Irena Stankova LATIN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Textbook
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Irena Stankova LATIN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Textbook Sofia, 2016 Всички права запазени. Нито една част от тази книга не може да бъ де размножавана или предавана по какъвто и да било начин без изричното съгласие на „Изток-Запад“. © Ирена Станкова, автор, 2016 © Издателство „Изток-Запад“, 2016 ISBN 978-619-152-707-6 Abbreviations Anatomical abbreviations Abl. (Ablativus) – Ablative Acc. (Accusativus) – Accusative а. – arteria – artery adj. (adjectivum) – adjective аa. – arteriae – arteries Anat. – anatomical nomenclature fasc.аrt. – – аrticulatio fasciculus –– jointfascicle Bulg. – Bilgarian terminology fascc.artt. – – аrticulationes fasciculi – fascicles – joints Clin. – clinical terminology for. – foramen – opening Dent. – dental terminology forr. – foramina – openings E.g. (Exempli gratia) – for example gl. – glandula – gland Engl. – English terminology gll. – glandulae – glands f (genus femininum) – feminine gender lig. – ligamentum – ligament Gen. (Genitivus) – Genitive ligg. – ligamenta – ligaments gr. comp. (gradus comparativus) – comparative m. – musculus – muscle form mm. – musculi – muscles gr. superl. (gradus superlativus) – superlative n. – nervus – nerve form nn. – nervi – nerves m (genus masculinum) – masculine gender nucl. – nucleus – nucleus n (genus neutrum) – neuter gender nucll. – nuclei – nuclei Nom. (Nominativus) – Nominative proc. – processus – process numer. (numerale) – numeral procc. – processus – processes part. (participium) – participle r. – ramus – branch Pharm. – pharmaceutical nomenclature rr. – rami – branches pl. (pluralis) – plural tr. – tractus – tract praep. (praepositio) – preposition trr. – tractus – tracts sg. (singularis) – singular vag. – vagina – sheath subst. (substantivum) – substantive, noun vagg. – vaginae – sheaths v. – vena – vein vv. – venae – veins Contents A Brief History of the Latin Language ...............................................................................................................................7 Hippocratic Oath .....................................................................................................................................................................12 TERMInologY Anatomical, clinical and pharmaceutical terminology. .........................................................13 First Section: Latin Declensions / 17 Alphabet and Pronunciation ..............................................................................................................................................19 Parts of speech in the Latin Terminology .....................................................................................................................24 Structure of phrases in anatomical, clinical and pharmaceutical terminology ............................................33 Declinatio prima (First declension) ................................................................................................................................39 Declinatio secunda (Second declension) ......................................................................................................................47 ...................................................................58 Declinatio tertia (Third declension) Consonant type.............................................................................................65 Adjectives in first and second declension. Past passive participle. Third declension Vocal and mixed type .......................................................................................................................74 Adjectives in third declension Present active participle .......................................................................................79 Comparative forms .................................................................................................................................................................87 Declinatio quarta (Forth declension) .............................................................................................................................91 Declinatio quinta (Fifth declension) ...............................................................................................................................95 Second Section: Medical Term Formation / 99 Term formation Terms and compound terms with Greek term elements. ................................................ 101 Tissues and parts of the body ......................................................................................................................................... 108 Muscular system and joints ............................................................................................................................................. 114 Digestive system ................................................................................................................................................................... 118 Respiratory system ............................................................................................................................................................. 130 6 LATIN MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system ............................................................................................................... 135 Urogental system ................................................................................................................................................................. 140 Endocrine system ................................................................................................................................................................ 150 Nervous system .................................................................................................................................................................... 158 Pharmaceutical terminology ........................................................................................................................................... 163 Prescription ............................................................................................................................................................................ 167 Latin – English Vocabulary............................................................................................................................................... 173 English – Latin Vocabulary............................................................................................................................................... 191 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................................... 203 A Brief History of the Latin Language egend has it that Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus, who along with his twin brother LRemus was raised by a she-wolf after being thrown from their grandfather in the Tiber River to Latins who had separate settlements. North of them lived the Etruscans and in Lombardy lived Gallic tribes.find In theirVIII century death. According BC the Latins to the founded archeological a colony findings for protection this place from was the inhabited Etruscans by the and tribe called of it Rome, also known as „the city of seven hills.“ In the following centuries the Etruscans gradually assimilated among the Romans and the other tribes of on the peninsula were conquered by the Ro- mans. The establishing state passed from the reign of the so-called “Kings” to republican government with a Senate and consuls elected annually. From the beginning of second century BC the Roman Republic carried out a broad policy of coastconquest of the in theIberian western Peninsula. end of theOver Mediterranean, the next two centuries and later inthey the conquered east. In 211 M BCacedonia the Romans and Greece, finally theconquered areas in Carthage, the northern their part main of rivalthe Balkan in the fieldPeninsula, of trade, Syria and and later Egypt, also Gaul, the eastern and a part and of southern Britain. After the assassination of Gaius Iulius Caesar in 44 BC and the coming to power of Octavianus Augus- tus (27 BC) the republican government was replaced in practice by government of an emperor and that was the beginning of the imperial period in the history of the Roman state. During the reign of Emperor Traianus (98–117 AD) the empire reached its largest size. was aOn sign the of territory high culture of the and Roman prestige. state After the officialthis period language in the was Latin Latin, Language and after entered the conquest Greek bor of- Greece (146 BC) the Greek language became the second official language and its literary proficiency terminologyrowings both was in everyday based on speech both languages. and in the Between scientific I centuryvocabulary. BC and The I borrowingscentury AD thereceived literary endings Latin begancharacteristic to separate of the more Latin and words, more froma very the small colloquial number and retained turned someinto a Greeklinguistic endings. norm. The This scientific was the time of the greatest prosperity in the Roman literature called “Golden Age” After the fall of the Western Roman Empire under the blows of the barbarians in 476 AD, the Latin colloquial language ceased to be used, but became the basis of the Romance languages: Italian, Romanian, French, Spanish, Portuguese. The English language that is a Germanic language was heav- language after the conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066, and the last transfer of ily influenced