analysis of 317, 324, 326, 329 Sucrea rpl16 analysis of 327 in Bambuseae phylogeny 326–328 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328– biogeography of 310 329 morphological analysis of 324, 326 Tetrachne in Olyrinae (Olyreae) phylogeny 311 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576, 581, 583 rpl16 analysis of 322, 327 morphological analysis of 583 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 New World 581, 583 spikelets and glumes of 311 Sumatroscirpus, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 Tetraria Swallenia photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 biogeography of 587, 593 in Schoeneae phylogeny 77–78 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 581 Thamnocalamus, in Arundinariinae (Bambuseae) phylogeny ITS analysis of 567, 571 307 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 Thamnochortus, relationship with Rhodocoma 213, 218, 222 New World 581, 587, 593 Thellungia trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 574, 576 Symplectrodia relationship with Eragrostis 595–596, 599–600, 602 ‘‘hard’’ anatomy of 263 relationship with Sporobolus 599–600 in Triodieae phylogeny 262–263 Themeda Synapomorphy in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 536–540 of Chloridoideae 580 ITS analysis of 536, 538 of Panicoideae 261, 503 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540, 542 of Poaceae 260–261 New World 504–505 Synonym database, grasses 267–269 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505 Syntrinema, inclusion in Rhynchospora 104 trnL–F analysis of 536, 539 676 Index ALISO

Thinopyrum relationship with Juncaceae 55–56, 58, 60 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 rps16 analysis of 57–58 DMC1 analysis of 367 in Thurniaceae phylogeny 55–56, 58 EF-G analysis of 367 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 genome transfer to Elymus 372, 374–378 Thurniaceae mitochondrial genome of 366 absence of 5.8S rDNA insertion in 94 morphological analysis of 365 in Cyperales phylogeny 55 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 flowers of 55–56 in Triticeae phylogeny 362, 365–369 phylogeny of 55–56, 58, 60 Thomas, William W. 72–83 in Poales phylogeny 55 Thrasya relationship with Bromeliaceae 27–28 axillary penduncles of 553 relationship with Juncaceae 55–56, 60 biogeography of 509, 528 rps16 analysis of 58 cladistic analysis of 547–552 trnL–F analysis of 58 inflorescence of 546, 552, 555–556 Thysanolaena leaf anatomy of 546, 552, 555 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 488–489, lemmas of 546, 553–554 494–497 lower glumes of 546, 552–554 geographic distribution of 489 lower palea of 546, 553 morphological analysis of 494 morphological analysis of 545–562 ndhF analysis of 494–496, 498 ndhF analysis of 546–547 New World 505, 509 New World 505, 508–509, 528 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 509 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 in Poaceae phylogeny 241–244, 251, 254 papillae of 553, 555 relationship with Steyermarkochloa 508 pedicels of 546, 555 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 photosynthetic pathway of 528 spikelets of 489 racemes of 552–553, 556 Thysanolaena-Centotheca-Cyperochloa clade 497–498 rachis of 546, 555–556 Thysanolaeneae relationship with Panicum 546 base chromosome number of 509 relationship with Paspalum 545–556 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 488–489, rpoC2 analysis of 547 491–500 spikelets of 546, 552–555 ndhF analysis of 490–500 upper anthecium of 546, 555 New World 504–506, 509 upper glumes of 553–554 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 509 Thrasyopsis in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253 biogeography of 509, 511, 528 rpl16 analysis of 490–500 inflorescence of 546, 552, 556 Thysanolaena placement in 509 lower glumes of 546, 552–553 Tillandsia lower palea of 546, 553 morphological analysis of 546 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 7–9, 28, 34–36, 41 New World 505, 508–509, 511, 528 CAM photosynthesis by 11 in Paniceae phylogeny 556 chlorophyll fluorescence of 45 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508, 528 epiphytism of 12, 50 photosynthetic pathway of 528 geographic origin and distribution of 5, 10–11, 18 racemes of 546, 552, 556 growth form of 22 rachis of 546, 556 leaf traits of 14 relationship with Panicum 546 ndhF analysis of 7–9 relationship with Paspalum 545–547, 549–556 pollination of 13, 22 spikelets of 546, 552 trichome(s) of 14, 44–52 upper glumes of 546 trichome photoprotection of 44–51 Thuarea, in Poaceae phylogeny 254 trichome reflectance in 44–45, 48–51 Thurnia trichome structure and density in 45–48 geographic distribution of 55 trichome wing attenuation in 50–51 habitat of 55 trichome wing facets in 50–51 in Juncaceae phylogeny 56 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 relationship with Cyperaceae 56, 58, 60 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 VOLUME 23 Index 677

