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City of Québec 1608-2008: 400 Years of Censuses by Gwenaël Cartier

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City of Québec 1608-2008: 400 Years of Censuses by Gwenaël Cartier Component of Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-X Canadian Social Trends Article City of Québec 1608-2008: 400 years of censuses by Gwenaël Cartier June 3, 2008 City of Québec 1608-2008: 400 years of censuses by Gwenaël Cartier This article was adapted from “Québec 1608 à 2008 : 400 ans de statistiques démographiques”, which will be published in Les cahiers québecois de démographie in August 2008. http://www.demo.umontreal.ca/adq/cahiers.html The founding of Québec City of its first intendant, Jean Talon,2 On April 13, 1608, Samuel de on September 12, 1665. Along with Champlain embarked on his third the rest of 17th century New France, voyage to New France. Pierre DuGua Québec City was one of the first de Mons had commissioned him to places in North America in which a establish a permanent trading post census was taken,3 and it was held in the lands explored just less than at a time when the young colony a century earlier by Jacques Cartier.1 was just getting organized. Talon Champlain landed at Québec on conducted it shortly after his arrival, July 3, 1608, with a crew of 28 men. actually going door-to-door in person Unaccustomed to the very harsh living to collect the information. There was conditions, only 8 crew members a great deal of territory to cover, and survived the first winter. he did not finish until 1666. So began the history of Québec Talon’s initial results describe a City, which is now, 400 years later, New France dominated by Québec the oldest francophone city in North City and the surrounding area America. (Chart 1). The complete history of Québec The data show a substantial City’s population in its early years was imbalance between the sexes. In a not reported in any official federal Samuel de Champlain population of 547 persons, there were Source: The Canadian Online Atlas government document until the first The Royal Canadian Geographical Society about 50% more men than women census of the new Confederation, in Québec City, a situation that was held in 1871. A revision of the data similar throughout New France. This was published following the 1931 to the Kirke brothers in 1629. After finding prompted one of Talon’s Census. These two censuses, along this event, little is known about first recommendations to the King, with some statistics from others, Québec City’s population until Jean which was to promote immigration were used to prepare this portrait of Talon arrived and conducted the first by women. Québec City’s development from its census almost 40 years later. A breakdown of the data by marital birth to its 400th anniversary. status shows that 46.2% of the Before the founding of Trois- Jean Talon conducts the first colony’s inhabitants were unmarried Rivières in 1634 and Montréal in census and that almost all (over 90%) of 1642, the population of Québec City Although 36 censuses were conducted these unmarried settlers were men. was, for all intents and purposes, while the colony belonged to the In fact, until 1617, there were no the population of New France. French regime, only 15 of them women in Québec City, and there was Immigration, though responsible provide statistics specific to Québec little incentive for them to go there. for most of the city’s early growth, City. The practice of census-taking However, as a result of Talon’s work, was a minor factor until the city fell began in New France with the arrival more than 1,000 women, including 62 Canadian Social Trends Statistics Canada — Catalogue No. 11-008 some 900 “King’s Daughters”,4 arrived in New France between 1667 and Chart 1 In 1665-1666, Québec City was the 1673 to help populate the colony. CST metropolis of New France Talon’s censuses provided a picture of the colony from various perspectives. For example, in 1666, Trois-Rivières and he found that 763 of the 1,378 surrounding areas individuals aged 15 and over were Men workers employed in 50 different Montréal and trades and occupations. (Presumably, surrounding areas Women these figures do not include women and soldiers.) Québec and The Census of 1681 surrounding areas Following the censuses taken by Talon in 1666 and 1667, his replacement Jacques Duchesneau5 conducted five Québec City more between 1675 and 1681. The colony’s population tripled between 1666 and 1681, rising from 3,215 to 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 9,677. Québec City benefited from this growth, as its population climbed Population from 547 to 1,345 over the 15-year period. However, it had a slightly Source: Department of Agriculture, Census