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People of the Three Fires: the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway of Michigan.[Workbook and Teacher's Guide]

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People of the Three Fires: the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway of Michigan.[Workbook and Teacher's Guide] DOCUMENT RESUME ED 321 956 RC 017 685 AUTHOR Clifton, James A.; And Other., TITLE People of the Three Fires: The Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway of Michigan. Workbook and Teacher's Guide . INSTITUTION Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal Council, MI. SPONS AGENCY Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.; Dyer-Ives Foundation, Grand Rapids, MI.; Michigan Council for the Humanities, East Lansing.; National Endowment for the Humanities (NFAH), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ISBN-0-9617707-0-8 PUB DATE 86 NOTE 225p.; Some photographs may not reproduce ;4011. AVAILABLE FROMMichigan Indian Press, 45 Lexington N. W., Grand Rapids, MI 49504. PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Guides - Classroom Use - Guides '.For Teachers) (052) -- Guides - Classroom Use- Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MFU1 /PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Culture; *American Indian History; American Indians; *American Indian Studies; Environmental Influences; Federal Indian Relationship; Political Influences; Secondary Education; *Sociix- Change; Sociocultural Patterns; Socioeconomic Influences IDENTIFIERS Chippewa (Tribe); *Michigan; Ojibway (Tribe); Ottawa (Tribe); Potawatomi (Tribe) ABSTRACT This book accompanied by a student workbook and teacher's guide, was written to help secondary school students to explore the history, culture, and dynamics of Michigan's indigenous peoples, the American Indians. Three chapters on the Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Ojibway (or Chippewa) peoples follow an introduction on the prehistoric roots of Michigan Indians. Each chapter reflects the integration of cultural and historical information about the Indians. The chapter on the Potawatomi stresses the political activities and economic forces affecting the tribe in southwestern Michigan. It includes biographical information on 19th century Potawatomi leaders. The second chapter focuses on the subsistence patterns and indigenous environmental relations of the Ojibway,while touching on the spiritual connotations of their existence.It is a generic treatment of Ojibway life, customs, beliefs, and the subsequent federal policies affecting them. The chapteron the Ottawa provides an extended discussion of their contact withEuropean powers and explores the Indians' responses and adaptations to changing environmental and sociopolitical circumstances. This book contains many historical Dhotographs and a five-page bibliography. (TES) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ********************************************g************************** 0 U S DEANTLIENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 9/chisdocument has been reproduced as received from roe person Or organization originating 0 O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinionsslated in thisdxu ment do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS to MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY .)t*.fre 104 .0 THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." BEST COPY V AA_ 2 The portraits of Indians that appear throughout this book and on its cover were first published in three port- folios in 1836 by Thomas Loraine Mc Kenney, Indian Superintendent under Presidents Madison, Monroe, A dams, and Jefferson. The original portraits, all painted during the 1830s by Charles Bird King, James Otto Lewis and other American artists, were exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution until a fire destroyed them in 1865. Title page designs taken from Indian decorative art, and reproduced by Terri Bussey of the Grand Rapids Inter- Tribal Council. Ottawa panther design on woven fiber bag. (Chandler- Pohrt Collection, Detroit Institute of Art) Potawatomi geometric patterns and stylized maple leaves on woven beadwork sash. (Cranbrook Institute of Science Collection) Ojibway floral-pattern beadwork design on decorated saddle. (Science Museum of Minnesota Collection) About the cover: This portrait is an artist'srepresenta- tion of a "Chippeway Widow." According to Thomas McKenney in The History of the Indian Tribes of North America (Washington, D.C.: Boston, Estes, Laurat, 1868), "A Chippeway widow, on the death of her hueband, selects from his scanty wardrobe,a com- plete suit of his best clothes, which she makesup into a bundle. This is...carried with her wherever shegoes. She calls it her husband. ..and would be consideredas disgracing herself and treating his memory with disrespect, if she was to part with it foreven a moment." At the end of this period of mourning, which lasted for a year, the widow gave up