water vapor condensation on leaf surfaces of 48, 50– Traginae 592 51 biogeography of 588, 593 Tillandsia subgen. Pseudalcantarea 13 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 581–582, 585 Tillandsioideae morphological analysis of 585, 592 atmospherics 20–21, 44 New World 581–582, 585, 588, 593 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 3–4, 7–9, 14–16, 28, 34, Tragus 40, 44 breeding system of 608–610 CAM photosynthesis by 11, 19–20 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567–568, 570–571, 573, chlorophyll fluorescence of 45 577, 581, 585 epiphytism of 12, 19–21, 50 ITS analysis of 567–568, 571 geographic origin and distribution of 10–11, 18–19 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 growth form of 22 morphological analysis of 577, 585 leaf traits of 14, 19–21 New World 581, 585 matK-rps16 analysis of, combined 28 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 ndhF analysis of 3–4, 7–9, 14–16 Tremburongia, in Bambuseae phylogeny 315 as outgroup in Bromelioideae study 33, 35 Trianoptiles, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 pitcairnioid ancestor of 18–19 Tribolium, in Danthonioideae phylogeny 261 plumose seeds of 3 Tribuloideae 194 pollination of 12–13, 22 Trichloris trichome function in 44 biogeography of 588, 593 trichome photoprotection of 44–51 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 577, trichome reflectance in 44–45, 48–51 581, 584 trichome structure and density in 45–48 ITS analysis of 567, 571 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 trichome wing attenuation in 50 morphological analysis of 584 trichome wing facets in 50–51 New World 581, 584, 588, 593 trichome(s) of 14, 19–21, 44–52 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 trnL analysis of 28 Tricholaena trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 35 in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 water vapor condensation on leaf surfaces of 48, 50 in Poaceae phylogeny 254 Timouria Trichome(s) matK analysis of 342 of Bromeliaceae 5, 13–14, 19–22, 27, 44–52 ndhF analysis of 342 function of 44 ndhH analysis of 342 photoprotection by 44 in Poaceae phylogeny 342 reflectance by 44–45, 48–51 rbcL analysis of 342 of Tillandsia 14, 44–52 Torrecilla, Pedro 380–405 wet versus dry 44–45 Torres, Amelia 349–361 Trichoneura Torreyochloa, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 biogeography of 593 Tovarochloa, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 581 Trachyeae, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 ITS analysis of 567, 571 Trachypogon ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 536, 538–540 New World 581, 593 biogeography of 515 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 ITS analysis of 536, 538 Trichophorum ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 81 New World 505, 515 5.8S rDNA insertion in, absence/presence of 88, 92, 94, in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 515 96 photosynthetic pathway of 515 northern temperate versus Andean 81 spikelets of 530 as outgroup in Cariceae study 172–173, 177–178 trnL–F analysis of 536, 539 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 Trachys, in Panicoideae phylogeny 503 rbcL analysis of 79, 81 Trachystylis Trichoschoenus in Cyperaceae phylogeny 81, 149, 160–161 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 81, 149, 160–161 geographic distribution of 149 geographic distribution of 149 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 678 Index ALISO

Tricostularia Tripogon in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 biogeography of 593 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 581 rbcL analysis of 78 ITS analysis of 567, 571 Tridens ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 biogeography of 587, 593 New World 581, 593 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 575– trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 577, 581 Tripsacinae ITS analysis of 567, 571, 577 in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 531–533, 538–540, ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573, 575–576 543 morphological analysis of 576 biogeography of 510, 516 New World 581, 587, 593 ITS analysis of 538, 543 