of Canada from 1870-71, vol. IV, Ottawa 1878, p 2. slower rate of increase than the rest of the colony as neighbouring areas enjoyed a more rapid growth. The most obvious impact of aged 15 and over to less than two to census, people were enumerated in Jean Talon’s work on daily life in one, as the male share of the city’s 113 locations. In sum, from the arrival Québec City must be the reduced population hovered just above 60% of Samuel de Champlain and his demographic imbalance between (61.2%). Furthermore, the arrival of 28 men in 1608, the population of the the sexes. Between 1666 and 1681 the King’s Daughters boosted the city of Québec grew to number 8,001 the sex ratio fell from three men to proportion of the population under persons at the time of the last census one woman among the population age 15 from slightly over 30% to of the French regime, conducted by nearly 40%. Consequently, the median Intendant François Bigot in 1754 age of the population, which was (Chart 2). probably about 22.5 years in 1667, also dropped to about 19 years by Québec City under the British 1681. Empire The frequency of census-taking Other censuses of the French slowed when New France became regime part of the British Empire. Only three Although the French regime conducted censuses were held in the second half 28 more censuses after 1681, none of the 18th century – in 1765, 1784 provided as much information as and 1790. Instead, the tradition of those undertaken by Talon and having regular censuses, started by Duchesneau. Jean Talon a century earlier, became Québec City’s population shrank more a tradition of having surveys.6 between 1698 and 1706, probably These surveys were targeted to because the population in the settlements or to very specific topics. surrounding areas increased. The They were also conducted on an ad number of settlements in the colony hoc basis. For example, in 1763, grew steadily, climbing from about only families were counted in the Source: Jean Talon by Théophile Hamel Museum of Civilization, collection of 10 as counted in the first census to survey; the results showed that there Séminaire de Québec nearly 100 at the time of the change were 4,727 families in Québec City No. 1993.16425 to British rule in 1763. In the 1765 and 5,302 in Montréal. In the same Statistics Canada — Catalogue No. 11-008 Canadian Social Trends 63 way, in 1764, heads of Protestant Chart 2 Under the French regime, the population of families were enumerated and found CST Quebec experienced rapid growth after 1716 to number 144 in Québec City and 56 in Montréal. Population Under the new administration, the post of Intendant was abolished, and 10,000 its functions were assigned to the governor. Québec City also lost its status as the regional metropolis. 8,000 By the end of the 18th century, it was smaller than Montréal, which 6,000 became the new metropolis with a population of 18,000 in 1790. Nevertheless, Québec City, with its 4,000 14,000 inhabitants, remained the province’s seat of government and its 2,000 second-largest city. (The 1754 Census was the last to provide complete information about Québec City and 0 Montréal until the census of 1825. 1608 1618 1628 1638 1648 1658 1668 1678 1688 1698 1708 1718 1728 1738 1748 1758 The data presented here for the years at the end of the 18th century are Years estimates.7) Source: Dominion Bureau of Statistics, from 1608 to 1663. Department of Agriculture, from 1666 to 1754. 1739 and 1755 estimated The population of Québec by Gwenaël Cartier, demographer at Statistics Canada. City fluctuated throughout the 18th century, However, it is apparent that the growth of the city resumed despite the change in governing power (Chart 3). It is also worth noting some specific points about Québec City’s th Chart 3 After the Conquest of 1763, population population in the late 18 century. growth in Québec City resumed According to the 1784 Census, CST 88 slaves lived in the region of Québec City. This particular aspect of life in Population the province was never described in the censuses of New France.8 14,000 Québec City, capital of Lower 12,000 Canada A decree signed by King George 10,000 III of England (Constitutional Act of Canada, June 10, 1791) created the 8,000 provinces of Upper and Lower Canada 6,000 and made Québec City the capital of Lower Canada. However, there is 4,000 September 13, 1759 Battle no information about Québec City’s of the Plains of Abraham population until the first census of 2,000 Lower Canada in 1825. 0 The first censuses in the 1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 19th century Years In 1825, the census tells us that the population of Québec City passed Source: Dominion Bureau of Statistics, 1716, 1744.
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