the bundle andwas free to remarry. PEOPLEOF THE THREE FIRES The Ottawa, Potawatomi and Ojibway of Michigan by James A. Clifton George L. Cornell James M. McClurken published by The Michigan Indian Press Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal Council i 4 The publication of this book has been made possible bygrants from the Michigan Council for the Humanities, the U.S. Dersanent ofCommerce and the Dyer-Ives Foundation. Part of the research by James A. Clifton for the Potawatomisection and James McClurken for the Ottawa sectionwas accomplished with the assistance of a basic research grant from the National Endowment forthe Humanities. ISBN 0-9617707-0-8 ©Copyright 1986 by Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal Coun- cil. All rights reserved. No portion of this bookmay be reproduced in any form without permissionin writing from the publisher. Second printing April, 1988 Printed by West Michigan Printing, Inc., 840 Ottawa Ave. N.W., Grand Rapids,Michigan. CONTENTS Preface page i Introduction page iii by Dr. George L. Cornell Ottawa page 1 by James M. McClurken Potawatomi page 39 by Dr. James A. Clifton Ojibway page 75 by Dr. George L. Cornell Bibliography page 109 Index page 115 c MIGWETCH Migwetch means "Thank You," and there are State Archives, Bureau of Michigan History, many people to whom we wish to say Department of State, Lansing. "Migwetch" for their help in producing this book. Michael Connolly served as project coordinator Most important are the members of the Grand during the initial research and writing stages, and Rapids Inter-Tribal Council's board of directors Jeremy Thomas Connolly was responsible for and their president, George Martin. They gave the taking most of the contemporary photographs :,.td project their enthusiastic support from the very making copies of many of the historicalhoto- beginning. For the Potawatomi chapter we received graphs. Terri Bussey of the Grand Rapids Inter- additiGnal encouragement and advice from the Tribal Council produced the traditional designs Pokagon Band Council and the Huron Band Council; that grace the title pages for each chapter. The the Saginaw Band Council, the Grand Traverse maps in each chapter were produced by Nancy Band Council and Joe "Buddy" Raphael did the Tomboulian. The book was edited and designed by same for the Ottawa. Ellen Arlinsky and MargEd Kwapil of Editorial Con- Several people read the completed manuscripts sultants. Grand Rapids City Historian Gordon and provided helpful suggestions. They are Olson served as photograph editor for the book Catherine Baldwin; Philip Alexis; Sue and guided it through the publication process. Maturkanich, Julia Shananaquet, Dawn Anderson Skilled staff members at West Michigan Printing and Chris Shomin of the Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal and Dekker Bookbinders completed the publication Council staff; members of the Grand Rapids Public proccss. School's curriculum development staff; and Wes Finally, we are pleased to state that People of Andrews. the Three Fires is the first of a series of publica- We would also like to thank the following in- tions planned for the Michigan Indian Press. dividuals and institutions for providing historic Thanks to a Community Business grant from the photographs and drawings: Philip Alexis; Catherine Michigan Commission on Indian Affairs, the Grand Baldwin; Bentley Historical Library, University of Rapid, Inter-Tribal Council will be able to produce Michigan; British Library, London, England; Burton other books and audiovisual materials by and about Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library; Robert Michigan's Indian people. Bushewicz; Clarke Historical Library, Central For this important financial assistance, and to all Michigan University; Michigan and Family History the people who worked so hard to make our first Department, Grand Rapids Public Library; Holy book a success, we humbly say, "Migwetch." Childhood Boarding School, Harbor Springs; Kingman Museum, Battle Creek; James Levan- J. Wagner Wheeler dowski; Northern Indiana Historical Society, South Executive Director Bend, Indiana; Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa; Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal Council PREFACE In the preparation and publication of any hook, Dr. George L. Cornell, the author of the Ojibway numerous people and organizations must chapter, is currently an assistant professor of cooperate. So it was in the development of this English/American Studies at Michigan State Univer- book on Michigan Indians. The project was initi- sity. He also serves as director of the Native ated by the Grand Rapids Inter-Tribal Council; American Institute, MSU, which is charged with which sought and obtained funding from the providing technical assistance to Michigan Indian Michigan Council for the Humanities. The col- tribes and organizations. Prefessot Cornell has laboration of the three authors soon followed, and written numerous
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