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570, 577 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 540, 543 Trikeraia morphological analysis of 543 matK analysis of 342 New World 504–506, 510, 516 ndhF analysis of 342 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 516 ndhH analysis of 342 photosynthetic pathways in 516 in Poaceae phylogeny 342 trnL–F analysis of 539 rbcL analysis of 342 Tripsacum Trilepideae in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 530–533, 536–540, in Cyperaceae phylogeny 73, 78 543 5.8S rDNA insertion in 94 biogeography of 509–510, 516 monophyly of 73 ITS analysis of 536, 538 rbcL analysis of 73, 78 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540 Trilepis New World 504–505, 509–510, 516 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 78 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 516 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146 photosynthetic pathway of 516 rbcL analysis of 78 spikelets of 530 Trimonoecy 606 trnL–F analysis of 536, 539 Triraphis in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573 biogeography of 589, 593 ITS analysis of 567, 571 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 572, 581 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 New World 581, 589, 593 spikelets of 262 Triscenia in Triodieae phylogeny 262–263 biogeography of 509–510 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 New World 505, 508–510 Triodieae 262–263 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 508 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 575 Trisetum ITS analysis of 263 ndhF analysis of 341 leaf anatomy of 263 in Poaceae phylogeny 341 phylogeny of 262–263 in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 ‘‘soft’’ and ‘‘hard’’ types of 263 Tristachya spikelets of 262–263 biogeography of 516 , in Chloridoideae phylogeny 574–575 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, Triplachne, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346 494–498 Triplasis ITS analysis of 533, 536, 538, 541 biogeography of 587, 593 morphological analysis of 494 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 577, ndhF analysis of 494–498 580–581 New World 504–505, 516 cleistogamy and chasmogamy in 287–293 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 516 ITS analysis of 567, 571 photosynthetic pathway of 516 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 rbcL analysis of 497, 505, 533, 541 New World 581, 587, 593 relationship with Andropogoneae 533, 536–541 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496–498 Triplett, Jimmy 315–332 Tristegineae, Thysanolaena placement in 509 VOLUME 23 Index 679

Triticeae in Chloridoideae analysis 565–579 allopolyploids of 372–379 in Elymus analysis 373–375 chloroplast DNA analysis of 363, 365–366, 368–369 in Juncaceae analysis 55–61 coxII analysis of 363–366, 369 in Poaceae analysis 248, 252, 254 DMC1 analysis of 363, 365–367, 369–370 in Rhodocoma analysis 213–214 economic importance of 372 in Triticeae analysis 368 EF-G analysis of 363–367, 369–370 trnL–F GBSSI analysis of 369 in Abildgaardieae analysis 151–162 mitochondrial genome of 363, 365–366, 369 in Andropogoneae analysis 262, 530–544 molecular analysis of 362–363 in Bambuseae analysis 329–330 monophyly of 362 in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) analysis 29, 33–36 morphological analysis of 362–363, 365–368 in Chloridoideae analysis 565–579, 582 nuclear DNA analysis of 363, 365–367, 369–370 in Chusqueinae analysis 316 as outgroup in Loliinae study 382 in Cyperaceae analysis 56–60, 81 phylogeny of 362–371 in Festuca analysis 381, 386, 389, 391, 397–398, 406– plastid genome analysis of 363, 366 419 in Poaceae phylogeny 252–253, 255–256 in Juncaceae analysis 55–61 in Pooideae phylogeny 345 in Loliinae analysis 382, 385–399 rbcL analysis of 363–366 in Oxychloe analysis 57, 59, 90 relationship with Bromeae 450 in Poaceae analysis 254 reproductive plasticity in Aegilops triuncialis invasion in Rhodocoma analysis 213–214, 217 295–300 in Thurniaceae analysis 58 reticulate history of 372 trnT rpoA analysis of 363–366 in Elymus analysis 373–375 total evidence (combined) analysis of 362, 365, 367– in Triticeae analysis 368 369 trnT inversion, in Poaceae 237–238 trnF analysis of 368 trnT–F trnL analysis of 368 in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) analysis 29, 33–36 trnT analysis of 368 in Poa analysis 420–434 Triticum trnT–L BAC studies of 68 in Bromeliaceae (Bromelioideae) analysis 29, 33–35 chloroplast DNA analysis of 366, 368 in Cariceae analysis 166 DMC1 analysis of 367 Trochiliade. See Hummingbird(s); Hummingbird pollination EF-G analysis of 367 Tuctoria mitochondrial genome of 366 biogeography of 593 morphological analysis of 365, 494 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 577, ndhF analysis of 336–340, 344–345, 494–496 581, 585 ndhH analysis of 336–337, 344–345 ITS analysis of 567, 571 plastid genome analysis of 336–340 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 344–345 morphological analysis of 585 in Pooideae phylogeny 343–345 New World 581, 585, 593 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 total evidence (combined) analysis of 367–369 Tylocarya in Triticeae phylogeny 362, 365–369 in Abildgaardieae phylogeny 149–151 Triticum aestivum, as outgroup in Bromus study 453, 455 inclusion in Fimbristylis 150 trnE–D, in Carex subgen. Vignea analysis 166–174, 176, Typha 180–181, 189 molecular clock analysis of 5 trnF as outgroup in Juncaceae/Cyperaceae study 57–58 in Elymus analysis 373–375 rps16 analysis of 57–58 in Triticeae analysis 368 trnL–F analysis of 57–58 trnK, in Rhodocoma analysis 213–214 Typhaceae, relationship with Bromeliaceae 4, 8 trnL Tzvelevia, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 in Andropogoneae analysis 530–544 Uncinia in Bromeliaceae analysis 16, 28–29, 33–36 in Cariceae phylogeny 175, 177–179, 183 in Bromelioideae analysis 29, 33–36 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 79, 84 in Bromus analysis 450–467 5.8S rDNA insertion in 86–87 680 Index ALISO

genome size of 66 ITS analysis of 567, 571 ITS, ETS-1f, and trnL–F analysis of, combined 166, ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 175, 177–178 morphological analysis of 584 ITS analysis of 179 New World 581, 584, 593 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 146–147 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 rbcL analysis of 79 Va´zquez, Francisco 349–361 Uncinia subgen. Eu-Uncinia 172 Venezuela, Panicoideae in 509–510 Uncinia subgen. Eu-Uncinia sect. Platyandrae 172 Vetiveria Uniola in Andropogoneae phylogeny 530, 532, 536–542 biogeography of 587, 594 economic and ecological importance of 530 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573–574, ITS analysis of 536, 538, 541–542 576, 581, 583 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540–542 ITS analysis of 567, 571 morphological analysis of 542 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 trnL–F analysis of 536, 539, 541–542 matK analysis of 342 Virescentia, in Stipeae phylogeny 350 morphological analysis of 583 Volkiella, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 147 ndhF analysis of 342 Vriesea ndhF and rbcL analysis of, combined 574 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 7–9, 28, 41 ndhH analysis of 342 CAM photosynthesis by 11 New World 581, 583, 587, 594 epiphytism of 12 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244, 342 geographic origin and distribution of 5, 10–11, 18 rbcL analysis of 342 leaf traits of 14 relationship with Eragrostis 597 ndhF analysis of 7–9 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 pollination of 13, 22 Uniolinae trichome photoprotection of 44–51 biogeography of 594 trichome reflectance in 44–45, 48–51 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 574–576, 581–583 trichome structure and density in 45–48 morphological analysis of 583 trichome(s) of 14, 44–52 New World 581–583, 594 water vapor condensation on leaf surfaces of 48 Unisexual flowers, evolution of 605–614 Vriesea subgen. Xiphion 13 Vrijdaghs, Alexander et al.—The Schoenus spikelet: a rhip- Chloridoideae in 583, 585–588 idium? A floral ontogenetic answer 204–209 Microstegium invasion in 288 Vulpia Panicoideae in 509–510, 512 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 Uplands of Central Brazil Province, Panicoideae of 511–512 molecular analysis of 386, 389–392, 414–415 Urochloa morphological analysis of 382–385, 388–389, 394–395 biogeography of 510, 518–519 morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397– New World 505, 507, 510, 518–519 398 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505, 507, 518–519 morphology of 381 photosynthetic pathway of 511, 518–519 phylogeny of 381, 401, 403 Ursulaea in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346, 380–381 AFLP analysis of 39, 41 relationship with Festuca 381, 406–407, 413 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 34, 36, 39, 41 Vulpia sect. Apalochloa 381–382, 384, 386, 399, 401, 403 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Vulpia sect. Loretia 381–382, 384, 386, 389, 401, 403 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Vulpia sect. Monachne 381–382, 384, 386, 389, 401, 403 Vacoparis, in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262 Vulpia sect. Spirachne 381, 401, 403 Vahlodea, in Pooideae phylogeny 343, 346–347 Vulpia sect. Vulpia 381–382, 384, 386, 389, 399–400, 403 Valiha Vulpiella, in Pooideae phylogeny 381 in Bambuseae phylogeny 315, 326–328 Wangenheimia morphological analysis of 324, 326 in Loliinae phylogeny 380–405 rpl16 analysis of 327 molecular analysis of 386, 389–392, 414–415 rpl16 and morphological analysis of, combined 328 morphological analysis of 389, 394–396 Vaseyochloa morphological-molecular analysis of, combined 397 biogeography of 593 relationship with Festuca 406–407, 413 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 577, Waterway, Marcia J. and Julian R. Starr—Phylogenetic re- 581, 584 lationships in tribe Cariceae (Cyperaceae) VOLUME 23 Index 681

based on nested analysis of four molecular in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 494–496 data sets 165–192 economic and ecological importance of 530, 545 waxy (GBSSI) ITS analysis of 536, 538 in Bambuseae analysis 330 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 537, 540 in Chloridoideae analysis 572–574, 576 matK analysis of 342 in Elymus analysis 374, 376–378 morphological analysis of 494 in Eragrostis analysis 597–602 ndhF analysis of 336–337, 342, 344, 494–496 in Poaceae analysis 248–249, 252, 260, 337, 343–344 ndhH analysis of 336–337, 342, 344 in Pooideae analysis 343 New World 504–505, 509–510, 516 in Triticeae analysis 369 in Panicoideae phylogeny 504–505, 516 Websteria, photosynthetic pathway in 103, 147 photosynthetic pathway of 516 Weising, Kurt 27–43 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–245, 342, 344 Werauhia, in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 28 rbcL analysis of 342 West Indian Province, Panicoideae of 510–511 rpl16 analysis of 494, 496 Whitkus, Richard 62–71 spikelets of 530 Williamson, Helen 267–270 trnL–F analysis of 536, 539 Zeugiteae, in Centothecoideae phylogeny 488 biogeography of 588, 593 Zeugites in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573, 577, biogeography of 509–510, 516 581, 585 in Centothecoideae ϩ Panicoideae phylogeny 489, 493– ITS analysis of 567, 571 500 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573 geographic distribution of 489 morphological analysis of 577, 585 morphological analysis of 494, 498–499 New World 581, 585, 588, 593 ndhF analysis of 493–496 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 New World 505–506, 509–510, 516 Wilson, Karen L. 72–83, 99–148, 149–164 in Panicoideae phylogeny 505–506, 516 Wind pollination, of Cyperaceae 77 photosynthetic pathway of 516 Windsorina 7 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 Wittrockia rpl16 analysis of 493–494, 496, 498 in Bromeliaceae phylogeny 29, 34, 36 spikelets of 489, 498–499 trnL, trnL–F, and trnT–F analysis of, combined 34 Zeugites clade 497–499 trnL and trnL–F analysis of, combined 36 Zhang, Xiufu 72–83 Woody bamboos. See Bambuseae Zingeria, tribal/subtribal placement of 424 Xerochloa, in Poaceae phylogeny 254 Zizania Xyridaceae biogeography of 306 androecium of 230 in Zizaniinae (Ehrhartoideae) phylogeny 306 gynoecium of 230–232 Zizaniinae inflorescence of 227–233 biogeography of 306 monophylesis of, debate over 232–233 in Oryzeae (Ehrhartoideae) phylogeny 306 perianth of 228–230 Zizaniopsis, in Poaceae phylogeny 251, 254 in Poales phylogeny 227 Zizka, Georg 27–43 relationship with Bromeliaceae 27–28 Zoysia relationship with Eriocaulaceae 227 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 567, 570–571, 573–574, Xyris 576, 581, 584 androecium of 230 ITS analysis of 567, 571, 576, 582 gynoecium of 231 ITS and trnL–F analysis of, combined 573, 582 inflorescence of 228–233 morphological analysis of 576, 584 perianth of 228–230 ndhF analysis of 574 Zameioscirpus ndhF and rbcL analysis of, combined 574 in Cyperaceae phylogeny 72–73, 79, 81 New World 581, 584 photosynthetic pathway in 103, 147 in Poaceae phylogeny 242–244 rbcL analysis of 73, 79, 81 trnL–F analysis of 567, 570 Zea in Andropogoneae phylogeny 262, 530–533, 536–540, biogeography of 589, 594 543 in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576, 581–584 biogeography of 509–510, 516 morphological analysis of 583–584 682 Index ALISO

New World 581–584, 589, 594 New World 581–582, 584, 590 Zoysiinae Zuloaga, Fernando O. 545–562 biogeography of 590 Zuloaga, Fernando O. et al.—Classification and biogeogra- in Chloridoideae phylogeny 576, 581–582, 584 phy of Panicoideae (Poaceae) in the New morphological analysis of 584 World 503–529